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Hnátková E, Triantaphyllidis C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Lukáš Choleva, Majtánová Z, Bohlen J, Ráb P. Karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of rDNA of Cobitisstrumicae Karaman, 1955 (Teleostei, Cobitidae) from Lake Volvi, Greece. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:483-491. [PMID: 30498563 PMCID: PMC6251958 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i4.28068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The karyotype of Greek cobitid fish Cobitisstrumicae Karaman, 1955, from Lake Volvi, Greece, a representative of one of its two major intraspecific phylogenetic lineages, was analysed by means of sequential Giemsa-staining, C-banding, silver-staining, CMA3 fluorescence banding and also by in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probe. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 50, karyotype composed of 10 pairs of metacentric to submetacentric and 15 pairs of subtelocentric to acrocentric chromosomes. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) as revealed by Ag- and CMA3 staining and FISH were situated in the telomeric region of the fourth submetacentric chromosome pair. The chromosomes contained very low content of C-positive heterochromatin. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected. This first karyotype report for any species of lineage Bicanestrinia Băcescu, 1962 shows a simple karyotype dominated by acrocentric chromosomes and possessing single NOR-bearing chromosome pair. Cytotaxonomic implications of this finding for the taxonomy of the genus Cobitis Linnaeus, 1758 are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hnátková
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Kamýcká 129, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Costas Triantaphyllidis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Catherine Ozouf-Costaz
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR 7138 “Evolution”, Sorbonne Universités, Case 5, 7 quai St Bernard, 75952 Paris cedex 05, Paris, FranceSorbonne UniversitésParisFrance
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Majtánová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Joerg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech RepublicInstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicLibĕchovCzech Republic
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Zaleśna A, Florek M, Rybacki M, Ogielska M. Variability of NOR patterns in European water frogs of different genome composition and ploidy level. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:249-266. [PMID: 28919963 PMCID: PMC5596979 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i2.10804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied water frogs from a complex composed of two species: Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) (genome LL, 2n = 26) and P. ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (RR, 2 = 26), and their natural hybrid P. esculentus (Fitzinger, 1843) of various ploidy and genome composition (RL, 2n = 26, and RRL or RLL, 3n = 39). Tetraploids RRLL were found (4n = 52) in juveniles. We applied cytogenetic techniques: AgNO3, chromomycin A3, PI and fluorescent in situ hybridization with a 28S rDNA probe. Results obtained by silver staining corresponded well with those stained with CMA3, PI and FISH. As a rule, NORs are situated on chromosomes 10. The number of Ag-NORs visible on metaphase plates was the same as the number of Ag-nucleoli present in interphase nuclei of the same individual. In all analyzed metaphases, NORs exhibited variations in size after AgNO3 and CMA3 stainings. Sixty-six individuals (out of 407 analyzed) were polymorphic for the localization and number of NORs. Fifty-one diploids had NORs only on one chromosome of pair 10. Three triploids (LLR and RRL) displayed two NORs, and two other triploid RRL individuals displayed one, instead of expected three NORs. In ten individuals extra NORs were detected on chromosomes other than 10 (chromosomes 2 and 9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zaleśna
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Florek
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Rybacki
- Department of Zoology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Al. Ossolińskich 12, 85–067, Poland
| | - Maria Ogielska
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Poland
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Atale N, Gupta S, Yadav UCS, Rani V. Cell-death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques. J Microsc 2014; 255:7-19. [PMID: 24831993 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a genetically programmed cellular event leads to biochemical and morphological changes in cells. Alterations in DNA caused by several factors affect nucleus and ultimately the entire cell leading to compromised function of the organ and organism. DNA, a master regulator of the cellular events, is an important biomolecule with regards to cell growth, cell death, cell migration and cell differentiation. It is therefore imperative to develop the staining techniques that may lead to visualize the changes in nucleus where DNA is housed, to comprehend the cellular pathophysiology. Over the years a number of nuclear staining techniques such as propidium iodide, Hoechst-33342, 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Acridine orange-Ethidium bromide staining, among others have been developed to assess the changes in DNA. Some nonnuclear staining techniques such as Annexin-V staining, which although does not stain DNA, but helps to identify the events that result from DNA alteration and leads to initiation of apoptotic cell death. In this review, we have briefly discussed some of the most commonly used fluorescent and nonfluorescent staining techniques that identify apoptotic changes in cell, DNA and the nucleus. These techniques help in differentiating several cellular and nuclear phenotypes that result from DNA damage and have been identified as specific to necrosis or early and late apoptosis as well as scores of other nuclear deformities occurring inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Atale
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rossi AR, Milana V, Hett AK, Tancioni L. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the Appenine endemic cyprinid fish Squalius lucumonis and three other Italian leuciscines using chromosome banding and FISH with rDNA probes. Genetica 2012; 140:469-76. [PMID: 23238894 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Karyotype and other chromosomal characteristics of the Appenine endemic cyprinid fish, Toscana stream chub Squalius lucumonis, were analysed using conventional banding and FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. The diploid chromosome number (2n = 50) and karyotype characteristics including pericentromeric heterochromatic blocks and GC-rich CMA(3)-positive sites corresponding to both positive Ag-NORs and 45S rDNA loci on the short arms of a single medium-sized submetacentric chromosome pair were consistent with those found in most European leuciscine cyprinids. On other hand, 5S rDNA FISH in the Toscana stream chub and three other Italian leuciscines, S. squalus, Rutilus rubilio and Telestes muticellus, revealed a species-specific hybridization pattern, i.e. signals on four (S. lucumonis), three (S. squalus and R. rubilio) and two (T. muticellus) chromosome pairs. Whereas all the species shared the 5S rDNA loci on the largest subtelocentric chromosome pair, a "leuciscine" cytotaxonomic marker, S. lucumonis showed both classes of rDNA loci tandem aligned on the short arms of chromosome pair No. 12. The present findings suggest that the observed high variability of 5S rDNA loci provides a powerful tool for investigation of karyotype differentiation in karyologically conservative leuciscine fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Pomianowski K, Jankun M, Ocalewicz K. Detection of interstitial telomeric sequences in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) (Teleostei: Salmonidae). Genome 2011; 55:26-32. [PMID: 22166084 DOI: 10.1139/g11-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly polymorphic Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus, 1758) chromosomes were studied using conventional and molecular methods. The diploid chromosome number in the studied individuals was 2n = 81 or 2n = 82, with a fundamental arm number (NF) = 100. These differences are due to Robertsonian fusions. Interindividual variation in the number and size of DAPI and CMA(3) positively stained chromatin sites was observed in studied specimens. In the case of two individuals, the subtelomeric region of the long arm (q) of the largest acrocentric chromosome (chromosome number 10) was positively stained by CMA(3) fluorochrome. Both primed in situ labelling (PRINS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that this CMA(3)-positive region was flanked by telomeric sequences. Previously, the subterminal position of interstitial telomeric sequences located in the vicinity of the CMA(3)-positive guanine-rich chromatin have been described in two other Salvelinus species, brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) and lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ). Moreover, multichromosomal location and variation in size of CMA(3) bands have been observed in various Salvelinus taxa, including fishes with internally located telomeric sequences. These results suggest that relocation of CMA(3)-positive chromatin segments in these species may be facilitated by flanking interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pomianowski
- Department of Ichthyology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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A comparative study of two marine catfish (Siluriformes, Ariidae): Cytogenetic tools for determining cytotaxonomy and karyotype evolution. Micron 2010; 41:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Ocalewicz K, Hliwa P, Krol J, Rábová M, Stabinski R, Ráb P. Karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of Ag-NOR sites and 5S rDNA in European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus. Genetica 2006; 131:29-35. [PMID: 17061144 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Karyotype and cytogenetic characteristics of European smelt Osmerus eperlanus were investigated using different staining techniques (sequential Ag-, CMA3 and DAPI banding) and PRINS to detect 5S rDNA and telomeric sites. The diploid chromosome number was invariably 2n = 56 and karyotype composed of 5 pairs of metacentrics, 9 pairs of subtelocentrics and 14 pairs of subtelo- to acrocentrics. The DAPI-positive heterochromatic regions were found in centromeric positions on bi-armed chromosomes and few acrocentrics. Additionally, some interstitial DAPI-positive bands were identified on three pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were detected in the short (p) arms of the largest metacentric pair of chromosomes No. 1. Sequential banding (Giemsa-, AgNO(3) and CMA(3) stainings) revealed NOR sites corresponding to achromatic regions but not associated with CMA(3)-positive blocks of heterochromatin located on either side of NORs. Individuals from the analyzed population had this conspicuous pair of chromosomes always in heterozygous combination. A complex inversion system was hypothesized to be involved in the origin of the observed variation but analysis with telomeric PRINS and PNA-FISH did not reveal any Interstitial Telomeric Sites (ITS). Hybridization signals were confined exclusively to terminal chromosomal regions. The 5S ribosomal sites as revealed by PRINS were found to be invariably located in the short (p) arms of four pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. Cytotaxonomic comparisons of the present results with the voluminous available cytogenetic data-set from salmoniform and esociformes fishes appear to support the recent view, based on robust molecular-based phylogeny, that salmoniform and osmeriform fishes are not as closely related as previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ocalewicz
- Department of Ichthyology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
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Noleto RB, Vicari MR, Cipriano RR, Artoni RF, Cestari MM. Physical mapping of 5S and 45S rDNA loci in pufferfishes (Tetraodontiformes). Genetica 2006; 130:133-8. [PMID: 16897445 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal features, location and variation of the major and minor rDNA genes cluster were studied in three pufferfish species: Sphoeroides greeleyi and Sphoeroides testudineus (Tetraodontidae) and Cyclichthys spinosus (Diodontidae). The location of the major rDNA was revealed with an 18S probe in two loci for all species. The minor rDNA loci (5S rDNA) was found in one chromosome pair in tetraodontid fishes and four sites located on two distinct chromosomal pairs in C. spinosus. A syntenical organization was not observed among the ribosomal genes. Signal homogeneity for GC/AT-DNA specific fluorochromes was observed in diodontid fish except in the NORs regions, which were CMA3-positive. Giemsa karyotypes of tetraodontid species presents 2n=46, having the same diploid value of other Sphoeroides species that have been investigated. On the other hand, the karyotype of C. spinosus, described for the first time, shows 2n=50 chromosomes (4m+18sm+12st+16a). The foreknowledge of the karyotypic structure of this group and also the physical mapping of certain genes could be very helpful for further DNA sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bueno Noleto
- Departamento de Genética, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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9
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Rossi AR, Gornung E. Cytogenetic analysis of three Italian populations of Coregonus lavaretus (Pisces, Salmoniformes) with chromosomal localization of major and minor ribosomal genes, and telomeric repeats. Hereditas 2006; 142:15-21. [PMID: 16970606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2005.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, widely distributed in freshwater of northern Europe and introduced into the major lakes of northern Italy, has been restocked in central Italian lakes. In accordance with current managing practices, a reduced number of spawners contribute to reproduction within each lake and a certain degree of isolation is to be expected between populations from different lakes, resulting in the rapid fixing of chromosomal changes. A detailed survey of three populations from different lakes was carried out using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, to verify if specific chromosomal markers are present in the distinct populations. The comparative analysis revealed intraspecific variability of NORs and fixed differences in their number in the three populations. A co-localization of major and minor rRNA genes on one chromosome site was also observed. The original data regarding the chromosome mapping of the (TTAGGG)(n) telomeric repeat obtained in this study, demonstrated their exclusively terminal distribution, and a conspicuous inter-chromosomal variation in the number of repeats. The results are compared with data available for populations from native geographic ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Rossi
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Shoguchi E, Kawashima T, Nishida-Umehara C, Matsuda Y, Satoh N. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Ciona intestinalis chromosomes. Zoolog Sci 2005; 22:511-6. [PMID: 15930823 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The compact genome of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis has been sequenced. Chromosome karyotype and mapping of the genome sequence information on each of the 14 pairs of chromosomes are essential for genome-wide studies of gene expression and function in this basal chordate. Although the small chromosome size (most pairs measuring less than 2 mum) complicates accurate chromosome pairing based on morphology alone, the present results suggest that 20 chromosomes are metacentric and 8 are submetacentric or subtelocentric, and two pairs of large chromosomes (#1 and #2) were defined. The characterization of chromosomes by FISH and staining with propidium iodide indicated that 18S/28S ribosomal gene repeats are present in the short arms of three pairs of chromosomes and that the short arms of these pairs show remarkable size polymorphism. In addition, each chromosome was characterized molecular cytogenetically by mapping representative BAC clones with FISH. The present study is therefore a first step in expanding the karyotype analysis and entire physical mapping of the genome sequence of Ciona intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Shoguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
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Jankun M, Ocalewicz K, Woznicki P. Replication, C- and Fluorescent Chromosome Banding Patterns in European Whitefish, Coregonus Lavavetus L. Hereditas 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mantovani M, Abel LDDS, Mestriner CA, Moreira-Filho O. Evidence of the differentiated structural arrangement of constitutive heterochromatin between two populations of Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae). Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rábová M, Ráb P, Ozouf-Costaz C. Extensive polymorphism and chromosomal characteristics of ribosomal DNA in a loach fish, Cobitis vardarensis (Ostariophysi, Cobitidae) detected by different banding techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Genetica 2002; 111:413-22. [PMID: 11841184 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013763903513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
When surveying the karyotype diversity of European loaches of the genus Cobitis to identify species involved in hybrid polyploid complexes, an extensive polymorphism in number and location of NORs was discovered in C. vardarensis using Ag-staining, C-banding, CMA3-fluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This species had 2n = 50, the karyotype contained 13 pairs of metacentric, 10 pairs of submetacentric and two pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. The NOR-bearing chromosomes included one medium-sized metacentric pair with a large CMA3-positive heterochromatic pericentromeric block, one small metacentric as well as one large submetacentric pairs. Ribosomal sites were always located in telomeres of these chromosomes. Each of the pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes occurred in three variants - (1) presence and/or (2) absence of NORs on both homologues and (3) heterozygous combination where only one of the homologues bears NORs. Altogether, 10 different NOR cytotypes from 27 theoretically possible ones were discovered among 20 indviduals examined. The number of NORs ranged from two to five per specimen. The results regarding the number and locations of NORs as revealed by banding techniques were confirmed using FISH with rDNA probe. NOR sites were of CMA3-positive, suggesting that ribosomal sites are associated with GC-rich DNA. Very similar structural polymorphism with multiple NORs is expressed in the Danubian loach C. elongatoides indicating a close relationship between both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rábová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Boroń A. Comparative chromosomal studies on two minnow fish, Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Eupallasella perenurus (Pallas, 1814); an associated cytogenetic-taxonomic considerations. Genetica 2002; 111:387-95. [PMID: 11841182 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013720221260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work provides new data on the banding pattern of two cyprinid fish species Phoxinus phoxinus and Eupallasella perenurus from Poland. C-banding, silver-staining (Ag), and fluorescent staining with chromomycin A3 techniques were used to describe the karyotypes. Both of the species karyotypes of 2n = 50 were characterised by one pair of acrocentric chromosomes, the largest in the set, and by two pairs of NOR-bearing chromosomes. In the chromosome set of Ph. phoxinus Ag-stained NORs were located on telomeres of two metacentric and two submetacentric chromosomes, but in most metaphases only one of the two homologous was observed. The karyotype of E. perenurus was characterised by Ag-NOR regions at a telomeric position on the shorter arm of two submetacentric chromosome pairs. In most metaphases only three NOR-bearing chromosomes were observed. In both investigated species the location of the A3 positive signals corresponded with the location of Ag-stained NORs and these sites were associated with heterochromatin shown as C-bands. The results of cytogenetical studies on other related, mainly the North American phoxinins, species are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boroń
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
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Jankun M, Martinez P, Pardo BG, Kirtiklis L, Rab P, Rabova M, Sanchez L. Ribosomal genes in Coregonid fishes (Coregonus lavaretus, C. albula and C. peled) (Salmonidae): single and multiple nucleolus organizer regions. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:672-9. [PMID: 11903562 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major rDNA loci, i.e. nucleolus-organizing regions (NORs), were assigned using chromomycin-A3 (CMA3) staining followed by sequential silver (Ag) staining and in situ hybridization (ISH) with a rDNA probe to the chromosomes of the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), the peled (Coregonus peled) and the vendace (Coregonus albula), three closely related coregonine salmonid fishes. One pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes was found in the peled karyotype. Multichromosomal, but stable, locations of rDNA sites on three pairs of chromosomes were observed in the European whitefish karyotype. Multichromosomal polymorphic locations, both in site and number, were observed in the karyotype of the vendace. Several Ag-, CMA3- and ISH-positive regions were found which defined up to seven cytotypes of five NOR-bearing chromosomes. All positive Ag-NORs detected corresponded both to rDNA-ISH- and CMA3-positive signals, which suggests extensive structural polymorphism in the locations of rDNA sites. Stable NOR sites were found at the same location on both homologous elements of the chromosome no. 9 in all individuals, while the remaining NORs were quite variable between individuals, and often present in heterozygous condition. The apparently similar and parallel evolutionary rDNA differentiation patterns in the subfamilies Coregoninae and Salmoninae (family Salmonidae) are observed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jankun
- University WM in Olsztyn, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, 10-718 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
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Crossman EJ, Ráb P. Chromosomal NOR Phenotype and C-Banded Karyotype of Olympic Mudminnow,Novumbra hubbsi(Euteleostei: Umbridae). COPEIA 2001. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0860:cnpacb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Margarido VP, Galetti Junior PM. Amplification of a GC-rich heterochromatin in the freshwater fish Leporinus desmotes (Characiformes, Anostomidae). Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first description of the karyotype of Leporinus desmotes. The diploid female number was 2n = 54 meta- and submetacentric chromosomes. The nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were studied by silver nitrate staining and rDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and were found to be located in the telomeric region of the long arm of the 9th pair. C-banding revealed centromeric and telomeric heterochromatin segments in most chromosomes. Intercalar blocks of heterochromatin were observed in the long arm of six chromosome pairs. Besides a NOR-adjacent heterochromatin, all of the intercalar heterochromatic segments were brightly fluorescent by mithramycin staining. These data suggest that a unique amplification of a primordial GC-rich heterochromatin, probably NOR-associated, may have taken place in the karyotype diversification of this Leporinus species.
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Ferrito V, La Paglia L, Sgarlata MT, Mauceri A, Tigano C. Preliminary remarks on NOR location in a Sicilian population ofLebias fasciata(Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000009356322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ráb P, Rábová M, Reed KM, Phillips RB. Chromosomal characteristics of ribosomal DNA in the primitive semionotiform fish, longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus. Chromosome Res 1999; 7:475-80. [PMID: 10560970 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009202030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomes of longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus, an extant representative of early radiation of actinopterygian fishes, were studied using conventional Giemsa-staining, Ag-staining, CMA3-fluorescence and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 56 and the karyotype contained 11 pairs of metacentric, 6 pairs of submetacentric, 3 pairs of subtelocentric macrochromosomes and 16 microchromosomes. Nearly all macrochromosomes showed large CMA3-positive regions resembling the R-bands of higher vertebrates, indicating extensive distribution of GC-rich DNA along chromosomes. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were located on the end of the short arm of a single small metacentric macrochromosomal pair. These sites were strongly CMA3-positive, suggesting that ribosomal sites are associated with GC-rich DNA. In-situ hybridization (FISH) with a rDNA probe gave consistently positive signals in the same regions detected by Ag-staining and CMA3-fluorescence. The evolutionary conservation of positive CMA3-fluorescence of ribosomal sites in 'holostean' and teleostean fishes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republich.
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Collares-Pereira MJ, Próspero M, Biléu R, Rodrigues E. Leuciscus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) karyotypes: Transect of Portuguese populations. Genet Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47571998000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presently described Iberian chubs - Leuciscus carolitertii and L. pyrenaicus - sampled throughout their distribution ranges in Portugal were cytogenetically analyzed. Their chromosome numbers were consistently 2n = 50, except for two specimens of L. carolitertii, which exhibited a supernumerary chromosome in some of the metaphases. The karyotypes were found to be highly typical for other Leuciscus taxa, as well as for European leuciscine cyprinids: the chromosome sets are dominated by metacentric and submetacentric elements with a reduced number of acrocentric pairs (three to four); the largest pair of the complements belongs typically to this latter category. The chubs from northern drainages, assignable to L. carolitertii, have apparently a more stable karyotype structure (12M:30S:8A) than the chubs from L. pyrenaicus, which have 12M:32S:6A, but may exhibit in the most southern river basins (Guadiana, Mira, Aljezur, Bordeira and Arade) more variable karyotypes. Besides, these data support the very recent discovery of two genetically distinct Leuciscus taxa in this region of the Iberian Peninsula, suggesting the stochastic fixation of structural chromosome rearrangements in these small and isolated drainages, which may be affected by bottlenecks due to significant variations in hydrological regimes. The NORs were apparently located in one small submetacentric pair of chromosomes and the presence of a heteromorphic sex chromosome system of the ZW/ZZ type was also evidenced for the Iberian endemic chubs.
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Reed KM, Phillips RB. Polymorphism of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on the putative sex chromosomes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is not sex related. Chromosome Res 1997; 5:221-7. [PMID: 9244448 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018411417816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on the putative sex chromosomes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) was examined using conventional cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Variation was observed in the number, size and position of rDNA loci on the sex pair. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses showed that the sex chromosomes of Arctic char lack the repetitive DNA sequences (Mbol/BglII family) that are a prominent feature of the sex chromosomes of lake trout (S. namaycush). Southern analyses of genomic DNAs using an rDNA fragment as probe revealed extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation among individuals. Despite the presence of variation in all aspects of this rDNA locus, no sex-specific differences were detected. Repetitive DNAs (multicopy rDNA as in Arctic char or tandem repetitive DNA as in lake trout) appear to play important but different roles in the evolution of the sex chromosomes in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201, USA.
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