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BCR activated CLL B cells use both CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) for adhesion while CR4 has a dominant role in migration towards SDF-1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254853. [PMID: 34283878 PMCID: PMC8291664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia in the western world. In previous studies, various proportion of patients was found to carry CD11b+ or CD11c+ B cells whose presence was an unfavourable prognostic factor. The exact mechanism however, how these receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of CLL has not been revealed so far. Here we analysed the role of CD11b and CD11c on B cells of CLL patients in the adhesion to fibrinogen and in the migration towards stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and studied the role of CR4 in the adherence of the CD11c+ B cell line BJAB. We observed that both CR3 and CR4 mediate adhesion of the malignant B cells. Moreover, we found, that CR4 was strongly involved in the migration of the leukemic cells towards the chemoattractant SDF-1. Our data suggest that CR3 and CR4 are not only passive markers on CLL B cells, but they might contribute to the progression of the disease. Since the role of SDF-1 is prominent in the migration of CLL cells into the bone marrow where their survival is supported, our findings help to understand how the presence of CD11c on leukemic B cells can worsen the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
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2
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Erdei A, Kovács KG, Nagy-Baló Z, Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Kurucz I, Bajtay Z. New aspects in the regulation of human B cell functions by complement receptors CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:42-57. [PMID: 34186155 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of complement in the regulation of antibody responses has been known for long. By now several additional B cell functions - including cytokine production and antigen presentation - have also been shown to be regulated by complement proteins. Most of these important activities are mediated by receptors interacting with activation fragments of the central component of the complement system C3, such as C3b, iC3b and C3d, which are covalently attached to antigens and immune complexes. This review summarizes the role of complement receptors interacting with these ligands, namely CR1 (CD35), CR2 (CD21), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) expressed by B cells in health and disease. Although we focus on human B lymphocytes, we also aim to call the attention to important differences between human and mouse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Kurucz
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Non-identical twins: Different faces of CR3 and CR4 in myeloid and lymphoid cells of mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:110-121. [PMID: 29174917 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cell membrane receptors that are involved in essential physiological and serious pathological processes. Their main role is to ensure a closely regulated link between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeletal network enabling cells to react to environmental stimuli. Complement receptor type 3 (CR3, αMβ2, CD11b/CD18) and type 4 (CR4, αXβ2, CD11c/CD18) are members of the β2-integrin family expressed on most white blood cells. Both receptors bind multiple ligands like iC3b, ICAM, fibrinogen or LPS. β2-integrins are accepted to play important roles in cellular adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, ECM rearrangement and inflammation. Several pathological conditions are linked to the impaired functions of these receptors. CR3 and CR4 are generally thought to mediate overlapping functions in monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, therefore the potential distinctive role of these receptors has not been investigated so far in satisfactory details. Lately it has become clear that a functional segregation has evolved between the two receptors regarding phagocytosis, cellular adhesion and podosome formation. In addition to their tasks on myeloid cells, the expression and function of CR3 and CR4 on lymphocytes have also gained interest recently. The picture is further complicated by the fact that while these β2-integrins are expressed by immune cells both in mice and humans, there are significant differences in their expression level, functions and the pathological consequences of genetic defects. Here we aim to summarize our current knowledge on CR3 and CR4 and highlight the functional differences between these receptors, involving their expression in myeloid and lymphoid cells of both men and mice.
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4
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Pavkovic M, Petlichkovski A, Angelovic R, Genadieva-Stavric S, Cevreska L, Stojanovic A. Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in adult patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:e74-e76. [PMID: 28111935 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pavkovic
- Medical Faculty, Univeristy Clinic for Hematology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - A Petlichkovski
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Immunobiology and Human genetics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - R Angelovic
- Medical Faculty, Univeristy Clinic for Hematology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - S Genadieva-Stavric
- Medical Faculty, Univeristy Clinic for Hematology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - L Cevreska
- Medical Faculty, Univeristy Clinic for Hematology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - A Stojanovic
- Medical Faculty, Univeristy Clinic for Hematology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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5
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Gonzalez H, Maloum K, Remy F, Merle-Béral H, Lesty C. Cleaved lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a detailed retrospective analysis of diagnostic features. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:555-64. [PMID: 12002759 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Through a global analysis of diagnostic features, the aim was to profile CLL patients with circulating cleaved lymphocytes at diagnosis, a controversial prognostic factor. Although some of them could have been considered today as having Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, all 106 patients of our retrospective series have had CLL treatments. Slide review distinguished seven lymphocyte morphotypes. With minimal a priori assumptions, excluding in particular clinical staging systems, forty-five diagnostic features were analyzed in 37 patients. CORICO (Correlations Iconography), a purely geometric method, deciphered the multidimensional structure of the raw data. Probabilistic monoparametric tests were made on the 106 patients. In ten patients (Binet stages: 3A, 6B, 1C), at least 8% of the lymphocytes were cleaved. Unrelated to the prolymphocytes, this morphotype had neither links with the CD5+CD23+ (9/10 vs 80/86), FMC7+ (5/10 vs 22/62), CD38 (1/7 vs 7/64) markers nor with any major CLL laboratory values; only three links characterized it: no cases of mixed marrow infiltrate (nodular: 1, interstitial: 6, diffuse: 3; ns), a lower percentage of eosinophils (ns), and predominance of CD11c (7/10 vs 20/66, p < 0.02). In conclusion, in contrast to the PLL morphotype, or to the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, which was a strong prognostic factor in this series, an independent detrimental value of the cleaved morphotype has not yet been found. Our study shows that free of modeling constraints, this method makes possible a rapid and objective insight into variable interrelations. If further explored in a prospective study, this approach may contribute to the understanding of discrepancies in the literature.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Cell Size/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Multivariate Analysis
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gonzalez
- Department Hématologie clinique, Hĵpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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6
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Molica S, Levato D, Dattilo A, Mannella A. Clinico-prognostic relevance of quantitative immunophenotyping in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with emphasis on the expression of CD20 antigen and surface immunoglobulins. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60:47-52. [PMID: 9451427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1998.tb00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CD20, evaluated as antibody binding capacity (ABC) (i.e. absolute number of molecules of antibody per cell), was analyzed using flow cytometry on leukemic cells of 93 previously untreated patients, all fulfilling strict criteria of "immunologically typical" (i.e. CD5+, CD23+) B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although changes of CD20 antigen density did not correlate with clinical parameters representative of either tumor mass (i.e. clinical stage, histological pattern of bone marrow involvement, absolute peripheral blood lymphocytosis) or disease progression (i.e. lymphocyte doubling time), a trend toward a better life-expectancy was observed in the low CD20 expression group compared with the high CD20 expression group (p = 0.05; relative risk of death, 0.51, 95% confidence interval, 0.24-1.04). Given the correlation between CD20 ABC and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of light chain (LC) surface immunoglobulins (Sm Ig) (r = 0.481, p < 0.0001), as well as the impact of MFI of Sm Ig LC on overall survival (p = 0.01; relative risk of death 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.76), we tried to verify whether a combination of B-cell markers, evaluated in a quantitative manner, could have additive prognostic properties. To this purpose we gave a value of 1 or 0 to each B-cell marker according to whether it was expressed at a low (i.e. CD20 ABC < 17.9 x 10(3) molecules/cell, MFI of LC Sm Ig < 100) or high (i.e. CD20 ABC > or = 17.9 x 10(3) molecules/cell, MFI of LC Sm Ig > or = 100) level thus allowing patient stratification into two groups with scores of 2 and 0-1, respectively. Survival of patients who scored 2 was significantly longer respectively. Survival of patients who scored 2 was significantly longer than that of patients who scored 0-1 (p = 0.02; relative risk of death, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.72). However, when quantitative changes of CD20 antigen and LC Sm Ig expression, either alone or in combination, were simultaneously analyzed in a Cox model which included usual clinico-hematological features, only absolute peripheral blood lymphocytosis (p = 0.0001) and Binet clinical stages (p = 0.0001) maintained their prognostic power unmodified. Although variability of CD20 and Sm Ig expression make it possible to appreciate biological heterogeneity of B-cell CLL better, however, they cannot substitute well-established clinico-hematological features in the prognostic assessment of B-CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD20/analysis
- CD5 Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, IgE/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Molica
- Divisione Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Pugliese-Ciaccio, Catanzaro, Italy
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7
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Amouroux I, Mossafa H, Gentilhomme O, Girot R, Flandrin G, Troussard X. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with binucleated lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 27:533-7. [PMID: 9477136 DOI: 10.3109/10428199709058321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a monoclonal proliferation usually involving B cells and composed of mature lymphoid cells. Distinct morphologic subtypes have been recognized according to lymphocyte size, nuclear:cytoplastic ratio and nucleolus. However the presence of characteristically binucleated lymphocytes in patients fulfilling criteria for CLL diagnosis has never been described. We here report immunological and cytogenetic studies of four patients with CLL but with binucleated lymphocytes. Moreover, trisomy 12, known to be associated with atypical morphology in CLL, was detected in two of these four patients. We suggest that this be considered as a possible new entity.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Female
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- I Amouroux
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine BéclèneClamart, Lyon, France
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8
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Tàssies D, Montserrat E, Reverter JC, Villamor N, Rovira M, Rozman C. Myelomonocytic antigens in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 1995; 19:841-8. [PMID: 8551801 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The clinical significance of myelomonocytic (MyMo) antigens in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is unclear. We have analyzed the expression of MyMo antigens (CD13, CD14 (LeuM3, My4, Mo2), CD15, CD11b, CD11c, CD33 and CD68) on B-lymphocytes (CD19+) in 105 B-CLL patients and in 35 controls. A double direct staining technique and flow cytometric analysis was performed. The expression of MyMo antigens on the control group did not exceed 4% B-lymphocytes. A MyMo antigen was considered as positive when present in > or = 10% of B-lymphocytes. Among the B-CLL patients, 28 (26.7%) were positive for CD11c, 21 (20.0%) for CD11b, nine (8.6%) for CD15, five (4.8%) for CD13, two (1.9%) for Mo2, and one (1.0%) for My4. No patient was positive for LeuM3, CD33 or CD68. CD11c was more frequently expressed in patients with a short lymphocyte doubling time (< 12 months) (P = 0.05) and CD11b in the group with a higher number of lymphoid areas involved (P = 0.02). No correlation was found between lymphoid morphology and MyMo antigen expression. Fourteen of the 80 patients at risk subsequently progressed to a more advanced stage. Multivariate analysis identified hemoglobin (P = 0.004) and CD11b positivity (P = 0.009) as independent variables for disease progression. Fifteen patients died during evolution. Seven out of the 21 CD11b positive patients and eight of the 84 CD11b negative patients died (LR: P = 0.02, BG: P = 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, only CD11b positivity (> or = 10%) added prognostic value to clinical stages.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hemoglobins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tàssies
- Postgraduate School of Hematology Farreras Valenti, Hospital Clíníc, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Salomon-Nguyen F, Valensi F, Merle-Beral H, Flandrin G. A scoring system for the classification of CD5-B CLL versus CD5+ B CLL and B PLL. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 16:445-50. [PMID: 7540458 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509054432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B CLL is a monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes which express the CD5 antigen (CD5+ CLL). Rare exceptions (less than 10%) are CD5-, as are the majority of B PLL. We have studied the clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic characteristics of a series of 12 CD5-CLL and have established a score which allows the distinction between CD5+ CLL, CD5- CLL and PLL. Among the CD5- CLL, there were significantly more cases with advanced stage (Rai and Binet) and splenomegaly. The cytological study found more mixed CLL according to FAB classification (more prolymphocytes). There were significantly more CD23-, FMC7+, SIg strong positive cases. A score from 0 to 6 was established based on clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic criteria. Typical CD5+ CLL was scored 0, score 6 corresponded to typical PLL. There were significantly more higher scores amongst CD5- CLL. It therefore appears that CD5- CLLs share certain features with B PLL. The use of this scoring system will allow determination of prognosis within these different categories, thus identifying groups which require specific therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- Biomarkers
- CD5 Antigens
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Splenomegaly/etiology
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10
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Lavabre-Bertrand T, Exbrayat C, Bourquard P, Lavabre-Bertrand C, Fégueux N, Poncelet P, Rousset T, Taïb J, Emberger JM, Navarro M. CD23 antigen density is related to serum gamma globulin level, bone marrow reticulin pattern, and treatment in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 13:89-94. [PMID: 7517747 DOI: 10.3109/10428199409051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The CD23 antigen density was evaluated by a cytofluorometric technique in 55 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The quantification method was based on the use of biological standards in indirect immunofluorescence. The CD23 antigen density was correlated with the percentage of CD23 positive cells, but antigen density appeared to be a more informative parameter. CD23 antigen density was lower in stage B than in stages A or C patients, and higher in patients undergoing chemotherapy or previously treated than in untreated patients. There was a significant negative correlation between CD23 antigen density and serum gamma globulin and IgG levels, that existed only in patients in an advanced stage of the disease. CD23 antigen density was higher in patients with abnormal bone marrow reticulin pattern. Serum gamma globulin level was lower in these patients, as well as in patients with prognostically unfavorable histologic bone marrow infiltration pattern. These data emphasize the interest of antigen density as an additional parameter and the complex relationship between CD23 expression, hypogammaglobulinemia, bone marrow histologic findings, and treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Chlorambucil/therapeutic use
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prednisolone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, IgE/analysis
- Reticulin/analysis
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- gamma-Globulins/analysis
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11
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Montserrat E, Rozman C. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: prognostic factors and natural history. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1993; 6:849-66. [PMID: 8038493 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, important progress has been made in the understanding of the natural history and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Based on the notion that the clinical manifestations of CLL are due primarily to the progressive accumulation of lymphocytes over time, several prognostic factors have been identified. The prognostic value of parameters reflecting tumour burden (i.e. lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure), first identified empirically, has been confirmed in multivariate analyses of large series of patients. Furthermore, clinical staging systems that group the most relevant of these factors have also been developed. Patients in early stage (Binet A; Rai 0) have a long survival which, in some cases, may match that of the general population. In contrast, patients with advanced stage (Binet C; Rai III or IV) have a median survival < 2 years. The major limitation of staging systems is that they do not give information about the likelihood of progression for patients in early stage. Nevertheless, haemoglobin level, blood lymphocyte count, lymphocyte doubling time and bone marrow infiltration pattern are useful to identify subsets of patients in early stage with different progression and survival rates, with the 'smouldering' form of the disease being identified fairly accurately. With all these advances, therapy in CLL can now be indicated on a more rational basis. However, further biological insight is needed to elucidate the mechanism accounting for the different forms of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Division
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Female
- Hemoglobins/analysis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Life Tables
- Male
- Neoplasm Staging/methods
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- E Montserrat
- Postgraduate School of Haematology Farreras-Valenti, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Merle-Béral H, Legac E, Chastang C, Michel A, Debré P, Binet JL. CD1c is not a feature of mixed-cell type but of a typical form of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Eur J Haematol 1992; 48:120. [PMID: 1372268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1992.tb00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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