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Alam M, Rashid S, Fatima K, Adnan M, Shafie A, Akhtar MS, Ganie AH, Eldin SM, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Biochemical features and therapeutic potential of α-Mangostin: Mechanism of action, medicinal values, and health benefits. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114710. [PMID: 37141737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kisa Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, PO Box 2440, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Salman Akhtar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - A H Ganie
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Abha Male 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Zheng YZ, Fu ZM, Guo R, Chen DF, Zhang YC. The important role of benzylic C H bond in the antioxidant behaviours of the xanthones. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr.: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235690. [PMID: 33276654 PMCID: PMC7730552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. is an evergreen tree that yields edible fruits, oil, and resin. It is a source of “gamboge”, a gum/resin that has a wide range of uses. The fruits, leaves, and seeds of this tree are rich in bioactive compounds, including xanthones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, and terpenoids. Evidence from different studies has demonstrated the antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and larvicidal activities of the fruit, leaf, and seed extracts of G. morella. This review summarizes the information on the phytochemicals of G. morella and the biological activities of its active constituents.
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Li Q, Yan XT, Zhao LC, Ren S, He YF, Liu WC, Wang Z, Li XD, Jiang S, Li W. α-Mangostin, a Dietary Xanthone, Exerts Protective Effects on Cisplatin-Induced Renal Injury via PI3K/Akt and JNK Signaling Pathways in HEK293 Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19960-19967. [PMID: 32832750 PMCID: PMC7439267 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous report has confirmed the beneficial effects of α-mangostin (α-MG), a major and representative xanthone distributed in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) on the cisplatin-induced rat model. However, the molecular mechanisms related to its renoprotection have not been elucidated exhaustively. The present study investigated the protective effect of α-MG against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in the human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell model. In this study, α-MG prevented cisplatin-induced cell death, accompanied with the decreased levels of malondialdehyde and increased glutathione content. Particularly, α-MG significantly suppressed the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), and downregulated the c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways following cisplatin challenge. Subsequently, the cleavage of caspases and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) implicating ROS-mediated apoptosis pathways induced by cisplatin was effectively inhibited by α-MG. In conclusion, our findings provided a rationale for the development of α-MG to attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiao-tong Yan
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Li-chun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu-fang He
- College
of Management, Changchun University of Chinese
Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wen-cong Liu
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin-Dian Li
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese
Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
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Arozal W, Louisa M, Soetikno V. Selected Indonesian Medicinal Plants for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Molecular Basis and Recent Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32435657 PMCID: PMC7218133 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the world influences quality of health in all respective countries, including Indonesia. Data from Indonesian Family Life Survey reported in 2019 showed that the prevalence of MetS in Indonesia currently is 21.66%, estimated with the provincial incidence ranging up to 50%; additionally, the most common components of MetS discovered in Indonesia were poor high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hypertension. Management treatment of MetS involves a combination of lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions to decrease cerebrovascular disease. Various natural substances have been shown to govern any cardiovascular or metabolic disorders through different mechanisms, such as triggering anti-inflammation, lipid profile correction, sensitization of insulin reception, or blood glucose control. In Indonesia, the utilization of natural compounds is part of the nation's culture. The community widely uses them; even though in general, their effectiveness and safety have not been thoroughly assessed by rigorous clinical trials. Scientific evidence suggested that cinnamon, mangosteen, and curcumin, as well as their derived components possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. In this review, an enormous potential of cinnamon, mangosteen, and curcumin, which originated and are commonly used in Indonesia, could be treated against MetS, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. The findings suggested that cinnamon, mangosteen, curcumin and their derivatives may reflect areas of promise in the management of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wawaimuli Arozal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melva Louisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vivian Soetikno
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Mangosteen Concentrate Drink Supplementation Promotes Antioxidant Status and Lactate Clearance in Rats after Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051447. [PMID: 32429510 PMCID: PMC7284599 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-strength or long-duration exercise can lead to significant fatigue, oxidative stress, and muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mangosteen concentrate drink (MCD) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and lactate clearance in rats after running exercise. Forty rats were divided into five groups: N, non-treatment; C, control; or supplemented with MCD, including M1, M5, and M10 (0.9, 4.5, and 9 mL/day) for 6 weeks. The rats were subjected to 30 min running and exhaustive-running tests using a treadmill. The blood lactate; triglyceride; cholesterol and glucose levels; hepatic and muscular malonaldehyde (MDA) levels; and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), were analyzed. The results of this study demonstrated that MCD supplementation can increase GPx and CAT activities, alleviate oxidative stress in muscle, and increase lactate clearance, and is thereby beneficial to reduced muscle fatigue after exercise.
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Chen Y, Bian Y, Wang JW, Gong TT, Ying YM, Ma LF, Shan WG, Xie XQ, Zhan ZJ. Effects of α-Mangostin Derivatives on the Alzheimer's Disease Model of Rats and Their Mechanism: A Combination of Experimental Study and Computational Systems Pharmacology Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9846-9863. [PMID: 32391472 PMCID: PMC7203693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-M) is a natural xanthone from the pericarp of fruit Garcinia mangostana and possesses versatile biological activities. α-M has a therapeutic potential to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective activities. However, the use of α-M for AD treatment is limited due to its cytotoxic activities and relatively low potency. Modifications of its chemical structure were needed to reduce its cytotoxicity and improve its therapeutic potential against AD. For this purpose, 16 α-M carbamate derivatives were synthesized. An animal model of AD was established, and the effects of AMG-1 on the spatial learning ability and memory ability were evaluated using behavioral tests. The effect on neuropathology was tested by histopathological evaluation, Nissl staining, and silver staining. Computational systems pharmacology analysis using the chemogenomics knowledgebase was applied for network studies. Compound-target, target-pathway, and target-disease networks were constructed, integrating both in silico analysis and reported experimental data. The results show that AMG-1 can demonstrate its therapeutic effects in a one-molecule, multiple-targets manner to remarkably ameliorate neurological changes and reverse behavioral deficits in AD model rats. The improved cognitive function and alleviated neuronal injury can be observed. The ability of AMG-1 to scavenge β-amyloid in the hippocampus was validated in AD model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yuemin Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - You-Min Ying
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lie-Feng Ma
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Shan
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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Lotter J, Möller M, Dean O, Berk M, Harvey BH. Studies on Haloperidol and Adjunctive α-Mangostin or Raw Garcinia mangostana Linn Pericarp on Bio-Behavioral Markers in an Immune-Inflammatory Model of Schizophrenia in Male Rats. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:121. [PMID: 32296347 PMCID: PMC7136492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that is associated with neurodevelopmental insults, such as prenatal inflammation, that introduce redox-immune-inflammatory alterations and risk for psychotic symptoms later in life. Nutraceuticals may offer useful adjunctive benefits. The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of Garcinia mangostana Linn (GML) and one of its active constituents, α-mangostin (AM), alone and as adjunctive treatment with haloperidol (HAL) on schizophrenia related bio-behavioral alterations in a maternal immune-activation (MIA) model. Sprague-Dawley dams were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 18) or vehicle (n = 3) on gestational days 15 and 16. Male offspring (n = 72) were treated from PND 52-66 with either vehicle, HAL (2 mg/kg), GML (50 mg/kg), HAL + GML, AM (20 mg/kg), or HAL + AM. Control dams and control offspring were treated with vehicle. In order to cover the mood-psychosis continuum, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle, open field test (locomotor activity), and the forced swim test (depressive-like behavior) were assessed on PND's 64-65, followed by assay of frontal-cortical lipid peroxidation and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, viz. interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MIA-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating were reversed by HAL and HAL + GML, but not GML and AM alone. MIA-induced depressive-like behavior was reversed by AM and GML alone and both in combination with HAL, with the combinations more effective than HAL. MIA-induced cortical lipid peroxidation was reversed by HAL and AM, with elevated IL-6 levels restored by GML, AM, HAL, and HAL + GML. Elevated TNF-α was only reversed by GML and HAL + GML. Concluding, prenatal LPS-induced psychotic- and depressive-like bio-behavioral alterations in offspring are variably responsive to HAL, GML, and AM, with depressive (but not psychosis-like) manifestations responding to GML, AM, and combinations with HAL. AM may be a more effective antioxidant than GML in vivo, although this does not imply an improved therapeutic response, for which trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lotter
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marisa Möller
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Olivia Dean
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Department of Psychiatry, The Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian H. Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Félix R, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Félix C, Novais SC, Lemos MFL. Evaluating the In Vitro Potential of Natural Extracts to Protect Lipids from Oxidative Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E231. [PMID: 32168810 PMCID: PMC7139815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a chemical reaction known to have negative impacts on living organisms' health and on consumer products' quality and safety. Therefore, it has been the subject of extensive scientific research concerning the possibilities to reduce it, both in vivo and in nonliving organic matrices. It can be started by a variety of oxidants, by both ROS-dependent and -independent pathways, all of them reviewed in this document. Another feature of this reaction is the capacity of lipid peroxyl radicals to react with the non-oxidized lipids, propagating the reaction even in the absence of an external trigger. Due to these specificities of lipid peroxidation, regular antioxidant strategies-although being helpful in controlling oxidative triggers-are not tailored to tackle this challenge. Thus, more suited antioxidant compounds or technologies are required and sought after by researchers, either in the fields of medicine and physiology, or in product development and biotechnology. Despite the existence of several laboratory procedures associated with the study of lipid peroxidation, a methodology to perform bioprospecting of natural products to prevent lipid peroxidation (a Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Potential assay, LPIP) is not yet well established. In this review, a critical look into the possibility of testing the capacity of natural products to inhibit lipid peroxidation is presented. In vitro systems used to peroxidize a lipid sample are also reviewed on the basis of lipid substrate origin, and, for each of them, procedural insights, oxidation initiation strategies, and lipid peroxidation extent monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.V.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.V.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Paula B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (P.V.); (P.B.A.)
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
| | - Sara C. Novais
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (C.F.); (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
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Isolation and identification of cholestane and dihydropyrene from Calophyllum inophyllum. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02893. [PMID: 31844759 PMCID: PMC6895651 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The highest population of Calophyllum inophyllum is in Indonesia. One of the bioactive compound contained in C. inophyllum leave is cholestane. The extraction method was employed to obtain crude extract from these leaves. It was followed by identification of the bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research was to develop a process for isolating and identifying cholestane and dihydropyrene from methanolic extract of C. inophyllum leaves in high yield and purity. The effect of crude extract to non-polar solvent mass ratio and non-polar solvent types on the separation of the bioactive compounds were also systematically investigated. New compounds (trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b, 10c-dihydropyrene and anti-4-aza-B-homo-5.alpha-cholestane-3-one) were also identified in C. inophyllum leaves. The successful separation was obtained by employing CS2 as the solvent and crude extract to CS2 mass ratio of 1/10 (g/g).
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Li RS, Xu GH, Cao J, Liu B, Xie HF, Ishii Y, Zhang CF. Alpha-Mangostin Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice Partly Through Activating Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1305. [PMID: 31798444 PMCID: PMC6863977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease and characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Nintedanib (NDN) and pirfenidone are two approved therapies for PF, but their potential side-effects have been reported. Recently, the use of natural supplements for PF is attracting attention. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) is an active xanthone-type compound isolated from the nutritious fruit mangosteen. Purpose: In the present study, the potential effect and underlying mechanism of α-MG were evaluated in bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF and activated primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs). Methods: Histopathological changes and collagen deposition were analyzed via hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 (NOX4) involved in oxidative stress in lung tissues was analyzed by immunochemistry staining. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I (Col I), p-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AMPK, and NOX4 were detected by Western blot, immunofluorescence or RT-PCR, and effects of α-MG on cell viability were detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Results:In vivo results demonstrated that α-MG treatment (10 mg/kg/day) significantly ameliorated BLM-induced deposition of ECM in lung tissues. Moreover, α-MG could inhibit protein expressions of α-SMA and Col I as well as its mRNA levels. In addition, α-MG also significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/3 pathway and regulated the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in lung tissues. In vitro results demonstrated that α-MG significantly increased p-AMPK/AMPK but reduced the protein expression level of α-SMA and Col I as well as NOX4 in activated PLFs. Further study demonstrated that these improvement effects were significantly blocked by compound C. Conclusion: α-MG treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress in lungs partly by activating AMPK mediated signaling pathway in BLM-induced PF and activated PLFs and decreased the deposition of ECM. The present study provides pharmacological evidence to support therapeutic application of α-MG in the treatment of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gong-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Feng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Kao D, Henkin JM, Soejarto DD, Kinghorn AD, Oberlies NH. Non-Destructive Chemical Analysis of a Garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen) Herbarium Voucher Specimen. PHYTOCHEMISTRY LETTERS 2018; 28:124-129. [PMID: 30613309 PMCID: PMC6317376 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Herbarium voucher specimens are used primarily for taxonomic confirmation. However, they also afford a record of the metabolic profile of a plant, potentially at the time it was collected, or at the very least, at the time of analysis. Even with the enhanced sensitivity of modern analytical techniques, analysis of the metabolites of a herbarium voucher requires removal and consumption of at least part of an entire specimen. We present herein a non-destructive method to analyze the metabolites of herbarium voucher specimens with the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (droplet probe) coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography and highresolution mass spectrometry. As proof of concept, a herbarium voucher specimen of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) was utilized due to the well-characterized xanthones biosynthesized by this plant, which are of interest as potential anticancer agents. Also, the juice of the fruits of this plant is used widely in the United States and in other countries as a botanical dietary supplement. Metabolite profiles of the sampled surfaces were compared to a subset of xanthone standards. Using this innovative method on the herbarium voucher specimen, we were able to readily identify cytotoxic prenylated xanthones while maintaining the integrity of the entire specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Joshua M Henkin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Djaja Djendoel Soejarto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Botany Department, Science and Education, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Fang Z, Luo W, Luo Y. Protective effect of α-mangostin against CoCl2-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress in H9C2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6697-6704. [PMID: 29512772 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana (a fruit) has been commonly used as a traditional drug in the treatment of various types of diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of α‑mangostin (α‑MG), a primary constituent extracted from the hull of the G. mangostana fruit (mangosteen), against CoCl2‑induced apoptotic damage in H9C2 rat cardiomyoblasts. α‑MG was demonstrated to significantly improve the viability of the CoCl2‑treated cells by up to 79.6%, attenuating CoCl2‑induced damage. Further studies revealed that α‑MG exerted a positive effect in terms of decreased reactive oxygen species generation, malondialdehyde concentration, cellular apoptosis, and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, treatment with CoCl2 increased the cleavage of caspase‑9, caspase‑3 and apoptosis regulator BAX, and reduced apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 in H9C2 cells, as measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, which were significantly reversed by co‑treatment with α‑MG (0.06 and 0.3 mM). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that α‑MG protects H9C2 cells against CoCl2‑induced hypoxic injury, indicating that α‑MG is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiac hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Luo
- International Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Liu T, Duan W, Nizigiyimana P, Gao L, Liao Z, Xu B, Liu L, Lei M. Alpha-mangostin attenuates diabetic nephropathy in association with suppression of acid sphingomyelianse and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:394-400. [PMID: 29317203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes, but there are currently few treatment options. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the effect of alpha-mangostin on diabetic nephropathy and possible related mechanisms. METHODS Goto-Kakizaki rats were used as a diabetic model and received alpha-mangostin or desipramine treatment with normal saline as a control. Ten age-matched Sprague Dawley rats were used as normal controls and treated with normal saline. At week 12, blood glucose, albuminuria, apoptosis and renal pathologic changes were assessed. Protein levels for acid sphingomyelinase, glucose-regulated protein 78, phosphorylated PKR-like ER-resident kinase, activated transcription factor 4, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, homologous protein), and cleaved-caspase12 were measured. RESULTS The level of acid sphingomyelinase was significantly increased, and ER stress was activated in diabetic rat kidneys when compared to the control animals. When acid sphingomyelinase was inhibited by alpha-mangostin, the expression of ER stress-related proteins was down-regulated in association with decreased levels of diabetic kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-mangostin, an acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor plays a protective role in diabetic neuropathy by relieving ER stress induced-renal cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Endocrinology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, China
| | - Wang Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Paul Nizigiyimana
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhouning Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Boya Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lerong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Minxiang Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Lin S, Sin WLW, Koh JJ, Lim F, Wang L, Cao D, Beuerman RW, Ren L, Liu S. Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Xanthone Amphiphilics as Selective, Highly Potent Antifungal Agents to Combat Fungal Resistance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10135-10150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuimu Lin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wan Ling Wendy Sin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Fanghui Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Derong Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- SRP
Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Ren
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- SRP
Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Varghese GK, Abraham R, Chandran NN, Habtemariam S. Identification of Lead Molecules in Garcinia mangostana L. Against Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase Activity: An In Silico Approach. Interdiscip Sci 2017; 11:170-179. [PMID: 28741279 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been investigated for decades as a strategy to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol esterase (CEase) in pancreatic juice plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of dietary cholesterol esters to cholesterol and fatty acids. Since inhibition of CEase might lead to a reduction of cholesterol absorption, an attempt is made in this study to identify lead molecules of Garcinia mangostana by the in silico approach. The study employed software applications viz., AutoDock 4.2 and GOLD Suite of Programs 5.2. The study revealed the efficacy of three compounds viz., epicatechin, euxanthone, and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-xanthone, which exhibited least binding energy in AutoDock and moderate scoring in GOLD. The molecular properties as well as biological activity of these three compounds were predicted by molinspiration prediction tool. The results show the crucial role of polyphenolic compounds to limit the activity of CEase. The drug-likeness prediction revealed the prospects of the identified lead molecules as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rini Abraham
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha N Chandran
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Saraswathy Thangavelu Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, KENT, Medway, ME4 4TB, UK
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Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a well-known tropical tree indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its fruit's pericarp abounds with a class of isoprenylated xanthones which are referred as mangostins. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that mangostins and their derivatives possess diverse pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic activities as well as neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities of mangostins and their derivatives to reveal their promising utilities in the treatment of certain important diseases, mainly focusing on the discussions of the underlying molecular targets/pathways, modes of action, and relevant structure-activity relationships (SARs). Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile and recent toxicological studies of mangostins are also described for further druggability exploration in the future.
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Nava Catorce M, Acero G, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Fragoso G, Govezensky T, Gevorkian G. Alpha-mangostin attenuates brain inflammation induced by peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration in C57BL/6J mice. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chang CW, Huang TZ, Chang WH, Tseng YC, Wu YT, Hsu MC. Acute Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:20. [PMID: 27152103 PMCID: PMC4857437 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), known as the "queen of fruit," is widely consumed and unique not only because of its outstanding appearance and flavor but also its remarkable and diverse pharmacological effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of acute mangosteen supplementation on physical fatigue during exercise. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was carried out by 12 healthy adults. The participants were randomly assigned to receive acute oral administration of either 250 mL of the mangosteen-based juice (supplementation treatment; 305 mg of α-mangostin and 278 mg of hydroxycitric acid) or a placebo (control treatment) 1 h before cycle ergometer exercise. Time to exhaustion, heart rate, Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score, blood biochemical markers (namely ammonia, cortisol, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, and lactate), muscle dynamic stiffness, and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were evaluated and recorded. Results The results showed all parameters we examined were significantly altered by the exercise challenge, which demonstrated they directly reflected the condition of fatigue. However, there were no differences between the two treatments besides a positive impact on the POMS examination. Conclusions The occurrence of physical fatigue depends on multiple underlying mechanisms. We concluded that acute mangosteen supplementation had no impact on alleviating physical fatigue during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Zung Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Chang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Tseng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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Ibrahim MY, Hashim NM, Mariod AA, Mohan S, Abdulla MA, Abdelwahab SI, Arbab IA. α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana Linn: An updated review of its pharmacological properties. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Chhouk K, Quitain AT, Gaspillo PAD, Maridable JB, Sasaki M, Shimoyama Y, Goto M. Supercritical carbon dioxide-mediated hydrothermal extraction of bioactive compounds from Garcinia Mangostana pericarp. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Sriraj P, Songsri J, Laummaunwai P, Waraasawapati S, Boonyarat C, Rattanasuwan P, Boonjaraspinyo S. Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Garcinia mangostana extract in hamster opisthorchiasis. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xie Z, Sintara M, Chang T, Ou B. Daily consumption of a mangosteen-based drink improves in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 3:342-8. [PMID: 26286710 PMCID: PMC4534161 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit cultivated mainly in Southeast Asia. Recent studies have shown mangosteen has many health benefits. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of a mangosteen-based beverage on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and immunity biomarkers in plasma of healthy adults. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted using 60 participants, 30 men, and 30 women, ages 18-60. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, placebo and mangosteen groups, with the same number of male and female participants in each group. The trial duration was 30 days. ORAC as an antioxidant biomarker was measured in both groups. It was found that after the 30-day trial, the group given the mangosteen-based drink formula showed 15% more antioxidant capacity in the bloodstream than did the placebo group. As for the inflammatory biomarkers, in the mangosteen group, between the preintervention and postintervention, the C-reactive protein level significantly decreased by 46%, while no significant decreases for the same biomarker was observed in the placebo group. Immunity biomarkers IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 were not affected in either group. In addition, the effects on hepatic function (Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase) and kidney function (creatinine) were investigated. Our results indicated that after the 30-day consumption of the beverage, there were no side effects on human hepatic and kidney functions. The outcome of this study showed that the mangosteen-based formula significantly increases antioxidant capacity and possesses anti-inflammatory benefits with no side effects on immune, hepatic, and renal functions for long-term consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Xie
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts
| | - Marsha Sintara
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts
| | - Tony Chang
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts
| | - Boxin Ou
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 202, Milford, Massachusetts
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Alpha-mangostin attenuation of hyperglycemia-induced ocular hypoperfusion and blood retinal barrier leakage in the early stage of type 2 diabetes rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:785826. [PMID: 25950001 PMCID: PMC4407409 DOI: 10.1155/2015/785826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined effects of alpha-mangostin (α-MG) supplementation on the retinal microvasculature, including ocular blood flow (OBF) and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability in a type 2 diabetic animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: normal control and diabetes with or without α-MG supplementation. Alpha-mangostin (200 mg/Kg/day) was administered by gavage feeding for 8 weeks. The effects of α-MG on biochemical and physiological parameters including mean arterial pressure (MAP), OBF, and BRB leakage were investigated. Additionally, levels of retinal malondialdehyde (MDA), advance glycation end products (AGEs), receptor of advance glycation end products (RAGE), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated. The elevated blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR were observed in DM2 rats. Moreover, DM2 rats had significantly decreased OBF but statistically increased MAP and leakage of the BRB. The α-MG-treated DM2 rats showed significantly lower levels of retinal MDA, AGEs, RAGE, TNF-α, and VEGF than the untreated group. Interestingly, α-MG supplementation significantly increased OBF while it decreased MAP and leakage of BRB. In conclusion, α-MG supplementation could restore OBF and improve the BRB integrity, indicating its properties closely associated with antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiglycation activities.
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Liu QY, Wang YT, Lin LG. New insights into the anti-obesity activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana. Food Funct 2015; 6:383-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Li-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
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Wihastuti TA, Sargowo D, Tjokroprawiro A, Permatasari N, Widodo MA, Soeharto S. Vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H₂O₂, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) in hypercholesterol-diet-given Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2014; 10:523-31. [PMID: 25187725 PMCID: PMC4149390 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s61736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis produces H2O2 and triggers the activation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The formation of vasa vasorum occurs in atherosclerosis. Vasa vasorum angiogenesis is mediated by VEGFR-1 and upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The newly formed vasa vasorum are fragile and immature and thus increase plaque instability. It is necessary to control vasa vasorum angiogenesis by using mangosteen pericarp antioxidant. This study aims to demonstrate that mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract can act as vasa vasorum anti-angiogenesis through H2O2, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in rats given a hypercholesterol diet. Methods This was a true experimental laboratory, in vivo posttest with control group design, with 20 Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats divided into five groups (normal group, hypercholesterol group, and hypercholesterol groups with certain doses of mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight). The parameters of this study were H2O2 measured by using colorimetric analysis, as well as NF-κB, iNOS, and HIF-1α, which were measured by using immunofluorescence double staining and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope in aortic smooth muscle cell. The angiogenesis of vasa vasorum was quantified from VEGFR-1 level in aortic tissue and confirmed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results Analysis of variance test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) in decreasing vasa vasorum angiogenesis through H2O2, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and iNOS inhibition in hypercholesterol-diet-given R. norvegicus Wistar strain. Conclusion Mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract 800 mg/kg body weight is proven to decrease vasa vasorum angiogenesis. Similar studies with other inflammatory parameters are encouraged to clarify the mechanism of vasa vasorum angiogenesis inhibition by mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djanggan Sargowo
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Nur Permatasari
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Aris Widodo
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Setyowati Soeharto
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
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Hafeez BB, Mustafa A, Fischer JW, Singh A, Zhong W, Shekhani MO, Meske L, Havighurst T, Kim K, Verma AK. α-Mangostin: a dietary antioxidant derived from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. inhibits pancreatic tumor growth in xenograft mouse model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:682-99. [PMID: 24295217 PMCID: PMC4104617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive malignant disease, ranking as the fourth most leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. In this study, we provide evidence of chemotherapeutic effects of α-mangostin, a dietary antioxidant isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. against human PC. RESULTS The chemotherapeutic effect of α-mangostin was determined using four human PC cells (PL-45, PANC1, BxPC3, and ASPC1). α-Mangostin resulted in a significant inhibition of PC cells viability without having any effects on normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. α-Mangostin showed a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in PC cells. Also, α-mangostin inhibited the expression levels of pNF-κB/p65Ser552, pStat3Ser727, and pStat3Tyr705. α-Mangostin inhibited DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator 3 (Stat3). α-Mangostin inhibited the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), cyclin D1, and gp130; however, increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) was observed in PC cells. In addition, i.p. administration of α-mangostin (6 mg/kg body weight, 5 days a week) resulted in a significant inhibition of both primary (PL-45) and secondary (ASPC1) human PC cell-derived orthotopic and ectopic xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. No sign of toxicity was observed in any of the mice administered with α-mangostin. α-Mangostin treatment inhibited the biomarkers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) in the xenograft tumor tissues. INNOVATION We present, for the first time, that dietary antioxidant α-mangostin inhibits the growth of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of α-mangostin against human PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Bin Hafeez
- 1 Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Paul Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Higuchi H, Tanaka A, Nishikawa S, Oida K, Matsuda A, Jung K, Amagai Y, Matsuda H. Suppressive effect of mangosteen rind extract on the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Tnd mice. J Dermatol 2013; 40:786-96. [PMID: 24033377 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing skin disorder characterized by pruritic and dry skin lesions with allergic inflammation. Recent studies have revealed anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of xanthones in mangosteen through regulation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. Activation of NF-κB signals is responsible for allergic inflammation in AD. To develop a new preventive therapy for AD, we examined the effects of the natural medicine, mangosteen rind extract (ME), on AD in a murine model. ME (250 mg/kg per day) was administrated to NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, for 6 weeks to evaluate its preventive effects on AD. We also confirmed the effects of ME on various immune cell functions. Oral administration of ME prevented the increase of clinical skin severity scores, plasma total immunoglobulin E levels, scratching behavior, transepidermal water loss and epidermal hyperplasia in NC/Tnd mice; moreover, no adverse effects were noted. We demonstrated that ME suppressed thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interferon-γ mRNA expression both in vitro and in vivo. Not only immunoglobulin E production from splenic B cells but also immunoglobulin E-mediated degranulation of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells was significantly reduced by the addition of ME to the culture. In addition, mRNA expression levels of nerve growth factor were decreased in ME-administrated NC/Tnd mice compared with those of controls. Keratinocyte proliferation was well-controlled by ME application. Oral administration of ME exhibited its suppressive potential on the early development of AD by controlling inflammation, itch and epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Central Laboratory, Lotte Co., Ltd., Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Charernsriwilaiwat N, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T, Sukma M, Opanasopit P. Electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats loaded with Garcinia mangostana extracts. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:333-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Márquez-Valadez B, Maldonado PD, Galván-Arzate S, Méndez-Cuesta LA, Pérez-De La Cruz V, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Chánez-Cárdenas ME, Santamaría A. Alpha-mangostin induces changes in glutathione levels associated with glutathione peroxidase activity in rat brain synaptosomes. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 15:13-9. [DOI: 10.1179/147683012x13327575416400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Elsaid Ali AA, Taher M, Mohamed F. Microencapsulation of alpha-mangostin into PLGA microspheres and optimization using response surface methodology intended for pulmonary delivery. J Microencapsul 2013; 30:728-40. [PMID: 23631380 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.788081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Documented to exhibit cytotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability, alpha-mangostin was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres with optimization of formulation using response surface methodology. Mixed levels of four factors Face central composite design was employed to evaluate critical formulation variables. With 30 runs, optimized formula was 1% w/v polyvinyl alcohol, 1:10 ratio of oil to aqueous and sonicated at 2 and 5 min time for primary and secondary emulsion, respectively. Optimized responses for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and polydispersity index were found to be 39.12 ± 0.01%, 2.06 ± 0.017 µm and 0.95 ± 0.009, respectively, which matched values predicted by mathematical models. About 44.4% of the encapsulated alpha-mangostin was released over 4 weeks. Thermal analysis of the microspheres showed physical conversion of alpha-mangostin from crystallinity to amorphous with encapsulated one had lower in vitro cytotoxicity than free alpha-mangostin. Aerodynamic diameter (784.3 ± 7.5 nm) of this alpha-mangostin microsphere suggests suitability for peripheral pulmonary delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Abdo Elsaid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia , Kuantan, Pahang , Malaysia
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Gutierrez-Orozco F, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Lesinski GB, Suksamrarn S, Failla ML. α-Mangostin: anti-inflammatory activity and metabolism by human cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3891-900. [PMID: 23578285 PMCID: PMC3793015 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Information about the anti-inflammatory activity and metabolism of α-mangostin (α-MG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen fruit, in human cells is limited. On the basis of available literature, we hypothesized that α-MG will inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators by control and activated macrophage-like THP-1, hepatic HepG2, enterocyte-like Caco-2, and colon HT-29 human cell lines, as well as primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and that such activity would be influenced by the extent of metabolism of the xanthone. α-MG attenuated TNF-α and IL-8 secretion by the various cell lines but increased TNF-α output by both quiescent and LPS-treated MDM. The relative amounts of free and phase II metabolites of α-MG and other xanthones present in media 24 h after addition of α-MG was shown to vary by cell type and inflammatory insult. Increased transport of xanthones and their metabolites across Caco-2 cell monolayers suggests enhanced absorption during an inflammatory episode. The anti-inflammatory activities of xanthones and their metabolites in different tissues merit consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Gutierrez-Orozco
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sunit Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark L. Failla
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author
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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities ofGarcinia nervosa(Clusiaceae). J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/913406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continuing interest on SarawakGarciniaspecies, we carried out the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities on the methanolic extracts ofGarcinia nervosa. The extracts were prepared from its air-dried grounded leaves and barks. The evaluation of antioxidant activities was done using the (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH radical scavenging assay and the result showed high radical scavenging activities. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory evaluation was performed using the lipoxygenase assay, hyaluronidase assay, and xanthine oxidase assay which showed, both of these extracts exhibited high anti-inflammatory properties. The lipoxygenase assay showed a high inhibition of enzyme activity for the barks extracts and a moderate enzyme activity for the leaves extracts. However, there were low inhibitions for both extracts in the hyaluronidase assay and only the barks extracts exhibited moderate antigout properties in the xanthine oxidase assay. For the cytotoxic assay, the extracts exhibited positive responses against the three cancer cell lines, the HeLa cell lines, MCF-7 cell lines, and HT-29 cell lines. Thus,Garcinia nervosacontains high antioxidativeand anti-inflammation properties, which have great potential in the development of pharmaceutical and dermatological products.
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Jumbo-Lucioni PP, Hopson ML, Hang D, Liang Y, Jones DP, Fridovich-Keil JL. Oxidative stress contributes to outcome severity in a Drosophila melanogaster model of classic galactosemia. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:84-94. [PMID: 22773758 PMCID: PMC3529341 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic galactosemia is a genetic disorder that results from profound loss of galactose-1P-uridylyltransferase (GALT). Affected infants experience a rapid escalation of potentially lethal acute symptoms following exposure to milk. Dietary restriction of galactose prevents or resolves the acute sequelae; however, many patients experience profound long-term complications. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms that underlie pathophysiology in classic galactosemia remain unclear. Recently, we developed a Drosophila melanogaster model of classic galactosemia and demonstrated that, like patients, GALT-null Drosophila succumb in development if exposed to galactose but live if maintained on a galactose-restricted diet. Prior models of experimental galactosemia have implicated a possible association between galactose exposure and oxidative stress. Here we describe application of our fly genetic model of galactosemia to the question of whether oxidative stress contributes to the acute galactose sensitivity of GALT-null animals. Our first approach tested the impact of pro- and antioxidant food supplements on the survival of GALT-null and control larvae. We observed a clear pattern: the oxidants paraquat and DMSO each had a negative impact on the survival of mutant but not control animals exposed to galactose, and the antioxidants vitamin C and α-mangostin each had the opposite effect. Biochemical markers also confirmed that galactose and paraquat synergistically increased oxidative stress on all cohorts tested but, interestingly, the mutant animals showed a decreased response relative to controls. Finally, we tested the expression levels of two transcripts responsive to oxidative stress, GSTD6 and GSTE7, in mutant and control larvae exposed to galactose and found that both genes were induced, one by more than 40-fold. Combined, these results implicate oxidative stress and response as contributing factors in the acute galactose sensitivity of GALT-null Drosophila and, by extension, suggest that reactive oxygen species might also contribute to the acute pathophysiology in classic galactosemia.
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Nualkaew N, Morita H, Shimokawa Y, Kinjo K, Kushiro T, De-Eknamkul W, Ebizuka Y, Abe I. Benzophenone synthase from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarps. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:60-9. [PMID: 22390826 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA of a benzophenone synthase (BPS), a type III polyketide synthase (PKS), was cloned and the recombinant protein expressed from the fruit pericarps of Garcinia mangostana L., which contains mainly prenylated xanthones. The obtained GmBPS showed an amino acid sequence identity of 77-78% with other plant BPSs belonging to the same family (Clusiaceae). The recombinant enzyme produced 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone as the predominant product with benzoyl CoA as substrate. It also accepted other substrates, such as other plant PKSs, and used 1-3 molecules of malonyl CoA to form various phloroglucinol-type and polyketide lactone-type compounds. Thus, providing GmBPS with various substrates in vivo might redirect the xanthone biosynthetic pathway.
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Chitchumroonchokchai C, Riedl KM, Suksumrarn S, Clinton SK, Kinghorn AD, Failla ML. Xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed and partially conjugated by healthy adults. J Nutr 2012; 142:675-80. [PMID: 22399525 PMCID: PMC3301988 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed health-promoting effects of the pericarp from mangosteen fruit have been attributed to a family of polyphenols referred to as xanthones. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioavailability of xanthones from 100% mangosteen juice in healthy adult participants (n = 10). Pericarp particles accounted for 1% of the mass and 99% of the xanthone concentration in the juice. The juice provided 5.3 ± 0.1 mmol/L total xanthones with α-mangostin, garcinones (C, D, and E), γ-mangostin, gartanins, and other identified xanthones accounting for 58, 2, 6, 4, and 5%, respectively. Participants ingested 60 mL mangosteen juice with a high-fat breakfast. Free and conjugated (glucuronidated/sulfated) xanthones were detected in serum and urine. There was marked variation in the AUC (762-4030 nmol/L × h), maximum concentration (113 ± 107 nmol/L), and time to maximum concentration (3.7 ± 2.4 h) for α-mangostin in sera during the 24-h collection. Similarly, xanthones in 24-h urine ranged from 0.9 to 11.1 μmol and accounted for 2.0 ± 0.3% (range 0.3-3.4%) of the ingested dose. There were no significant differences between female and male participants in mean pharmacokinetic values of α-mangostin in serum and urinary xanthones. Only 15.4 ± 0.7% of total xanthones in pericarp particles in the juice partitioned into mixed micelles during in vitro digestion. These results show that xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed when ingested along with a high-fat meal, although release of xanthones from pericarp particles during digestion may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
| | - Sunit Suksumrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Department of Human Nutrition,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
| | | | - Mark L. Failla
- Department of Human Nutrition,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
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Martínez A, Hernández-Marin E, Galano A. Xanthones as antioxidants: A theoretical study on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the single electron transfer mechanism. Food Funct 2012; 3:442-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Johnson JJ, Petiwala SM, Syed DN, Rasmussen JT, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Kohl AM, Mukhtar H. α-Mangostin, a xanthone from mangosteen fruit, promotes cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer and decreases xenograft tumor growth. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:413-9. [PMID: 22159229 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to characterize promising dietary agents for chemoprevention and therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). We examined the anticancer effect of α-mangostin, derived from the mangosteen fruit, in human PCa cells and its role in targeting cell cycle-related proteins involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, we found that α-mangostin significantly decreases PCa cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis using flow cytometry identified cell cycle arrest along with apoptosis. To establish a more precise mechanism of action, we performed a cell free biochemical kinase assay against multiple cyclins/cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) involved in cell cycle progression; the most significant inhibition in the cell free-based assays was CDK4, a critical component of the G1 phase. Through molecular modeling, we evaluated α-mangostin against the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket of CDK4 and propose three possible orientations that may result in CDK4 inhibition. We then performed an in vivo animal study to evaluate the ability of α-mangostin to suppress tumor growth. Athymic nude mice were implanted with 22Rv1 cells and treated with vehicle or α-mangostin (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. At the conclusion of the study, mice in the control cohort had a tumor volume of 1190 mm(3), while the treatment group had a tumor volume of 410 mm(3) (P < 0.01). The ability of α-mangostin to inhibit PCa in vitro and in vivo suggests α-mangostin may be a novel agent for the management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7230, USA.
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Zhou X, Huang R, Hao J, Huang H, Fu M, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Li XE, Qiu SX, Wang B. Two New Prenylated Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Martínez A, Galano A, Vargas R. Free Radical Scavenger Properties of α-Mangostin: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of HAT and RAF Mechanisms. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12591-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205496u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez
- Departamento de Materia Condensada y Criogenia, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S. N., Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, México D. F
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, CP 09340, México D. F
| | - Rubicelia Vargas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, CP 09340, México D. F
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Devalaraja S, Jain S, Yadav H. Exotic Fruits as Therapeutic Complements for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Food Res Int 2011; 44:1856-1865. [PMID: 21857774 PMCID: PMC3156450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of obesity, type 2-diabetes, and the resultant metabolic syndrome are rapidly increasing. As successful preventive and therapeutic strategies for these life-threatening health ailments often come with adverse side effects, nutritional elements are widely used in many countries as preventive therapies to prevent or manage metabolic syndrome. Fruits are important dietary components, and contain various bioactive constituents. Many of these constituents have been proven to be useful to manage and treat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Although exotic fruits are understudied throughout the world due to their limited regional presence, many studies reveal their potent ability to ameliorate metabolic derangements and the resultant conditions i.e. diabetes and obesity. The aim of this article is to review the role of exotic fruits and their constituents in the regulation of metabolic functions, which can beneficially alter diabetes and obesity pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Devalaraja
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Watanapokasin R, Jarinthanan F, Nakamura Y, Sawasjirakij N, Jaratrungtawee A, Suksamrarn S. Effects of α-mangostin on apoptosis induction of human colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2086-95. [PMID: 21547127 PMCID: PMC3084393 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i16.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of α-mangostin on the growth and apoptosis induction of human colon cancer cells.
METHODS: The three colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines tested (COLO 205, MIP-101 and SW 620) were treated with α-mangostin to determine the effect on cell proliferation by MTT assay, cell morphology, chromatin condensation, cell cycle analysis, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure and changing of mitochondrial membrane potential. The molecular mechanisms of α-mangostin mediated apoptosis were further investigated by Western blotting analysis including activation of caspase cascade, cytochrome c release, Bax, Bid, p53 and Bcl-2 modifying factor.
RESULTS: The highest inhibitory effect of α-mangostin on cell proliferation of COLO 205, MIP-101 and SW 620 were 9.74 ± 0.85 μg/mL, 11.35 ± 1.12 μg/mL and 19.6 ± 1.53 μg/mL, respectively. Further study showed that α-mangostin induced apoptotic cell death in COLO 205 cells as indicated by membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle analysis, sub-G1 peak (P < 0.05) and phosphatidylserine exposure. The executioner caspase, caspase-3, the initiator caspase, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were expressed upon treatment with α-mangostin. Further studies of apoptotic proteins were determined by Western blotting analysis showing increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release, Bax, p53 and Bmf as well as reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). In addition, up-regulation of tBid and Fas were evident upon treatment with α-mangostin (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: α-Mangostin may be effective as an anti-cancer agent that induced apoptotic cell death in COLO 205 via a link between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Jiang HZ, Quan XF, Tian WX, Hu JM, Wang PC, Huang SZ, Cheng ZQ, Liang WJ, Zhou J, Ma XF, Zhao YX. Fatty acid synthase inhibitors of phenolic constituents isolated from Garcinia mangostana. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6045-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Watanapokasin R, Jarinthanan F, Jerusalmi A, Suksamrarn S, Nakamura Y, Sukseree S, Uthaisang-Tanethpongtamb W, Ratananukul P, Sano T. Potential of xanthones from tropical fruit mangosteen as anti-cancer agents: caspase-dependent apoptosis induction in vitro and in mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1080-94. [PMID: 20101528 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is rich in various xanthones that are known to possess unique biological activities. In this work, we characterized the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities of mangosteen xanthones both in vitro and in mice. In vitro analysis with a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, COLO 205, showed that mangosteen xanthones not only inhibit the proliferation of target cells but also induce their death by apoptosis that involves the activation of the caspase cascade. In vivo analysis using a mouse subcutaneous tumor model with COLO 205 cells showed that, at relatively low doses, the growth of tumors was repressed upon intratumoral administration of mangosteen xanthones. When a higher dose of mangosteen xanthones was administered, the size of tumors was reduced gradually, and, in some mice, the disappearance of tumors was seen. Histopathological evaluation and biochemical analysis of tumors that received mangosteen xanthones indicate the induction of apoptosis in tumors, which resulted in the repression of their growth and the reduction of their sizes. These results demonstrate the potential of mangosteen xanthones to serve as anti-cancer agents for the chemotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopi P, Sukma M, Sittisombut C, Kat A, Adachi I. Antioxidant, free radical-scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of different solvent extracts and their phenolic constituents from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:55-62. [PMID: 20645756 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903046138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidative, skin protective activities, and cytotoxicity of three extracts (water, methanol, and hexane) from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae)) and their phenolic constituents such as alpha-mangostin, epicatechin, and tannin, were evaluated. The amounts of alpha-mangostin, total flavonoid, and total tannin were different among the three extracts, except those of total tannin in methanol and hexane extracts. For the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation experiment, the water extract showed higher activity than the methanol extract and hexane extract. alpha-Mangostin, epicatechin, and tannin also revealed these antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. When added simultaneously with H(2)O(2) (200 microM) to keratinocyte cells, the water extract (50 microg/mL), epicatechin (200 microM), and tannin (200 microM) effectively protected cells from oxidative damage, but the methanol extract, hexane extract, and alpha-mangostin did not. The methanol extract and hexane extract exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, whereas alpha-mangostin showed strong cytotoxicity. The present study provides the evidence that Garcinia mangostana extracts, especially the G. mangostana water extract, act as antioxidants and cytoprotective agents against oxidative damage, which is at least partly due to its phenolic compounds in mangosteen.
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Pothitirat W, Chomnawang MT, Supabphol R, Gritsanapan W. Comparison of bioactive compounds content, free radical scavenging and anti-acne inducing bacteria activities of extracts from the mangosteen fruit rind at two stages of maturity. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:442-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Yu L, Zhao M, Yang B, Bai W. Immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of phenolics from Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kapoor VK, Dureja J, Chadha R. Herbals in the control of ageing. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:992-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Siriwatanametanon N, Heinrich M. Garcinia mangostana L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1047-65. [PMID: 19172667 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen, Clusiaceae) has a long history of use as a medical plant, mostly in Southeast Asia. This is a review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of mangosteen. Traditionally mangosteen is famous for its antiinflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds. Other applications include the therapy of various conditions such as dysentery, different urinary disorders, cystitis and gonorrhoea. This review highlights the development of this botanical drug into a widely used nutraceutical. Products derived from G. mangostana are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of mangosteen. Central to the biological activity of the species are xanthones which are reviewed in detail. A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of individual xanthones as well as extracts of G. mangostana is included. In addition, its potential in terms of developing novel drug leads is assessed. Products containing its fruits are now sold widely as 'liquid botanical supplements', but evidence for the health benefits of these products is still lacking. As shown here, a serious weakness in our knowledge is the lack of clinical data and it is not yet clear to what extent the findings about pharmacological activities are of potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Obolskiy
- Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy (University of London), 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Reyes-Fermín LM, Nolasco-Amaya EG, Orozco-Ibarra M, Medina-Campos ON, González-Cuahutencos O, Rivero-Cruz I, Mata R. ROS scavenging capacity and neuroprotective effect of α-mangostin against 3-nitropropionic acid in cerebellar granule neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:491-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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