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Awad K, Ahuja N, Yacoub AS, Brotto L, Young S, Mikos A, Aswath P, Varanasi V. Revolutionizing bone regeneration: advanced biomaterials for healing compromised bone defects. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1217054. [PMID: 37520216 PMCID: PMC10376722 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1217054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the application of novel biomaterial-based therapies specifically targeted towards craniofacial bone defects. The repair and regeneration of critical sized bone defects in the craniofacial region requires the use of bioactive materials to stabilize and expedite the healing process. However, the existing clinical approaches face challenges in effectively treating complex craniofacial bone defects, including issues such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and soft tissue loss. Given that a significant portion of individuals affected by traumatic bone defects in the craniofacial area belong to the aging population, there is an urgent need for innovative biomaterials to address the declining rate of new bone formation associated with age-related changes in the skeletal system. This article emphasizes the importance of semiconductor industry-derived materials as a potential solution to combat oxidative stress and address the challenges associated with aging bone. Furthermore, we discuss various material and autologous treatment approaches, as well as in vitro and in vivo models used to investigate new therapeutic strategies in the context of craniofacial bone repair. By focusing on these aspects, we aim to shed light on the potential of advanced biomaterials to overcome the limitations of current treatments and pave the way for more effective and efficient therapeutic interventions for craniofacial bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed S. Yacoub
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Simon Young
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antonios Mikos
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, Center for Excellence in Tissue Engineering, J.W. Cox Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Venu Varanasi
- Bone Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovations, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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Varanasi VG, Odatsu T, Bishop T, Chang J, Owyoung J, Loomer PM. Enhanced osteoprogenitor elongated collagen fiber matrix formation by bioactive glass ionic silicon dependent on Sp7 (osterix) transcription. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2604-15. [PMID: 27279631 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses release ions, those enhance osteoblast collagen matrix synthesis and osteogenic marker expression during bone healing. Collagen matrix density and osteogenic marker expression depend on osteogenic transcription factors, (e.g., Osterix (OSX)). We hypothesize that enhanced expression and formation of collagen by Si(4+) depends on enhanced expression of OSX transcription. Experimental bioactive glass (6P53-b) and commercial Bioglass(TM) (45S5) were dissolved in basal medium to make glass conditioned medium (GCM). ICP-MS analysis was used to measure bioactive glass ion release rates. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for 20 days, and gene expression and extracellular matrix collagen formation was analyzed. In a separate study, siRNA was used to determine the effect of OSX knockdown on impacting the effect of Si(4+) on osteogenic markers and matrix collagen formation. Each bioactive glass exhibited similar ion release rates for all ions, except Mg(2+) released by 6P53-b. Gene expression results showed that GCM markedly enhanced many osteogenic markers, and 45S5 GCM showed higher levels of expression and collagen matrix fiber bundle density than 6P53-b GCM. Upon knockdown of OSX transcription, collagen type 5, alkaline phosphatase, and matrix density were not enhanced as compared to wild type cells. This study illustrates that the enhancement of elongated collagen fiber matrix formation by Si(±) depends on OSX transcription. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2604-2615, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu G Varanasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, 75246
| | - Tetsurou Odatsu
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Timothy Bishop
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Joyce Chang
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Jeremy Owyoung
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Peter M Loomer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, 10010
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Varanasi VG, Leong KK, Dominia LM, Jue SM, Loomer PM, Marshall GW. Si and Ca individually and combinatorially target enhanced MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 early osteogenic marker expression. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2013; 38:325-36. [PMID: 22913306 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that silicon and calcium ions combinatorially target gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 osteoblast progenitors (transformed mouse calvarial osteoblasts) were exposed to Si(4+) (from Na(2)SiO(3)) and Ca(2+) (from CaCl(2):H(2)O) ion treatments both individually (0.4 mM each + control treatment) and combinatorially (0.4 mM Si(4+) + 0.4 mM Ca(2+) + control treatment) and compared to control treated (α-minimum essential medium, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin) cells. Cell proliferation studies showed no significant increase in cell density between treatments over 5 days of culture. Cellular differentiation studies involved addition of ascorbic acid (50 mg/L) for all treatments. Relative gene expression was determined for collagen type 1 (Col(I)α1/Col(I)α2), core-binding factor a (cbfa1/Runx2), and osteocalcin (OCN), which indicated osteoblast progenitor differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype. Increased Si(4+) or Ca(2+) ion treatments enhanced Col(I)α1, Col(I)α2, Runx2, and OCN expression, while increased Si(4+) + Ca(2+) ion treatments enhanced OCN expression. Moreover, it was found that a Si(4+)/Ca(2+) ratio of unity was optimal for maximal expression of OCN. Collagen fiber bundles were dense, elongated, and thick within extracellular matrices (ECM) exposed to Si(4+) and Si(4+) + Ca(2+) treatments, while collagen fiber bundles were sparse, short, and thin within Ca(2+) and control treated ECM. These results indicated that individual ions enhance multiple osteogenic gene expression, while combined ion treatments enhance individual gene expression. In addition, these results indicated that Si(4+) enhanced osteoblast gene expression and ECM formation at higher levels than Ca(2+). These results support the larger concept that ions (possibly released from bioactive glasses) could control bone formation by targeting osteoblast marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu G Varanasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Gineste L, Gineste M, Ranz X, Ellefterion A, Guilhem A, Rouquet N, Frayssinet P. Degradation of hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and fluorhydroxyapatite coatings of dental implants in dogs. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2000; 48:224-34. [PMID: 10398025 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(1999)48:3<224::aid-jbm5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate coatings on dental implants enhance integration of the material. Resorption of the ceramic coatings has raised some concern about the behavior of the bone-implant interfaces after the coating disappearance. Substitution of the OH- ions by fluoride in the hydroxylapatite (HA) lattice makes the calcium phosphate more stable. We investigated the degradation rate of dental implants with 50- and 100-microm coatings of HA, fluorapatite (FA), or fluorhydroxylapatite (FHA). The implants were inserted in dog jaws and retrieved for histological analysis after 3, 6, and 12 months. The thickness of the calcium phosphate coatings was evaluated using an image analysis device. A relative resorption index and its standard deviation were studied. HA and FA coatings (even at 100-microm thickness) were almost totally degraded within the implantation period. In contrast, the FHA coatings did not show significant degradation during the same period. The standard deviation showed that the resorption process for FHA with thicknesses of 50 or 100 microm was the same. Such a difference was not observed between the 50- and 100-microm thick coatings of FA and HA. In conclusion, the FHA coatings showed good integration in the bone tissue and lasted much longer than classic calcium phosphate coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gineste
- Periodontology Department, Dental School, Chemin des Maraïchers, Toulouse, France
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Benhayoune H, Jallot E, Laquerriere P, Balossier G, Bonhomme P, Frayssinet P. Integration of dense HA rods into cortical bone. Biomaterials 2000; 21:235-42. [PMID: 10646939 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HA ceramics are daily used in human surgery for bone healing partly due to their ability to integrate into bone. They are generally used under a macroporous form. The behaviour of dense HA after implantation is not so well known. We implanted within cortical sheep femurs dense pure HA-ceramics cylinders for periods from 2 weeks to 18 months. The samples were then sectioned and examined using back-scattered and secondary SEM and the interface was analysed using EDS. Histomorphometry measurement was also performed using an image analysis device coupled to a light microscope. It appeared that the cylinders were in direct contact with immature bone after three weeks. The bone maturated within three months. The implant surface showed moderate signs of resorption and some grains were released from the surface. The resorption zone was only a few microm thick after 18 months. The bulk ceramic contained default zones of increased porosity. They can constitute fragile zone when located close to the surface in which the resorption rate is increased. We conclude that dense pure HA is poorly degraded when implanted in cortical bone. Degradation depends on the defaults found on the ceramic structure and the remodelling of bone surrounding the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Benhayoune
- Laboratoire de Microscopie Electronique, Reims, France
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Jallot E, Irigaray JL, Weber G, Frayssinet P. In vivo characterization of the interface between cortical bone and biphasic calcium phosphate by the PIXE method. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199907)27:7<648::aid-sia555>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Frayssinet P, Hanker JS, Rouquet N, Primout I, Giammara B. Silver methenamine staining for scanning electron microscopy of bone sections containing biomaterials. Biotech Histochem 1999; 74:10-5. [PMID: 10190255 DOI: 10.3109/10520299909066471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sections of tissue containing orthopedic materials are currently used to study the compatibility of those materials and to perform electron probe microanalysis at the material-tissue interface. Identification of the cells in contact with the material by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is of interest. We have developed a method for staining cells and tissue structures embedded in polymethyl methacrylate with silver methenamine once the sections have been obtained. Sections were prepared by grinding, and the silver methenamine was applied after oxidation with periodic acid. The procedure was carried out in a microwave oven. Backscatter SEM showed staining of the cell nucleus membrane, chromatin, the nuclear organizers, and the chromosomes of dividing cells. The cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane were also stained. Collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix and the mineralized matrix of bone were labeled. Material particles in the macrophages were easily recognizable and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer were not impaired by the presence of silver in the preparation.
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Abstract
From the standpoint of hard tissue response to implant materials, calcium phosphate is probably the most compatible of materials known. During the last few years, much attention has been paid to hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate as potential biomaterials for a bone substitute. Good implantation of biomaterials in the skeleton is evidenced by an ability to reach full integration of the non-living implant with living bone. The aim of this study is to correlate hydroxyapatite osseointegration with Young's Modulus. Cylinders (5-6 mm in diameter) of these ceramics were packed into holes made in the femur diaphysis of a mature sheep. At 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36 and 48 weeks after the operation, samples of the bone/implant interface were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. We used the PIXE method (Particles Induced X-rays Emission) to measure the distribution of mineral elements (Ca, P, Sr, Zn, Mn and Fe) at the bone/implant interface. At 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36 and 48 weeks after implantation we studied Young's Modulus on a biopsy of the ceramic. Young's Modulus increased with time after implantation and is linked with biomaterials integration into cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jallot
- Laboratoire de Microscopie Electronique-INSERM U314, Reims, France
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Braye F, Weber G, Irigaray JL, Frayssinet P. Osseointegration in cortical sheep bone of calcium phosphate implants evaluated by PIXE method and histology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1997; 36:315-24. [PMID: 9260102 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970905)36:3<315::aid-jbm6>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osseointegration of porous calcium phosphate ceramics evolves in several stages once implanted. Histologic analysis has often been used to evaluate the mechanism of integration of this material. Histologic parameters can be completed by physical analysis to obtain a semiquantitative evaluation of the osseointegration process. The histologic observation of hydroxyapatite (HA)-ceramic-containing bone sections was associated with proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis and the results obtained by both methods were compared. Porous HA-ceramic cylinders were implanted in cortical bone of sheep femurs for periods ranging from 2 to 36 weeks. Thick sections of the implant containing bone were made at the end of the implantation period. A scanning line with two proton impacts 0.5 mm apart was plotted from the edges of cortical bone across the implanted ceramic and the X-rays produced were determined. Calcium, phosphorus, zinc, strontium, and iron contents were measured. Following PIXE analysis, the sections were surface-stained and observed under a light microscope to define the osseointegration index. Two regions of the curves were identified for each element characterizing either the bone tissue or the ceramic. Zinc and strontium present in the bone tissue but absent from the ceramics appeared after the 8th and the 12th implantation weeks, respectively. Iron present in the implant decreased with time, and calcium and phosphorus contents tended to be the same at the end of the implantation period in both curve regions. Histologic observation showed that immature bone invaded the pores of the outer layer of the ceramic as early as 2 weeks after implantation. Ceramics were totally osseointegrated 20 weeks after implantation. Osseointegration was apparently still evolving as judged by the PIXE method when histologic integration was considered complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Braye
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Clermont Ferrand, IN2P3-CNRS et Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière Cedes, France
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Frayssinet P, Braye F, Weber G. Analysis of sections of implanted macroporous calcium phosphate bone substitutes by proton-induced X-emission method and energy-dispersive spectrometry. SCANNING 1997; 19:253-257. [PMID: 9195748 DOI: 10.1002/sca.4950190401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The osseointegration of porous calcium phosphate ceramics once implanted evolves in several stages. The mechanism of integration of such material usually is evaluated by histologic analysis. The trace elements present in bone can be detected in the ceramic and help to provide a semiquantitative evaluation of osseointegration. Two different methods of microanalysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and proton induced x-emission (PIXE) were used in this study to determine the appearance of trace elements (Zn, Sr, and Fe) present in bone at the implantation site containing the ceramic. Porous HA-ceramic cylinders were implanted in the cortical bone of sheep femurs for periods ranging from 2 to 36 weeks. Thick sections of the implant-containing bone were made at the end of the implantation period. A scanning line with proton or electron impacts 0.5 mm apart was plotted from the edges of the cortical bone across the implanted ceramic and the resulting x-ray spectra were determined. Following EDS analysis, the sections were surface-stained, observed under a light microscope, and the pore volume occupied by bone tissue was measured. The spectra obtained by PIXE method showed two regions for each element characterising either the bone tissue or the ceramic. Zinc and strontium present in the bone tissue, but absent from the ceramic, appeared 8 and 12 weeks after implantation, respectively. The concentration of iron present in the implant decreased with time. EDS showed no significant level of either element in the bone or the ceramic. Histologic observation revealed that immature bone invaded the pores of the outer layer of the ceramic as early as 2 weeks after implantation. The ceramics were totally osseointegrated 20 weeks after implantation, although ceramic degradation continued for longer. In this experiment, the PIXE method was apparently sufficiently sensitive for monitoring the amount of trace element appearing in bone-implanted material.
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