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Teppa RE, Galuska SP, Harduin-Lepers A. Molecular dynamics simulations shed light into the donor substrate specificity of vertebrate poly-alpha-2,8-sialyltransferases ST8Sia IV. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130647. [PMID: 38801837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialic acids are essential monosaccharides influencing several biological processes and disease states. The sialyltransferases catalyze the transfer of Sia residues to glycoconjugates playing critical roles in cellular recognition and signaling. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying their substrate specificity, especially between different organisms, remain poorly understood. Recently, the human ST8Sia IV, a key enzyme in the synthesis of polysialic acids, was found to accept only CMP-Neu5Ac as a sugar-donor, whereas the whitefish Coregonus maraena enzyme showed a wider donor substrate specificity, accepting CMP-Neu5Ac, CMP-Neu5Gc, and CMP-Kdn. However, what causes these differences in donor substrate specificity is unknown. METHODS Computational approaches were used to investigate the structural and biochemical determinants of the donor substrate specificity in ST8Sia IV. Accurate structural models of the human and fish ST8Sia IV catalytic domains and their complexes with three sialic acid donors (CMP-Neu5Ac, CMP-Neu5Gc, and CMP-Kdn) were generated. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the stability and interactions within these complexes and identify differences in complex stability and substrate binding sites between the two ST8Sia IV. RESULTS Our MD simulations revealed that the human enzyme effectively stabilizes CMP-Neu5Ac, whereas CMP-Neu5Gc and CMP-Kdn are unstable and explore different conformations. In contrast, the fish ST8Sia IV stabilizes all three donor substrates. Based on these data, we identified the key interacting residues for the different Sias parts of the substrate donors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work advances our knowledge of the enzymatic mechanisms governing sialic acid transfer, shedding light on the evolutionary adaptations of sialyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Elin Teppa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sebastian Peter Galuska
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France; Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Faculté des sciences et Technologies, Univ. Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Mao M, Ahrens L, Luka J, Contreras F, Kurkina T, Bienstein M, Sárria Pereira de Passos M, Schirinzi G, Mehn D, Valsesia A, Desmet C, Serra MÁ, Gilliland D, Schwaneberg U. Material-specific binding peptides empower sustainable innovations in plant health, biocatalysis, medicine and microplastic quantification. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38747901 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Material-binding peptides (MBPs) have emerged as a diverse and innovation-enabling class of peptides in applications such as plant-/human health, immobilization of catalysts, bioactive coatings, accelerated polymer degradation and analytics for micro-/nanoplastics quantification. Progress has been fuelled by recent advancements in protein engineering methodologies and advances in computational and analytical methodologies, which allow the design of, for instance, material-specific MBPs with fine-tuned binding strength for numerous demands in material science applications. A genetic or chemical conjugation of second (biological, chemical or physical property-changing) functionality to MBPs empowers the design of advanced (hybrid) materials, bioactive coatings and analytical tools. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview comprising naturally occurring MBPs and their function in nature, binding properties of short man-made MBPs (<20 amino acids) mainly obtained from phage-display libraries, and medium-sized binding peptides (20-100 amino acids) that have been reported to bind to metals, polymers or other industrially produced materials. The goal of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of molecular interactions between materials and material-specific binding peptides, and thereby empower the use of MBPs in material science applications. Protein engineering methodologies and selected examples to tailor MBPs toward applications in agriculture with a focus on plant health, biocatalysis, medicine and environmental monitoring serve as examples of the transformative power of MBPs for various industrial applications. An emphasis will be given to MBPs' role in detecting and quantifying microplastics in high throughput, distinguishing microplastics from other environmental particles, and thereby assisting to close an analytical gap in food safety and monitoring of environmental plastic pollution. In essence, this review aims to provide an overview among researchers from diverse disciplines in respect to material-(specific) binding of MBPs, protein engineering methodologies to tailor their properties to application demands, re-engineering for material science applications using MBPs, and thereby inspire researchers to employ MBPs in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Mao
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leon Ahrens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julian Luka
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Francisca Contreras
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tetiana Kurkina
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marian Bienstein
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrea Valsesia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Hunter C, Derksen T, Makhsous S, Doll M, Perez SR, Scott NE, Willis LM. Site-specific immobilization of the endosialidase reveals QSOX2 is a novel polysialylated protein. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae026. [PMID: 38489772 PMCID: PMC11031136 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a linear polymer of α2,8-linked sialic acid residues that is of fundamental biological interest due to its pivotal roles in the regulation of the nervous, immune, and reproductive systems in healthy human adults. PolySia is also dysregulated in several chronic diseases, including cancers and mental health disorders. However, the mechanisms underpinning polySia biology in health and disease remain largely unknown. The polySia-specific hydrolase, endoneuraminidase NF (EndoN), and the catalytically inactive polySia lectin EndoNDM, have been extensively used for studying polySia. However, EndoN is heat stable and remains associated with cells after washing. When studying polySia in systems with multiple polysialylated species, the residual EndoN that cannot be removed confounds data interpretation. We developed a strategy for site-specific immobilization of EndoN on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. We showed that immobilizing EndoN allows for effective removal of the enzyme from samples, while retaining hydrolase activity. We used the same strategy to immobilize the polySia lectin EndoNDM, which enabled the enrichment of polysialylated proteins from complex mixtures such as serum for their identification via mass spectrometry. We used this methodology to identify a novel polysialylated protein, QSOX2, which is secreted from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. This method of site-specific immobilization can be utilized for other enzymes and lectins to yield insight into glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tahlia Derksen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sogand Makhsous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Matt Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Samantha Rodriguez Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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4
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Yin Z, Zhu L, Gao M, Yu D, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Zhan X. Effects of In Vitro Fermentation of Polysialic Acid and Sialic Acid on Gut Microbial Community Composition and Metabolites in Healthy Humans. Foods 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38338616 PMCID: PMC10855092 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of polysialic acid (PSA) and sialic acid (SA) on the gut microbial community composition and metabolites in healthy humans was investigated using a bionic gastrointestinal reactor. The results indicated that PSA and SA significantly changed the gut microbiota and metabolites to different degrees. PSA can increase the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium and Allisonella, whereas SA can increase those of Bifidobacterium and Megamonas. Both can significantly increase the content of short-chain fatty acids. The results of metabolome analysis showed that PSA can upregulate ergosterol peroxide and gallic acid and downregulate the harmful metabolite N-acetylputrescine. SA can upregulate 4-pyridoxic acid and lipoic acid. PSA and SA affect gut microbiota and metabolites in different ways and have positive effects on human health. These results will provide a reference for the further development of PSA- and SA-related functional foods and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
- A & F Biotech. Ltd., Burnaby, BC V5A 3P6, Canada
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.G.); (D.Y.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
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Liu S, Zhao F, Xu K, Cao M, Sohail M, Li B, Zhang X. Harnessing aptamers for the biosensing of cell surface glycans - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342044. [PMID: 38220315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell surface glycans (CSGs) are essential for cell recognition, adhesion, and invasion, and they also serve as disease biomarkers. Traditional CSG recognition using lectins has limitations such as limited specificity, low stability, high cytotoxicity, and multivalent binding. Aptamers, known for their specific binding capacity to target molecules, are increasingly being employed in the biosensing of CSGs. Aptamers offer the advantage of high flexibility, small size, straightforward modification, and monovalent recognition, enabling their integration into the profiling of CSGs on living cells. In this review, we summarize representative examples of aptamer-based CSG biosensing and identify two strategies for harnessing aptamers in CSG detection: direct recognition based on aptamer-CSG binding and indirect recognition through protein localization. These strategies enable the generation of diverse signals including fluorescence, electrochemical, photoacoustic, and electrochemiluminescence signals for CSG detection. The advantages, challenges, and future perspectives of using aptamers for CSG biosensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital, Nanjing, 210012, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingzhi Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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6
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Chen LM, Beck P, van Ede J, Pronk M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lin Y. Anionic extracellular polymeric substances extracted from seawater-adapted aerobic granular sludge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:144. [PMID: 38231410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Anionic polymers, such as heparin, have been widely applied in the chemical and medical fields, particularly for binding proteins (e.g., fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and histones). However, the current animal-based production of heparin brings great risks, including resource shortages and product contamination. Recently, anionic compounds, nonulosonic acids (NulOs), and sulfated glycoconjugates were discovered in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Given the prevalence of anionic polymers, in marine biofilms, it was hypothesized that the EPS from AGS grown under seawater condition could serve as a raw material for producing the alternatives to heparin. This study aimed to isolate and enrich the anionic fractions of EPS and evaluate their potential application in the chemical and medical fields. The AGS was grown in a lab-scale reactor fed with acetate, under the seawater condition (35 g/L sea salt). The EPS was extracted with an alkaline solution at 80 °C and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. Its protein binding capacity was evaluated by native gel electrophoresis. It was found that the two highest molecular weight fractions (438- > 14,320 kDa) were enriched with NulO and sulfate-containing glycoconjugates. The enriched fractions can strongly bind the two histones involved in sepsis and a model protein used for purification by heparin-column. These findings demonstrated possibilities for the application of the extracted EPS and open up a novel strategy for resource recovery. KEY POINTS: • High MW EPS from seawater-adapted AGS are dominant with sulfated groups and NulOs • Fifty-eight percent of the EPS is high MW of 68-14,320 kDa • EPS and its fractions can bind histones and fibroblast growth factor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Min Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Paula Beck
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jitske van Ede
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Royal HaskoningDHV, Laan 1914 35, Amersfoort, 3800, AL, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuemei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Hatanaka R, Hane M, Hayakawa K, Morishita S, Ohno S, Yamaguchi Y, Wu D, Kitajima K, Sato C. Identification of a buried β-strand as a novel disease-related motif in the human polysialyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105564. [PMID: 38103644 PMCID: PMC10828065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The polysialyltransferases ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4 and their product, polysialic acid (polySia), are known to be related to cancers and mental disorders. ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4 have conserved amino acid (AA) sequence motifs essential for the synthesis of the polySia structures on the neural cell adhesion molecule. To search for a new motif in the polysialyltransferases, we adopted the in silico Individual Meta Random Forest program that can predict disease-related AA substitutions. The Individual Meta Random Forest program predicted a new eight-amino-acids sequence motif consisting of highly pathogenic AA residues, thus designated as the pathogenic (P) motif. A series of alanine point mutation experiments in the pathogenic motif (P motif) showed that most P motif mutants lost the polysialylation activity without changing the proper enzyme expression levels or localization in the Golgi. In addition, we evaluated the enzyme stability of the P motif mutants using newly established calculations of mutation energy, demonstrating that the subtle change of the conformational energy regulates the activity. In the AlphaFold2 model, we found that the P motif was a buried β-strand underneath the known surface motifs unique to ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4. Taken together, the P motif is a novel buried β-strand that regulates the full activity of polysialyltransferases from the inside of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hatanaka
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaya Hane
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaito Hayakawa
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sayo Morishita
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohno
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Di Wu
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Integrated Glyco-BioMedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Lu B, Liao SM, Liu XH, Liang SJ, Huang J, Lin M, Meng L, Wang QY, Huang RB, Zhou GP. The NMR studies of CMP inhibition of polysialylation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2248411. [PMID: 37615033 PMCID: PMC10453990 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2248411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of polysialic acid (polySia) on neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) promotes hypersialylation, and thus benefits cancer cell migration and invasion. It has been proposed that the binding between the polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) and CMP-Sia needs to be inhibited in order to block the effects of hypersialylation. In this study, CMP was confirmed to be a competitive inhibitor of polysialyltransferases (polySTs) in the presence of CMP-Sia and triSia (oligosialic acid trimer) based on the interactional features between molecules. The further NMR analysis suggested that polysialylation could be partially inhibited when CMP-Sia and polySia co-exist in solution. In addition, an unexpecting finding is that CMP-Sia plays a role in reducing the gathering extent of polySia chains on the PSTD, and may benefit for the inhibition of polysialylation. The findings in this study may provide new insight into the optimal design of the drug and inhibitor for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Rocky Mount Life Sciences Institute, Rocky Mount, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Rocky Mount Life Sciences Institute, Rocky Mount, NC, USA
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Khan L, Derksen T, Redmond D, Storek J, Durand C, Gniadecki R, Korman B, Cohen Tervaert JW, D'Aubeterre A, Osman MS, Willis LM. The cancer-associated glycan polysialic acid is dysregulated in systemic sclerosis and is associated with fibrosis. J Autoimmun 2023; 140:103110. [PMID: 37742510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare but deadly disease characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. Fibrotic complications associated with SSc correlate with severe morbidity and mortality. Previous studies in SSc have identified fibroblasts as the primary drivers of fibrosis; however, the mechanism(s) promoting this are not well understood. Aberrant glycosylation, particularly polysialylation (polySia), has been described as a prominent feature of aggressive cancers. Inspired by this observation, we aimed to determine if polySia is dysregulated in various forms of SSc. METHODS All patients with SSc met the 2013 ACR/EULAR. Patients were sub-classified into limited cutaneous (lSSc, N = 5 or 46 patients for polySia quantification in the dermis or serum; respectively), diffuse cutaneous (dSSc, N = 11 or 18 patients for polySia quantification in the dermis or serum; respectively), or patients with dSSc treated with an autologous stem cell transplantation (post-ASCT, N = 4 patients for quantification in the dermis). Dermal polySia levels were measured via immunofluorescence microscopy in 10 μm dermal sections, quantified in each group (healthy volunteers (HC), lSSc, dSSc, and post-ASCT) and correlated with skin fibrosis (via the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS)). Similarly, serum polySia was quantified in each group, and correlated with the mRSS. RESULTS Dermal polySia levels were highest in patients with dSSc (compared to HC < 0.001), and correlated with the degree of fibrosis in all of the groups (P = 0.008). Serum polySia was higher in all SSc groups (p < 0.001) and correlated with the severity of mRSS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Polysia is more abundant in the skin and sera from patients with SSc and correlates with the degree of skin fibrosis. The aberrant expression of polySia highlights its potential use as a biomarker in patients with progressive forms of SSc. Dysregulated polySia levels in SSc further emphasizes the cancer-like phenotype present in SSc, which may promote fibrosis and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Khan
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tahlia Derksen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Desiree Redmond
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jan Storek
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Robert Gniadecki
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin Korman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ana D'Aubeterre
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammed S Osman
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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10
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Harduin-Lepers A. The vertebrate sialylation machinery: structure-function and molecular evolution of GT-29 sialyltransferases. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:473-492. [PMID: 37247156 PMCID: PMC10225777 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Every eukaryotic cell is covered with a thick layer of complex carbohydrates with essential roles in their social life. In Deuterostoma, sialic acids present at the outermost positions of glycans of glycoconjugates are known to be key players in cellular interactions including host-pathogen interactions. Their negative charge and hydrophilic properties enable their roles in various normal and pathological states and their expression is altered in many diseases including cancers. Sialylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids is orchestrated by the regulated expression of twenty sialyltransferases in human tissues with distinct enzymatic characteristics and preferences for substrates and linkages formed. However, still very little is known on the functional organization of sialyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus and how the sialylation machinery is finely regulated to provide the ad hoc sialome to the cell. This review summarizes current knowledge on sialyltransferases, their structure-function relationships, molecular evolution, and their implications in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France.
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11
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Humpfle L, Hachem NE, Simon P, Weinhold B, Galuska SP, Middendorff R. Knockout of the polysialyltransferases ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV leads to a dilatation of rete testis during postnatal development. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1240296. [PMID: 37520830 PMCID: PMC10382229 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1240296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a carbohydrate polymer that modulates several cellular processes, such as migration, proliferation and differentiation processes. In the brain, its essential impact during postnatal development is well known. However, in most other polySia positive organs, only its localization has been described so far. For instance, in the murine epididymis, smooth muscle cells of the epididymal duct are polysialylated during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. To understand the role of polySia during the development of the epididymis, the consequences of its loss were investigated in postnatal polySia knockout mice. As expected, no polysialylation was visible in the absence of the polysialyltransferases ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV. Interestingly, cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PGK1), which is essentially involved in smooth muscle cell relaxation, was not detectable in peritubular smooth muscle cells when tissue sections of polySia knockout mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In contrast to this signaling molecule, the structural proteins smooth muscle actin (SMA) and calponin were expressed. As shown before, in the duct system of the testis, even the expression of these structural proteins was impaired due to the loss of polySia. We now found that the rete testis, connecting the duct system of the testis and epididymis, was extensively dilated. The obtained data suggest that less differentiated smooth muscle cells of the testis and epididymis result in disturbed contractility and thus, fluid transport within the duct system visible in the enlarged rete testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Humpfle
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nadim E. Hachem
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Weinhold
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Middendorff
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Gretenkort L, Thiesler H, Hildebrandt H. Neuroimmunomodulatory properties of polysialic acid. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:277-294. [PMID: 37171513 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric sialic acid (polysialic acid, polySia) is a remarkable posttranslational modification of only few select proteins. The major, and most prominent polySia protein carrier is the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. Here, the key functions of polySia are to regulate interactions of NCAM and to balance cellular interactions in brain development and plasticity. During recent years, however, increasing evidence points towards a role of polySia in the modulation of immune responses. These immunomodulatory functions can be mediated by polySia on proteins other than NCAM, presented either on the cell surface or released into the extracellular space. This perspective review summarizes our current knowledge and addresses major open questions on polySia and polySia receptors in modulating innate immune responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gretenkort
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Jin MY, Weaver TE, Farris A, Gupta M, Abd-Elsayed A. Neuromodulation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Systematic Review of Mechanisms and In Vivo Highlights. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041145. [PMID: 37189763 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While denervation can occur with aging, peripheral nerve injuries are debilitating and often leads to a loss of function and neuropathic pain. Although injured peripheral nerves can regenerate and reinnervate their targets, this process is slow and directionless. There is some evidence supporting the use of neuromodulation to enhance the regeneration of peripheral nerves. This systematic review reported on the underlying mechanisms that allow neuromodulation to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and highlighted important in vivo studies that demonstrate its efficacy. Studies were identified from PubMed (inception through September 2022) and the results were synthesized qualitatively. Included studies were required to contain content related to peripheral nerve regeneration and some form of neuromodulation. Studies reporting in vivo highlights were subject to a risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The results of 52 studies indicate that neuromodulation enhances natural peripheral nerve regeneration processes, but still requires other interventions (e.g., conduits) to control the direction of reinnervation. Additional human studies are warranted to verify the applicability of animal studies and to determine how neuromodulation can be optimized for the greatest functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Y Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tristan E Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Adam Farris
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Kansas Pain Management & Neuroscience Research Center, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Eidenberger L, Kogelmann B, Steinkellner H. Plant-based biopharmaceutical engineering. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:426-439. [PMID: 37317690 PMCID: PMC10030082 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be engineered to recombinantly produce high-quality proteins such as therapeutic proteins and vaccines, also known as molecular farming. Molecular farming can be established in various settings with minimal cold-chain requirements and could thus ensure rapid and global-scale deployment of biopharmaceuticals, promoting equitable access to pharmaceuticals. State of the art plant-based engineering relies on rationally assembled genetic circuits, engineered to enable the high-throughput and rapid expression of multimeric proteins with complex post-translational modifications. In this Review, we discuss the design of expression hosts and vectors, including Nicotiana benthamiana, viral elements and transient expression vectors, for the production of biopharmaceuticals in plants. We examine engineering of post-translational modifications and highlight the plant-based expression of monoclonal antibodies and nanoparticles, such as virus-like particles and protein bodies. Techno-economic analyses suggest a cost advantage of molecular farming compared with mammalian cell-based protein production systems. However, regulatory challenges remain to be addressed to enable the widespread translation of plant-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eidenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib — Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Hunter C, Gao Z, Chen HM, Thompson N, Wakarchuk W, Nitz M, Withers SG, Willis LM. Attenuation of Polysialic Acid Biosynthesis in Cells by the Small Molecule Inhibitor 8-Keto-sialic acid. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:41-48. [PMID: 36577399 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are key mediators of cell function, particularly with regard to cellular interactions with the surrounding environment. Reagents that modulate the display of specific sialyl glycoforms at the cell surface would be useful biochemical tools and potentially allow for therapeutic intervention in numerous challenging chronic diseases. While multiple strategies are being explored for the control of cell surface sialosides, none that shows high selectivity between sialyltransferases or that targets a specific sialyl glycoform has yet to emerge. Here, we describe a strategy to block the formation of α2,8-linked sialic acid chains (oligo- and polysialic acid) through the use of 8-keto-sialic acid as a chain-terminating metabolic inhibitor that, if incorporated, cannot be elongated. 8-Keto-sialic acid is nontoxic at effective concentrations and serves to block polysialic acid synthesis in cancer cell lines and primary immune cells, with minimal effects on other sialyl glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nicole Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
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16
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Fono-Tamo EUK, Kamika I, Dewar JB, Lekota KE. Comparative Genomics Revealed a Potential Threat of Aeromonas rivipollensis G87 Strain and Its Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010131. [PMID: 36671332 PMCID: PMC9855013 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas rivipollensis is an emerging pathogen linked to a broad range of infections in humans. Due to the inability to accurately differentiate Aeromonas species using conventional techniques, in-depth comparative genomics analysis is imperative to identify them. This study characterized 4 A. rivipollensis strains that were isolated from river water in Johannesburg, South Africa, by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). WGS was carried out, and taxonomic classification was employed to profile virulence and antibiotic resistance (AR). The AR profiles of the A. rivipollensis genomes consisted of betalactams and cephalosporin-resistance genes, while the tetracycline-resistance gene (tetE) was only determined to be in the G87 strain. A mobile genetic element (MGE), transposons TnC, was determined to be in this strain that mediates tetracycline resistance MFS efflux tetE. A pangenomic investigation revealed the G87 strain's unique characteristic, which included immunoglobulin A-binding proteins, extracellular polysialic acid, and exogenous sialic acid as virulence factors. The identified polysialic acid and sialic acid genes can be associated with antiphagocytic and antibactericidal properties, respectively. MGEs such as transposases introduce virulence and AR genes in the A. rivipollensis G87 genome. This study showed that A. rivipollensis is generally resistant to a class of beta-lactams and cephalosporins. MGEs pose a challenge in some of the Aeromonas species strains and are subjected to antibiotics resistance and the acquisition of virulence genes in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ubani K. Fono-Tamo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - John Barr Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Edward Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-299-2381
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17
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Abstract
The proper glycosylation of glycoproteins is important for their structure and function. This is an especially important consideration when choosing a platform to express recombinant glycoproteins destined for therapeutic use. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been the choice expression platform for their ability to produce recombinant glycoproteins with glycosylation profiles similar to those observed in humans. However, consistency with glycosylation has been noted as problematic, and sialylation, an important modification in human glycoproteins, has not been achieved to an acceptable degree in CHO cells. Plant biotechnology and glycoengineering has now made it possible to produce therapeutic recombinant glycoproteins in plants with glycosylation profiles observed in humans, including sialylation. Furthermore, the glycosylation profiles of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins produced in plants are homogenous and consistently reproducible. Here, entirely via transient expression, two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are produced in glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants that carry human glycosylation profiles including sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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18
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Setting the stage for universal pharmacological targeting of the glycocalyx. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:61-88. [PMID: 37080681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
All cells in the human body are covered by a complex meshwork of sugars as well as proteins and lipids to which these sugars are attached, collectively termed the glycocalyx. Over the past few decades, the glycocalyx has been implicated in a range of vital cellular processes in health and disease. Therefore, it has attracted considerable interest as a therapeutic target. Considering its omnipresence and its relevance for various areas of cell biology, the glycocalyx should be a versatile platform for therapeutic intervention, however, the full potential of the glycocalyx as therapeutic target is yet to unfold. This might be attributable to the fact that glycocalyx alterations are currently discussed mainly in the context of specific diseases. In this perspective review, we shift the attention away from a disease-centered view of the glycocalyx, focusing on changes in glycocalyx state. Furthermore, we survey important glycocalyx-targeted drugs currently available and finally discuss future steps. We hope that this approach will inspire a unified, holistic view of the glycocalyx in disease, helping to stimulate novel glycocalyx-targeted therapy strategies.
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19
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Milk Polysialic Acid Levels Rapidly Decrease in Line with the N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Concentrations during Early Lactation in Dairy Cows. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010005. [PMID: 36671698 PMCID: PMC9854834 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates have several positive effects on the mucosal barrier, the gut microbiome, and an effective immune system. For this reason, they are important biomolecules for mammary gland health and optimal development of offspring. In milk, the major sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), can be attached as monosialyl-residues or as polymers. To investigate the sialylation processes during lactation of German Holstein cows, we analyzed udder tissue in addition to milk at different time points of lactation. The analysis of the milk samples revealed that both the levels of Neu5Ac and its polymer, polysialic acid (polySia), rapidly decreased during the first three days of lactation, and a high interindividual variance was observed. In mature milk, however, the sialylation status remains relatively constant. The results indicate that mammary gland epithelial cells are one source for milk polySia, since immunohistochemistry of udder tissue exhibited strong polySia staining in these cells. Furthermore, both polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, are expressed. Based on known functions of monosialyl residues and polySia, we discuss the potential impact of these biomolecules and the consequences of the heterogeneous sialylation status of milk in relation to udder health and offspring health.
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20
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The Graphical Studies of the Major Molecular Interactions for Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Polysialylation by Incorporating Wenxiang Diagram into NMR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315128. [PMID: 36499451 PMCID: PMC9736422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialylation is a process of polysialic acid (polySia) addition to neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is associated with tumor cell migration and progression in many metastatic cancers and neurocognition. Polysialylation can be catalyzed by two highly homologous mammalian polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8Sia II (STX) and ST8Sia IV (PST). It has been proposed that two polybasic domains, polybasic region (PBR) and polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) in polySTs, are possible binding sites for the intermolecular interactions of polyST-NCAM and polyST-polySia, respectively, as well as the intramolecular interaction of PSTD-PBR. In this study, Chou's wenxiang diagrams of the PSTD and PBR are used to determine the key amino acids of these intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, and thus it may be helpful for the identification of the crucial amino acids in the polyST and for the understanding of the molecular mechanism of NCAM polysialylation by incorporating the wenxiang diagram and molecular modeling into NMR spectroscopy.
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21
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Xu S, Zhao M, Gu Z, Lu H, Liu Z. Photothermal Therapy of Neuroblastoma via Polysialic Acid-Targeting Nanomissiles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201671. [PMID: 36161701 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploring new targets and developing novel targeted therapies are urgently needed for neuroblastoma therapy. Polysialic acid (polySia), a linear homopolymer of sialic acid units that correlates well with tumor progression and poor prognosis, has emerged as a potential target for neuroblastoma. However, the lack of polySia-specific binding reagents has severely limited the development of polySia-targeting therapeutics for neuroblastoma. Herein, the construction of polySia-targeting nanomissiles via molecular imprinting for the photothermal therapy of neuroblastoma is reported. Oligosialic acid (oligoSia) containing 3-4 units is considered as a characteristic structure for the recognition of polySia, while oligoSia containing 4-7 units digested from polySia is employed as the template. Via boronate-affinity controllable oriented surface imprinting, oligoSia-imprinted nanoparticles (oSia-MIP) are prepared. The oSia-MIP allows for specifically recognizing polySia and targeting polySia overexpressed neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. oSia-MIP loaded with indocyanine green is prepared and experimentally demonstrated to be a potent targeted photothermal therapeutic for neuroblastoma. Equipping the core substrate with functional entities, the developed polySia targeting nanoplatform can be accommodated to various therapeutic modalities, holding great promise for neuroblastoma targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Menghuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zikuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
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22
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Gagiannis D, Scheil A, Gagiannis S, Hackenbroch C, Horstkorte R, Steinestel K. No Impact of PolySia-NCAM Expression on Treatment Response in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Lung. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184376. [PMID: 36139538 PMCID: PMC9497169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Polysialic acids (polySia) are localized on the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). They are expressed on numerous tumors of neural crest origin. These include lung neuroendocrine tumors such as atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas. Interfering with polySia is considered a potential approach in the development of tumor therapies. In this study, we investigated whether polySia expression has an impact on disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis. To this end, tissue samples from 28 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for polySia-NCAM presence. In conclusion, NCAM-polySia is not very useful as a prognostic factor for poor disease outcome. However, it is still interesting as a therarpeutic target for individual tumor therapy, as a majority of patients (78.6%) showed a strong staining signal for NCAM-polySia. Abstract Background: Polysialic acids (abbr. polySia) are found on numerous tumors, including neuroendocrine lung tumors. They have previously been shown to impact metastatic potential, as they can influence the signaling and adhesion properties of neuronal cell adhesion molecules (abbr. NCAM) and other cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, the aim of this small pilot study was to analyze whether there was a correlation between polySia-NCAM expression and specific clinical or histopathologic characteristics, and if polySia-NCAM expression had an impact on treatment response, disease progression and prognosis of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Methods: This work was based on an analysis of 28 digitized patient records and corresponding patient samples. The response to therapy was radiologically determined at the time of diagnosis and at certain intervals during therapy following the current RECIST1.1 and volumetric sphere calculation. To analyze whether polySia-NCAM expression had prognostic relevance, polySia-NCAM-positive and -negative cases were compared in a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Findings: A majority of 78.6% lung neuroendocrine neoplasms showed a strong staining signal for polySia-NCAM. There was a significant correlation between expression and histopathological grade (p = 0.0140), since carcinoids were less likely polySia-NCAM-positive compared to small cell lung carcinoma (abbr. SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung (abbr. LCNEC). There was no significant association between polySia-NCAM expression and clinical characteristics (age: p = 0.3405; gender: p = 0.6730; smoking history: p = 0.1145; ECOG: p = 0.1756, UICC8 stage: p = 0.1182) or radiologically determined disease progression, regardless of the criteria used to categorize response (RECIST 1.1: p = 0.0759; sphere: p = 0.0580). Furthermore, polySia-NCAM expression did not affect progression-free survival (p = 0.4198) or overall survival (p = 0.6918). Interpretation: PolySia-NCAM expression was more common in high-grade compared to low-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung; however, this small pilot study failed to show an association between polySia-NCAM expression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gagiannis
- Department of Pulmonology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-1710-2901; Fax: +49-731-1710-2908
| | - Anna Scheil
- Department of Pulmonology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Gagiannis
- Department of Neurology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ruediger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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23
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Rosa P, Scibetta S, Pepe G, Mangino G, Capocci L, Moons SJ, Boltje TJ, Fazi F, Petrozza V, Di Pardo A, Maglione V, Calogero A. Polysialic Acid Sustains the Hypoxia-Induced Migration and Undifferentiated State of Human Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179563. [PMID: 36076963 PMCID: PMC9455737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (GBM, CNS WHO grade 4) is the most aggressive form of glioma and is characterized by extensive hypoxic areas that strongly correlate with tumor malignancy. Hypoxia promotes several processes, including stemness, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and radio- and chemoresistance, that have direct impacts on treatment failure. Thus, there is still an increasing need to identify novel targets to limit GBM relapse. Polysialic acid (PSA) is a carbohydrate composed of a linear polymer of α2,8-linked sialic acids, primarily attached to the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM). It is considered an oncodevelopmental antigen that is re-expressed in various tumors. High levels of PSA-NCAM are associated with high-grade and poorly differentiated tumors. Here, we investigated the effect of PSA inhibition in GBM cells under low oxygen concentrations. Our main results highlight the way in which hypoxia stimulates polysialylation in U87-MG cells and in a GBM primary culture. By lowering PSA levels with the sialic acid analog, F-NANA, we also inhibited GBM cell migration and interfered with their differentiation influenced by the hypoxic microenvironment. Our findings suggest that PSA may represent a possible molecular target for the development of alternative pharmacological strategies to manage a devastating tumor like GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia Scibetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell’Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luca Capocci
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell’Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sam J. Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology & Medical Embryology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via A. Scarpa, 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- ICOT, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via F. Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell’Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- ICOT, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via F. Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy
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24
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Soukhtehzari S, Berish RB, Fazli L, Watson PH, Williams KC. The different prognostic significance of polysialic acid and CD56 expression in tumor cells and lymphocytes identified in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:78. [PMID: 35780131 PMCID: PMC9250520 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of carbohydrates onto proteins, is a fundamental process that alters the biological activity of proteins. Changes to glycosylation states are associated with many forms of cancer including breast cancer. Through immunohistological analysis of breast cancer patient tumors, we have discovered the expression of an atypical glycan-polysialic acid (polySia)-in breast cancer. Notably, we have identified polySia expression in not only tumor cells but also on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and our study reveals ST8Sia4 as the predominant polysialyltransferase expressed. Evaluation of ST8Sia4 expression in tumor cells identified an association between high expression levels and poor patient outcomes whereas ST8Sia4 expression in infiltrating stromal cells was associated with good patient outcomes. Investigation into CD56, a protein known to be polysialylated, found CD56 and polySia expression on breast tumor cells and TILs. CD56 expression did not positively correlate with polySia expression except in patient tumors which expressed HER2. In these HER2 expressing tumors, CD56 expression was significantly associated with HER2 expression score. Evaluation of CD56 tumor cell expression identified a significant association between CD56 expression and poor patient outcomes. By contrast, CD56 expression on TILs was significantly associated with good clinical outcomes. Tumors with CD56+ TILs were also consistently polySia TIL positive. Interestingly, in tumors where TILs were CD56 low-to-negative, a polySia+ lymphocyte population was still identified and the presence of these lymphocytes was a poor prognostic indicator. Overall, this study provides the first detailed report of polySia and CD56 in breast cancer and demonstrates that the prognostic significance is dependent on the cell type expression within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soukhtehzari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard B Berish
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, BC, Canada
| | - Peter H Watson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Island Centre, University of British Columbia, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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25
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Wang B, Li Z, Li J, Shao Q, Qin L. Sialin mediates submandibular gland regeneration ability by affecting polysialic acid synthesis. Oral Dis 2022. [PMID: 35593110 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sialin is a multifunctional molecule with a well-described role in physiological equilibrium regulation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of sialin in salivary glands regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Submandibular gland duct ligation/deligation of rat was performed to develop a rat model of submandibular gland regeneration. Phenotype changes were investigated using western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, as well as immunohistochemical staining. LV-slc17a5-RNAi vectors were injected into the submandibular glands via retroductal instillation to establish a stable sialin knockdown model. RESULTS Submandibular gland tissue structure could completely restore 28 days after duct deligation, when the duct had been ligated for 7 days. The expression of sialin, polysialic acid, and polysialyltransferase IV was significantly increased on day 0 after duct deligation, and it returned to the level of the control group at day 28. Moreover, sialin knockdown could weakened gland regeneration by reducing polysialic acid synthesis. Supplementing drinking water with polysialic acid precursors (ManNAc) in drinking water could partially rescue submandibular gland regeneration in sialin knockdown rats. CONCLUSION These data indicated that sialin was vital for submandibular gland regeneration which mediated the process of gland regeneration by affecting the polysialic acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, You Yi Road No.389, Changsha, China
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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26
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Liu F, Simpson AB, D'Costa E, Bunn FS, van Leeuwen SS. Sialic acid, the secret gift for the brain. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9875-9894. [PMID: 35531941 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2072270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human brain grows rapidly in early life which requires adequate nutrition. Human milk provides optimal nutrition for the developing brain, and breastfeeding significantly improves the cognition development of infants. These benefits have been largely attributed to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), associated with sialic acid (Sia). Subsequently, sialylated HMOS present a vital source of exogenous Sia to infants. Sialic acid is a key molecule essential for proper development of gangliosides, and therefore critical in brain development and function. Recent pre-clinical studies suggest dietary supplementation with Sia or sialylated oligosaccharides enhances intelligence and cognition performance in early and later life. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of Sia in brain homeostasis and disbalance correlates with common pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, this review will discuss early brain health and development and the role of Sia in this process. Additionally, studies associating breastfeeding and specific HMOS to benefits in cognitive development are critically assessed. Furthermore, the review will assess studies implying the potential role of HMOS and microbiota in brain development via the gut-brain axis. Finally, the review will summarize recent advances regarding the role of Sia in neurodegenerative disease in later life and potential roles of dietary Sia sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bella Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmée D'Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Sophia Bunn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sector Human Nutrition and Health, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Thiesler H, Küçükerden M, Gretenkort L, Röckle I, Hildebrandt H. News and Views on Polysialic Acid: From Tumor Progression and Brain Development to Psychiatric Disorders, Neurodegeneration, Myelin Repair and Immunomodulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871757. [PMID: 35617589 PMCID: PMC9013797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a sugar homopolymer consisting of at least eight glycosidically linked sialic acid units. It is a posttranslational modification of a limited number of proteins with the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM being the most prominent. As extensively reviewed before, polySia-NCAM is crucial for brain development and synaptic plasticity but also modulates tumor growth and malignancy. Functions of polySia have been attributed to its polyanionic character, its spatial expansion into the extracellular space, and its modulation of NCAM interactions. In this mini-review, we first summarize briefly, how the modulation of NCAM functions by polySia impacts tumor cell growth and leads to malformations during brain development of polySia-deficient mice, with a focus on how the latter may be linked to altered behaviors in the mouse model and to neurodevelopmental predispositions to psychiatric disorders. We then elaborate on the implications of polySia functions in hippocampal plasticity, learning and memory of mice in light of recently described polySia changes related to altered neurogenesis in the aging human brain and in neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, we highlight recent progress that extends the range of polySia functions across diverse fields of neurobiology such as cortical interneuron development and connectivity, myelination and myelin repair, or the regulation of microglia activity. We discuss possible common and distinct mechanisms that may underlie these seemingly divergent roles of polySia, and provide prospects for new therapeutic approaches building on our improved understanding of polySia functions.
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28
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Hatanaka R, Araki E, Hane M, Go S, Wu D, Kitajima K, Sato C. The α2,8-sialyltransferase 6 (St8sia6) localizes in the ER and enhances the anchorage-independent cell growth in cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 608:52-58. [PMID: 35390672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sialylation, the final stage of post-translational modification of proteins, is achieved in the Golgi apparatus and is related to the malignant phenotype of cancer. Disialylation of ganglioside (GD3) by St8sia1 and polysialylation by St8sia2 and 4 have been shown to be related to malignant phenotypes; however, di/oligosialylation by St8sia6 is still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the malignant phenotype of St8sia6 and found that upregulation of St8sia6 in melanoma B16 cells increased anchorage-independent cell growth, which was not due to sialic acid cleavage by a sialidase. Moreover, unlike other sialyltransferases, St8sia6 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We found that the localization to the Golgi apparatus could be regulated by swapping experiments using St8sia2; however, the malignant phenotype did not change. These data demonstrate that the enhancement of anchorage-independent cell growth by St8sia6 is not due to its localization of ER, but is due to the expression of the protein itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hatanaka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Erino Araki
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaya Hane
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiori Go
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Di Wu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Integrated Glyco-Biomedical Research Center (iGMED), Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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29
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Almahayni K, Spiekermann M, Fiore A, Yu G, Pedram K, Möckl L. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycosylation. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100108. [PMID: 36467541 PMCID: PMC9713294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the fundamental biopolymers encountered in living systems. Compared to polynucleotide and polypeptide biosynthesis, polysaccharide biosynthesis is a uniquely combinatorial process to which interdependent enzymes with seemingly broad specificities contribute. The resulting intracellular cell surface, and secreted glycans play key roles in health and disease, from embryogenesis to cancer progression. The study and modulation of glycans in cell and organismal biology is aided by small molecule inhibitors of the enzymes involved in glycan biosynthesis. In this review, we survey the arsenal of currently available inhibitors, focusing on agents which have been independently validated in diverse systems. We highlight the utility of these inhibitors and drawbacks to their use, emphasizing the need for innovation for basic research as well as for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Almahayni
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Spiekermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonio Fiore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Corresponding authors.
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30
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Yin Z, Gao L, Zhu L, Peng X, Zhan X. New high-density fermentation method for producing high molecular weight polysialic acid based on the combination fermentation strategy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2381-2391. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela LD, Salinas-Marín R, López-Guerrero DV, Martínez-Duncker I. Polysialic Acid in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:823637. [PMID: 35222358 PMCID: PMC8873093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.823637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly regulated polymer of sialic acid (Sia) with such potent biophysical characteristics that when expressed drastically influences the interaction properties of cells. Although much of what is known of polySia in mammals has been elucidated from the study of its role in the central nervous system (CNS), polySia is also expressed in other tissues, including the immune system where it presents dynamic changes during differentiation, maturation, and activation of different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive response, being involved in key regulatory mechanisms. At least six polySia protein carriers (CCR7, ESL-1, NCAM, NRP2, ST8Sia 2, and ST8Sia 4) are expressed in different types of immune cells, but there is still much to be explored in regard not only to the regulatory mechanisms that determine their expression and the structure of polySia chains but also to the identification of the cis- and trans- ligands of polySia that establish signaling networks. This review summarizes the current knowledge on polySia in the immune system, addressing its biosynthesis, its tools for identification and structural characterization, and its functional roles and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lya D. Gutiérrez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Iván Martínez-Duncker,
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32
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Sande C, Whitfield C. Capsules and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00332020. [PMID: 34910576 PMCID: PMC11163842 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0033-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates produce a range of different polysaccharide structures that play important roles in their biology. E. coli isolates often possess capsular polysaccharides (K antigens), which form a surface structural layer. These possess a wide range of repeat-unit structures. In contrast, only one capsular polymer (Vi antigen) is found in Salmonella, and it is confined to typhoidal serovars. In both genera, capsules are vital virulence determinants and are associated with the avoidance of host immune defenses. Some isolates of these species also produce a largely secreted exopolysaccharide called colanic acid as part of their complex Rcs-regulated phenotypes, but the precise function of this polysaccharide in microbial cell biology is not fully understood. E. coli isolates produce two additional secreted polysaccharides, bacterial cellulose and poly-N-acetylglucosamine, which play important roles in biofilm formation. Cellulose is also produced by Salmonella isolates, but the genes for poly-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis appear to have been lost during its evolution toward enhanced virulence. Here, we discuss the structures, functions, relationships, and sophisticated assembly mechanisms for these important biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Vaill M, Chen DY, Diaz S, Varki A. Improved methods to characterize the length and quantity of highly unstable PolySialic acids subject category: (Carbohydrates, chromatographic techniques). Anal Biochem 2021; 635:114426. [PMID: 34687617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a linear homopolymer of α2-8-linked sialic acids that is highly expressed during early stages of mammalian brain development and modulates a multitude of cellular functions. While degree of polymerization (DP) can affect such functions, currently available methods do not accurately characterize this parameter, because of the instability of the polymer. We developed two improved methods to characterize the DP and total polySia content in biological samples. PolySia chains with exposed reducing termini can be derivatized with DMB for subsequent HPLC analysis. However, application to biological samples of polySia-glycoproteins requires release of polySia chains from the underlying glycan, which is difficult to achieve without concurrent partial hydrolysis of the α2-8-linkages of the polySia chain, affecting its accurate characterization. We report an approach to protect internal α2-8sia linkages of long polySia chains, using previously known esterification conditions that generate stable polylactone structures. Such polylactonized molecules are more stable during acid hydrolysis release and acidic DMB derivatization. Additionally, we used the highly specific Endoneuraminidase-NF enzyme to discriminate polysialic acid and other sialic acid and developed an approach to precisely measure the total content of polySia in a biological sample. These two methods provide improved quantification and characterization of polySia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dillon Y Chen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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34
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Jarahian M, Marofi F, Maashi MS, Ghaebi M, Khezri A, Berger MR. Re-Expression of Poly/Oligo-Sialylated Adhesion Molecules on the Surface of Tumor Cells Disrupts Their Interaction with Immune-Effector Cells and Contributes to Pathophysiological Immune Escape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5203. [PMID: 34680351 PMCID: PMC8534074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans linked to surface proteins are the most complex biological macromolecules that play an active role in various cellular mechanisms. This diversity is the basis of cell-cell interaction and communication, cell growth, cell migration, as well as co-stimulatory or inhibitory signaling. Our review describes the importance of neuraminic acid and its derivatives as recognition elements, which are located at the outermost positions of carbohydrate chains linked to specific glycoproteins or glycolipids. Tumor cells, especially from solid tumors, mask themselves by re-expression of hypersialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), or synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) in order to protect themselves against the cytotoxic attack of the also highly sialylated immune effector cells. More particularly, we focus on α-2,8-linked polysialic acid chains, which characterize carrier glycoproteins such as NCAM, NRP-2, or SynCam-1. This characteristic property correlates with an aggressive clinical phenotype and endows them with multiple roles in biological processes that underlie all steps of cancer progression, including regulation of cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as increased proliferation, migration, reduced apoptosis rate of tumor cells, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Specifically, re-expression of poly/oligo-sialylated adhesion molecules on the surface of tumor cells disrupts their interaction with immune-effector cells and contributes to pathophysiological immune escape. Further, sialylated glycoproteins induce immunoregulatory cytokines and growth factors through interactions with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. We describe the processes, which modulate the interaction between sialylated carrier glycoproteins and their ligands, and illustrate that sialic acids could be targets of novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran;
| | - Marwah Suliman Maashi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Unit at King Fahad Medical Research Centre, Jeddah 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran;
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Hamar, Norway;
| | - Martin R. Berger
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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35
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Moh ESX, Nishtala K, Iqbal S, Staikopoulos V, Kapur D, Hutchinson MR, Packer NH. Long-term intrathecal administration of morphine vs. baclofen: Differences in CSF glycoconjugate profiles using multiglycomics. Glycobiology 2021; 32:50-59. [PMID: 34969075 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use for treatment of persistent pain has increased dramatically over the past two decades, but it has not resulted in improved pain management outcomes. To understand the molecular mechanisms of opioids, molecular signatures that arise from opioid exposure are often sought after, using various analytical methods. In this study, we performed proteomics, and multiglycomics via sequential analysis of polysialic acids, glycosaminoglycans, N-glycans and O-glycans, using the same cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) sample from patients that had long-term (>2 years), intrathecal morphine or baclofen administered via an indwelling pump. Proteomics and N-glycomics signatures between the two treatment groups were highly conserved, while significant differences were observed in polysialic acid, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and O-glycan profiles between the two treatment groups. This represents the first study to investigate the potential relationships between diverse CSF conjugated glycans and long-term intrathecal drug exposure. The unique changes, observed by a sequential analytical workflow, reflect previously undescribed molecular effects of opioid administration and pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S X Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Krishnatej Nishtala
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Sameera Iqbal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Staikopoulos
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Dilip Kapur
- Pain Management Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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36
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Lehti TA, Pajunen MI, Jokilammi A, Korja M, Lilie H, Vettenranta K, Finne J. Design of a Cytotoxic Neuroblastoma-Targeting Agent Using an Enzyme Acting on Polysialic Acid Fused to a Toxin. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1996-2007. [PMID: 34315766 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid, an abundant cell surface component of the developing nervous system, which declines rapidly postnatally to virtual absence in the majority of adult tissues, is highly expressed in some malignant tumors including neuroblastoma. We found that the binding of a noncatalytic endosialidase to polysialic acid causes internalization of the complex from the surface of neuroblastoma kSK-N-SH cells, a subline of SK-N-SH, and leads to a complete relocalization of polysialic acid to the intracellular compartment. The binding and uptake of the endosialidase is polysialic acid-dependent as it is inhibited by free excess ligand or removal of polysialic acid by active endosialidase, and does not happen if catalytic endosialidase is used in place of inactive endosialidase. A fusion protein composed of the noncatalytic endosialidase and the cytotoxic portion of diphtheria toxin was prepared to investigate whether the cellular uptake observed could be used for the specific elimination of polysialic acid-containing cells. The conjugate toxin was found to be toxic to polysialic acid-positive kSK-N-SH with an IC50 of 1.0 nmol/L. Replacing the noncatalytic endosialidase with active endosialidase decreased the activity to the level of nonconjugated toxin. Normal nonmalignant cells were selectively resistant to the toxin conjugate. The results demonstrate that noncatalytic endosialidase induces a quantitative removal and cellular uptake of polysialic acid from the cell surface which, by conjugation with diphtheria toxin fragment, can be exploited for the selective elimination of polysialic acid-containing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo A Lehti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria I Pajunen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Laboratories and Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Miikka Korja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kim Vettenranta
- University of Helsinki and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Finne
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Mindler K, Ostertag E, Stehle T. The polyfunctional polysialic acid: A structural view. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108376. [PMID: 34273862 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia), a homopolymer of α2,8-linked sialic acid residues, modifies a small number of proteins and has central functions in vertebrate signalling. Here, we review the regulatory functions of polySia in signalling processes and the immune system of adult humans, as well as functions based on their chemical properties. The main focus will be on the structure-function relationship of polySia with its interaction partners in humans. Recent studies have indicated that the degree of polymerisation is an important parameter that can guide the regulatory effect of polySia in addition to its binding to target proteins. Therefore, the structures of polySia in solution and bound to interaction partners are compared in order to identify the key factors that define binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Mindler
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Ostertag
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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38
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Hachem NE, Humpfle L, Simon P, Kaese M, Weinhold B, Günther J, Galuska SP, Middendorff R. The Loss of Polysialic Acid Impairs the Contractile Phenotype of Peritubular Smooth Muscle Cells in the Postnatal Testis. Cells 2021; 10:1347. [PMID: 34072405 PMCID: PMC8230264 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the testis, the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules is surrounded by contractile peritubular cells, which are involved in sperm transport. Interestingly, in postnatal testis, polysialic acid (polySia), which is also an essential player for the development of the brain, was observed around the tubules. Western blotting revealed a massive decrease of polySia from postnatal day 1 towards puberty, together with a fundamental reduction of the net-like intertubular polySia. Using polysialyltransferase knockout mice, we investigated the consequences of the loss of polySia in the postnatal testis. Compared to postnatal wild-type animals, polySia knockouts showed slightly reduced smooth muscle actin (SMA) immunostaining of peritubular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), while calponin, marking more differentiated SMCs, dramatically decreased. In contrast, testicular SMA and calponin immunostaining remained unchanged in vascular SMCs in all genotypes. In addition, the cGMP-dependent protein kinase PKG I, a key enzyme of SMC relaxation, was nearly undetectable in the peritubular SMCs. Cell proliferation in the peritubular layer increased significantly in the knockouts, as shown by proliferating cell nuclear anti (PCNA) staining. Taken together, in postnatal testis, the absence of polySia resulted in an impaired differentiation of peritubular, but not vascular, SMCs to a more synthetic phenotype. Thus, polySia might influence the maintenance of a differentiated phenotype of non-vascular SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim E. Hachem
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (N.E.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Luisa Humpfle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (N.E.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Miriam Kaese
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Birgit Weinhold
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, OE 4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.S.); (M.K.)
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (N.E.H.); (L.H.)
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39
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Role of Glycans on Key Cell Surface Receptors That Regulate Cell Proliferation and Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051252. [PMID: 34069424 PMCID: PMC8159107 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells undergo proliferation and apoptosis, migration and differentiation via a number of cell surface receptors, most of which are heavily glycosylated. This review discusses receptor glycosylation and the known roles of glycans on the functions of receptors expressed in diverse cell types. We included growth factor receptors that have an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, growth factor receptors that have a serine/threonine kinase domain, and cell-death-inducing receptors. N- and O-glycans have a wide range of functions including roles in receptor conformation, ligand binding, oligomerization, and activation of signaling cascades. A better understanding of these functions will enable control of cell survival and cell death in diseases such as cancer and in immune responses.
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40
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Huang YF, Aoki K, Akase S, Ishihara M, Liu YS, Yang G, Kizuka Y, Mizumoto S, Tiemeyer M, Gao XD, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Fujita M. Global mapping of glycosylation pathways in human-derived cells. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1195-1209.e7. [PMID: 33730547 PMCID: PMC8086148 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are one of the fundamental classes of macromolecules and are involved in a broad range of biological phenomena. A large variety of glycan structures can be synthesized depending on tissue or cell types and environmental changes. Here, we developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, termed GlycoMaple, to visualize and estimate glycan structures based on gene expression. We informatically selected 950 genes involved in glycosylation and its regulation. Expression profiles of these genes were mapped onto global glycan metabolic pathways to predict glycan structures, which were confirmed using glycomic analyses. Based on the predictions of N-glycan processing, we constructed 40 knockout HEK293 cell lines and analyzed the effects of gene knockout on glycan structures. Finally, the glycan structures of 64 cell lines, 37 tissues, and primary colon tumor tissues were estimated and compared using publicly available databases. Our systematic approach can accelerate glycan analyses and engineering in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sachiko Akase
- Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yi-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kiyoko F Aoki-Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; Glycan & Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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41
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Bordron A, Morel M, Bagacean C, Dueymes M, Pochard P, Harduin-Lepers A, Jamin C, Pers JO. Hyposialylation Must Be Considered to Develop Future Therapies in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073402. [PMID: 33810246 PMCID: PMC8036829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease development depends on multiple factors, including genetic and environmental. Abnormalities such as sialylation levels and/or quality have been recently highlighted. The adjunction of sialic acid at the terminal end of glycoproteins and glycolipids is essential for distinguishing between self and non-self-antigens and the control of pro- or anti-inflammatory immune reactions. In autoimmunity, hyposialylation is responsible for chronic inflammation, the anarchic activation of the immune system and organ lesions. A detailed characterization of this mechanism is a key element for improving the understanding of these diseases and the development of innovative therapies. This review focuses on the impact of sialylation in autoimmunity in order to determine future treatments based on the regulation of hyposialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bordron
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marie Morel
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
- CHU de Brest, Laboratory of Immunolgy, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Maryvonne Dueymes
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
- CHU de Brest, Laboratory of Immunolgy, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Pierre Pochard
- CHU de Brest, Laboratory of Immunolgy, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Christophe Jamin
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
- CHU de Brest, Laboratory of Immunolgy, 29200 Brest, France;
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- Univ Brest, Inserm, LBAI, UMR1227 Brest, France; (M.M.); (C.B.); (M.D.); (C.J.); (J.-O.P.)
- CHU de Brest, Laboratory of Immunolgy, 29200 Brest, France;
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42
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Yang H, Lu L, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of sialic acids. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107678. [PMID: 33285252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are negatively charged functional monosaccharides present in a wide variety of natural sources (plants, animals and microorganisms). Sias play an important role in many life processes, which are widely applied in the medical and food industries as intestinal antibacterials, antivirals, anti-oxidative agents, food ingredients, and detoxification agents. Most Sias are composed of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, >99%), and Sia is its most commonly used name. In this article, we review Sias in terms of their structures, applications, determination methods, metabolism, and production strategies. In particular, we summarise and compare different production strategies, including extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, polymer decomposition, enzymatic synthesis, whole-cell catalysis, and de novo biosynthesis via microorganism fermentation. We also discuss research on their physiological functions and applications, barriers to efficient production, and strategies for overcoming these challenges. We focus on efficient de novo biosynthesis strategies for Neu5Ac via microbial fermentation using novel synthetic biology tools and methods that may be applied in future. This work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances on Sias, and addresses future challenges regarding their functions, applications, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liping Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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43
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Bartling B, Brüchle NC, Rehfeld JS, Boßmann D, Fiebig T, Litschko C, Fohrer J, Gerardy-Schahn R, Scheper T, Beutel S. Accelerated production of α2,8- and α2,9-linked polysialic acid in recombinant Escherichia coli using high cell density cultivation. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00562. [PMID: 33304838 PMCID: PMC7711218 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) are α2,8- and/or α2,9-linked homopolymers with interesting properties for meningococcal vaccine development or the cure of human neurodegenerative disorders. With the goal to avoid large scale production of pathogenic bacteria, we compare in the current study the efficacy of conventional polySia production to recombinant approaches using the engineered laboratory safety strain E. coli BL21. High cell density cultivation (HCDC) experiments were performed in two different bioreactor systems. Increased cell densities of up to 11.3 (±0.4) g/L and polySia concentrations of up to 774 (±18) mg/L were reached in E. coli K1. However, cultivation of engineered E. coli BL21 strains delivered comparable cell densities but a maximum of only 133 mg/L polySia. Using established downstream procedures, host cell DNA and proteins were removed. All recombinant polySia products showed an identical degree of polymerization >90. Polymers with different glycosidic linkages could be successfully differentiated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bartling
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora C. Brüchle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna S. Rehfeld
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Boßmann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christa Litschko
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Fohrer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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44
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Venuto MT, Martorell-Ribera J, Bochert R, Harduin-Lepers A, Rebl A, Galuska SP. Characterization of the Polysialylation Status in Ovaries of the Salmonid Fish Coregonus maraena and the Percid Fish Sander lucioperca. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112391. [PMID: 33142835 PMCID: PMC7693511 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the carbohydrate polymer polysialic acid (polySia) is especially well known for its essential role during neuronal development, regulating the migration and proliferation of neural precursor cells, for instance. Nevertheless, sialic acid polymers seem to be regulatory elements in other physiological systems, such as the reproductive tract. Interestingly, trout fish eggs have polySia, but we know little of its cellular distribution and role during oogenesis. Therefore, we localized α2,8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid polymers in the ovaries of Coregonus maraena by immunohistochemistry and found that prevalent clusters of oogonia showed polySia signals on their surfaces. Remarkably, the genome of this salmonid fish contains two st8sia2 genes and one st8sia4 gene, that is, three polysialyltransferases. The expression analysis revealed that for st8sia2-r2, 60 times more mRNA was present than st8sia2-r1 and st8sia4. To compare polysialylation status regarding various polySiaT configurations, we performed a comparable analysis in Sander lucioperca. The genome of this perciform fish contains only one st8sia2 and no st8sia4 gene. Here, too, clusters of oogonia showed polysialylated cell surfaces, and we detected high mRNA values for st8sia2. These results suggest that in teleosts, polySia is involved in the cellular processes of oogonia during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Tindara Venuto
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Joan Martorell-Ribera
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (J.M.-R.); (A.R.)
| | - Ralf Bochert
- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries (LFA-MV), 18375 Born, Germany;
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (J.M.-R.); (A.R.)
| | - Sebastian Peter Galuska
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-382-0868-769
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Han S, Zhuang J, Wu Y, Wu W, Yang X. Progress in Research on Colorectal Cancer-Related Microorganisms and Metabolites. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:8703-8720. [PMID: 33061569 PMCID: PMC7518784 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s268943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora is an important component in the human body, which have been reported to be involved in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Indeed, changes in the intestinal flora in CRC patients compared to those in control subjects have been reported. Several bacterial species have been shown to exhibit the pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic properties, which could consequently have an impact on colorectal carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the potential links between the intestinal microbiota and CRC. We illustrated the mechanisms by which intestinal flora imbalance affects CRC, mainly focusing on inflammation, microbial metabolites, and specific bacteria species. In addition, we discuss how a diet exhibits a strong impact on microbial composition and provides risks for developing CRC. Finally, we describe the potential future directions that are based on intestinal microbiota manipulation for CRC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Han
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhang Wu
- Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou 313000, People's Republic of China
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Polysialylation and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100892. [PMID: 32863045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique constituent of the glycocalyx on the surface of bacterial and vertebrate cells. In vertebrates, its biosynthesis is highly regulated, not only in quantity and quality, but also in time and location, which allows polySia to be involved in various important biological phenomena. Therefore, impairments in the expression and structure of polySia sometimes relate to diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Some bacteria express polySia as a tool for protecting themselves from the host immune system during invasion. PolySia is proven to be a biosafe material; polySia, as well as polySia-recognizing molecules, are key therapeutic agents. This review first comprehensive outlines the occurrence, features, biosynthesis, and functions of polySia and subsequently focuses on the related diseases.
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Liao H, Klaus C, Neumann H. Control of Innate Immunity by Sialic Acids in the Nervous Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155494. [PMID: 32752058 PMCID: PMC7432451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are the most abundant terminal sugar residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells. The nervous tissue is the organ with the highest expression level of Sias. The ‘sialylation’ of glycoconjugates is performed via sialyltransferases, whereas ‘desialylation’ is done by sialidases or is a possible consequence of oxidative damage. Sialic acid residues on the neural cell surfaces inhibit complement and microglial activation, as well as phagocytosis of the underlying structures, via binding to (i) complement factor H (CFH) or (ii) sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (SIGLEC) receptors. In contrast, activated microglial cells show sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, and further stimulates innate immunity via microglia and complement activation. The desialylation conveys neurons to become susceptible to phagocytosis, as well as triggers a microglial phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst and inflammation. Dysfunctions of the ‘Sia–SIGLEC’ and/or ‘Sia–complement’ axes often lead to neurological diseases. Thus, Sias on glycoconjugates of the intact glycocalyx and its desialylation are major regulators of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Neumann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-6885-500; Fax: +49-228-6885-501
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Shahbazian S, Bokiniec P, Berning BA, McMullan S, Goodchild AK. Polysialic acid in the rat brainstem and thoracolumbar spinal cord: Distribution, cellular location, and comparison with mouse. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:811-827. [PMID: 32656805 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia), a homopolymer of α2,8-linked glycans, is a posttranslational modification on a few glycoproteins, most commonly in the brain, on the neural cell adhesion molecule. Most research in the adult central nervous system has focused on its expression in higher brain regions, where its distribution coincides with regions known to exhibit high levels of synaptic plasticity. In contrast, scant attention has been paid to the expression of polySia in the hindbrain. The main aims of the study were to examine the distribution of polySia immunoreactivity in the brainstem and thoracolumbar spinal cord, to compare the distribution of polySia revealed by two commercial antibodies commonly used for its investigation, and to compare labeling in the rat and mouse. We present a comprehensive atlas of polySia immunoreactivity: we report that polySia labeling is particularly dense in the dorsal tegmentum, medial vestibular nuclei and lateral parabrachial nucleus, and in brainstem regions associated with autonomic function, including the dorsal vagal complex, A5, rostral ventral medulla, A1, and midline raphe, as well as sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord and central targets of primary sensory afferents (nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and dorsal horn [DH]). Ultrastructural examination showed labeling was present predominantly on the plasma membrane/within the extracellular space/in or on astrocytes. Labeling throughout the brainstem and spinal cord were very similar for the two antibodies and was eliminated by the polySia-specific sialidase, Endo-NF. Similar patterns of distribution were found in rat and mouse brainstem with differences evident in DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Shahbazian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip Bokiniec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britt A Berning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon McMullan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Puigdellívol M, Allendorf DH, Brown GC. Sialylation and Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:162. [PMID: 32581723 PMCID: PMC7296093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain macrophages that mediate neuroinflammation and contribute to and protect against neurodegeneration. The terminal sugar residue of all glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells is normally sialic acid, and addition of this negatively charged residue is known as “sialylation,” whereas removal by sialidases is known as “desialylation.” High sialylation of the neuronal cell surface inhibits microglial phagocytosis of such neurons, via: (i) activating sialic acid receptors (Siglecs) on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting binding of opsonins C1q, C3, and galectin-3. Microglial sialylation inhibits inflammatory activation of microglia via: (i) activating Siglec receptors CD22 and CD33 on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), complement receptor 3 (CR3), and other microglial receptors. When activated, microglia release a sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, activating the microglia and rendering the neurons susceptible to phagocytosis. Activated microglia also release galectin-3 (Gal-3), which: (i) further activates microglia via binding to TLR4 and TREM2, (ii) binds to desialylated neurons opsonizing them for phagocytosis via Mer tyrosine kinase, and (iii) promotes Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo. Gal-3 and desialylation may increase in a variety of brain pathologies. Thus, Gal-3 and sialidases are potential treatment targets to prevent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David H Allendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Glycoproteomic measurement of site-specific polysialylation. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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