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Li Z, Zhu H, Liu H, Liu D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qin Z, Xu Y, Peng Y, Ruan L, Li J, He Y, Liu B, Long Y. Synergistic dual cell therapy for atherosclerosis regression: ROS-responsive Bio-liposomes co-loaded with Geniposide and Emodin. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:129. [PMID: 38528554 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of nanomaterials for delivering natural compounds has emerged as a promising approach for atherosclerosis therapy. However, premature drug release remains a challenge. Here, we present a ROS-responsive biomimetic nanocomplex co-loaded with Geniposide (GP) and Emodin (EM) in nanoliposome particles (LP NPs) for targeted atherosclerosis therapy. The nanocomplex, hybridized with the macrophage membrane (Møm), effectively evades immune system clearance and targets atherosclerotic plaques. A modified thioketal (TK) system responds to ROS-rich plaque regions, triggering controlled drug release. In vitro, the nanocomplex inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis and macrophage lipid accumulation, restores endothelial cell function, and promotes cholesterol effluxion. In vivo, it targets ROS-rich atherosclerotic plaques, reducing plaque area ROS levels and restoring endothelial cell function, consequently promoting cholesterol outflow. Our study demonstrates that ROS-responsive biomimetic nanocomplexes co-delivering GP and EM exert a synergistic effect against endothelial cell apoptosis and lipid deposition in macrophages, offering a promising dual-cell therapy modality for atherosclerosis regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxian Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Haimei Zhu
- Department of Pain, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Dayue Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Zhang Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yijia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Lihua Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China.
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Wang L, Chen S, Liu S, Biu AM, Han Y, Jin X, Liang C, Liu Y, Li J, Fang S, Chang Y. A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of gardeniae fructus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117397. [PMID: 37956915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardeniae Fructus (GF), the desiccative mature fruitage of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (G. jasminoides), belongs to the Rubiaceae family. It has abundant medicinal value, such as purging fire and eliminating annoyance, clearing heat and diuresis, cooling blood, and detoxifying. GF is usually used in combination with other drugs to treat diseases such as fever and jaundice in damp heat syndrome in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) clinical practice. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress in botany, traditional medical use, processing method, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, quality control, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology, which aims to provide a scientific basis for the rational application and future research of GF. MATERIALS AND METHODS ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Embase, Scopus etc. databases were retrieved to gain the comprehensive information of GF. RESULTS At present, more than 215 compounds were isolated and identified from GF, including iridoids, diterpenes, triterpenoids, flavonoids, organic esters, and so on. The traditional application of GF mainly focused on clearing heat and detoxification. Pharmacological studies proved that GF had anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antifatigue, antithrombotic, liver and gallbladder protection, and other pharmacological effects. In addition, many improved processing methods can alleviate the side effects and toxic reactions caused by long-term use of GF, so controlling its quality through multi-component content measurement has become an important means of research. CONCLUSION GF has a wide range of applications, the mechanisms by which some effective substances exert their pharmacological effects have not been clearly explained due to the complexity and diversity of its components. This review systematically elaborates on the traditional medical use, processing method, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, quality control, and toxicology of GF, and it is expected to become a candidate drug for treating diseases, such as depression, pancreatitis, alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Abdulmumin Muhammad Biu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chunxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Gong J, Jin Q, Zhu F. Effects of geniposide on innate immunity and antiviral activity of Scyllaparamamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109303. [PMID: 38104694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of geniposide on the innate immunity of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, specifically in relation to WSSV infection. Through the use of in vitro cell culture experiments, we assessed the effects of geniposide on various parameters of hemocyte activity in S. paramamosain. Our findings revealed that high doses of geniposide inhibited hemocyte growth, with an optimal dose of 100 mg/kg determined. Additionally, we observed that geniposide increased the total hemocyte counts in S. paramamosain following WSSV infection. Geniposide also enhanced the enzymatic activities in hemolymph following treatment. The enzymes affected by geniposide encompassed ACP (acid phosphatase), POD (phenol oxidase catalase), PO (phenoloxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and LZM (lysozyme). Furthermore, the activities of ACP, POD, PO, and LZM were also observed to increase subsequent to infection with WSSV. Notably, geniposide was found to enhance the phagocytosis of V. alginolyticus within the hemocytes. Geniposide can reduce hemocyte apoptosis rates after treatment, as well as hemocytes infected with WSSV. Furthermore, geniposide treatment significantly up-regulated the expression level of Myosin, but expression levels of Astakine, C-type lectin (CTL), STAT, JAK, proPO, minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM7), caspase-3 and crustin were down-regulated in the hemocytes. Additionally, geniposide treatment inhibited WSSV replication in hemocytes of S. paramamosain, and enhanced the survival rates of mud crabs following WSSV infection. These experimental results provide evidence that geniposide can improve the immune response by regulating humoral immunity and cellular immunity, and enhance pathogen resistance in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingri Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Zhang X, Wang L, Li R, Wang L, Fu Z, He F, Liu E, Han L. Identification strategy of Fructus Gardeniae and its adulterant based on UHPLC/Q-orbitrap-MS and UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS combined with PLS regression model. Talanta 2024; 267:125136. [PMID: 37703778 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is the desiccative and ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in the Rubiaceae family, which is a commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for clearing away heat, detoxification, relieving restlessness, and eliminating blood stasis. At the same time, it has also been announced as the first batch of TCM with homology of medicine and food. Fructus Gardeniae Grandiflorae (FGG), the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis var. grandiflora Nakai (Rubiaceae), is a common counterfeit herbal medicine of FG, which still appears in the TCM market, and causes a certain degree of confusion. In order to effectively distinguish FG and its adulterant, the compounds in these two species were thoroughly characterized firstly by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap MS). Furthermore, a pseudo-targeted metabonomics method with 60 targeted ion pairs was established based on UHPLC-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS) for discrimination. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that FG and FGG were clustered obviously, and 13 significantly differential markers were screened out by variable importance for projection (VIP) > 1 and p < 0.05 for the construction of the partial least squares (PLS) regression prediction model. The validation of the model proved that its prediction ability was quite satisfactory. Moreover, based on the absolute quantitative analysis of these 13 characteristics, the quality control standards of FG and FFG were established. In summary, an integral method of pseudo-targeted metabonomics combined with chemometrics analysis and a PLS regression model was proposed to provide an effective identification strategy for discrimination FG and FGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, PR China
| | - Rongrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Feng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Erwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai district, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
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Fang CJ, Rong XJ, Jiang WW, Chen XY, Liu YL. Geniposide promotes wound healing of skin ulcers in diabetic rats through PI3K/Akt pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21331. [PMID: 37908704 PMCID: PMC10613912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuously hyperglycation-induced lesion and poor blood flow contributed to the wound incurable and susceptible to infection. About fifteen percent of people with diabetes would develop ulcers during their lifetime, especially on the feet, which could lead to severe tissue destruction and eventual amputation. Various strategies were limited to accelerate wound healing in diabetic patients for high cost and unsatisfied effects. Geniposide is well-known for its anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis in several pathological tissues. This study is to explore the protective effect of geniposide on wound healing rate, inflammatory response, nutritional function and cellular apoptosis in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin and defined as plasma glucose >300 mg/dl. Western blot and immunostaining technologies were performed to mark and quantify the target proteins. The oral administration of geniposide (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) could significantly promote wound healing by the increment of lesion retraction in diabetic rats compared to model group. In the apoptotic study of skin wound in diabetic rats, the TUNEL-positive cells were greatly decreased in geniposide subgroups (P < 0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly inhibited by geniposide with the IC50 value of 470 mg/kg, 464 mg/kg and 370 mg/kg body weight respectively, which might be related to the enhancement of the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt proteins. Geniposide enhanced the repairment of skin wound in diabetic rats by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Fang
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Rong
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Wen Jiang
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, Jiangxi, China
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Network pharmacology-based analysis on geniposide, a component of gardenia jasminoides, beneficial effects to alleviate LPS-induced immune stress in piglets. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109894. [PMID: 36863144 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide is the main medicinal component of Gardenia jasminoides, and its content is approximately 3-8% depending on its origin. Geniposide is a class of cyclic enol ether terpene glucoside compounds with strong antioxidant, free radical quenching and cancer-inhibiting activities. Many studies have reported that geniposide has hepatoprotective, cholestatic, neuroprotective, blood sugar and blood lipid regulation, soft tissue damage treatment, antithrombotic, antitumor and other effects. As a traditional Chinese medicine, gardenia, whether used as gardenia alone, as the monomer geniposide or as the effective part of cyclic either terpenoids, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects when used in the right amounts. Recent studies have found that geniposide has important roles in pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation activity, inhibition of the NF-κB/IκB pathway, and cell adhesion molecule production. In this study, we predicted the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of geniposide in piglets through network pharmacology based on the LPS-induced inflammatory response-regulated signaling pathway. The effects of geniposide on changes in inflammatory pathways and cytokine levels in the lymphocytes of inflammation-stressed piglets were investigated using in vivo and in vitro models of piglet lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress. Network pharmacology identified 23 target genes, of which the main pathways of action were lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and Yersinia infection. The main relevant target genes were VEGFA, ROCK2, NOS3, and CCL2. Validation experiments showed that the interventional effects of geniposide reduced the relative expression of NF-κB pathway proteins and genes, restored the expression of COX-2 genes to normal levels, and increased the relative expression of tight junction proteins and genes in IPEC-J2 cells. This indicates that the addition of geniposide can alleviate inflammation and improve the level of cellular tight junctions.
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Chen XY, Jiang WW, Liu YL, Ma ZX, Dai JQ. Anti-inflammatory action of geniposide promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:294-299. [PMID: 35130118 PMCID: PMC8823683 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT As a major active iridoid glycoside from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae), geniposide possesses various pharmacological activities, including anti-platelet aggregation and anti-inflammatory action. OBJECTIVES This study explores the effect of geniposide in diabetic wound model by anti-inflammatory action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetic rodent model in Wistar rats was induced by streptozotocin combined with high-fat feed. The selected rats were divided into control group, the diabetic model group and geniposide subgroups (200, 400 and 500 mg/kg), and orally administrated once daily with saline or geniposide. Wound area and histochemical indicators were measured on day 7 after continuous administration, to assess lesion retraction, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. RESULTS Geniposide notably enhanced lesion retraction by 1.06-1.84 times on day 7 after surgical onset in diabetic rats (p < 0.05). In the pathological experiment by HE staining, geniposide significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts in the central lesion regions. In diabetic rats treated with geniposide, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) and IL-6 were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), followed with the increment of IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of geniposide on TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 could be calculated as 1.36, 1.02 and 1.23 g/kg, respectively. It assumed that geniposide-induced IL-10 expression contributed to inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Geniposide promoted diabetic wound healing by anti-inflammation and adjusting blood glucose. Further topical studies are required to evaluate effects on antibacterial activity and skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yan Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China
- CONTACT Xiao-yan Chen School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang330098, China
| | - Wen-wen Jiang
- School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-ling Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhao-xia Ma
- School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-qiang Dai
- School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China
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Chiu ML, Chiou JS, Chen CJ, Liang WM, Tsai FJ, Wu YC, Lin TH, Liao CC, Huang SM, Chou CH, Lin CW, Li TM, Hsu YL, Lin YJ. Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Therapy on Risks of Overall, Diabetes-Related, and Cardiovascular Diseases-Related Mortalities in Taiwanese Patients With Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891729. [PMID: 35712707 PMCID: PMC9195623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias (HHAs) are a rare but heterogeneous group of erythrocytic diseases, characterized by intrinsic cellular defects due to inherited genetic mutations. We investigated the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in reducing the overall, diabetes-related, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)-related mortalities among patients with HHAs using a nationwide population database. In total, we identified 33,278 patients with HHAs and included 9,222 non-CHM and 9,222 CHM matched pairs after matching. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of mortality between non-CHM and CHM users. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the cumulative incidence mortality between non-CHM and CHM users. The CHM prescription patterns were presented by the association rules and network analyses, respectively. The CHM prescription patterns were presented by the association rules and network analyses, respectively. CHM users showed significant reduced risks for of overall (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61-0.73, p < 0.001), diabetes-related (aHR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40-0.82, p < 0.001), and CVDs-related (aHR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72, p < 0.001) mortalities compared with non-CHM users. Two CHM clusters are frequently used to treat Taiwanese patients with HHAs. Cluster 1 is composed of six CHMs: Bei-Mu (BM; Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don), Gan-Cao (GC; Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Hai-Piao-Xiao (HPX; Endoconcha Sepiae), Jie-Geng (JG; Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC.), Yu-Xing-Cao (YXC; Houttuynia cordata Thunb.), and Xin-Yi-Qing-Fei-Tang (XYQFT). Cluster 2 is composed of two CHMs, Dang-Gui (DG; Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) and Huang-Qi (HQi; Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge). Further randomized clinical trials are essential to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of above CHM products and to eliminate potential biases in the current retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Lin Chiu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Shiun Chiou
- College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsu Lin
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Mei Huang
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsing Chou
- College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lung Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital,, Taichung, Taiwan
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Liu L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Gu G, Gao R, Peng B, Wang Y, Li A, Guo J, Xu X, Shao X, Li L, Shen Y, Sun J. Updated Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Product Geniposide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103319. [PMID: 35630796 PMCID: PMC9144884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the potential of natural products in new drug development has attracted more and more scientists’ attention, and natural products have become an important source for the treatment of various diseases or important lead compounds. Geniposide, as a novel iridoid glycoside compound, is an active natural product isolated from the herb Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ) for the first time; it is also the main active component of GJ. Recent studies have found that geniposide has multiple pharmacological effects and biological activities, including hepatoprotective activity, an anti-osteoporosis effect, an antitumor effect, an anti-diabetic effect, ananti-myocardial dysfunction effect, a neuroprotective effect, and other protective effects. In this study, the latest research progress of the natural product geniposide is systematically described, and the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of geniposide are also summarized and discussed comprehensively. We also emphasize the major pathways modulated by geniposide, offering new insights into the pharmacological effects of geniposide as a promising drug candidate for multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qin Wu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China;
| | - Guoxiang Gu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Runan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Anbang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jipeng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xinru Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaochen Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lingxing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ya Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jihu Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Shen Y, Wang X, Shen X, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Yao X, Xu Y, Sang M, Pan J, Qin Y, Zhou Q, Shen J. Geniposide Possesses the Protective Effect on Myocardial Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis via Activation of the Grsf1/GPx4 Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879870. [PMID: 35600863 PMCID: PMC9117627 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the ischemic myocardium can induce cardiomyocyte injury and death, resulting in cardiac remodeling. Ferroptosis, known as a newly type of cell death caused by iron-dependent oxidative stress, which is an essential death mechanism in cardiomyocytes. However, it is unclear whether oxidative stress products can further induce ferroptosis and aggravate cardiomyocyte injury. Geniposide (GEN), a major active component of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, possesses the natural antioxidant activity and cardioprotective effect. Herein, we evaluated the role of ferroptosis in myocardial oxidative injury and the protective effect of GEN on myocardial ferroptosis. We first detected iron overload, massive ROS, and lipid peroxidation in ferric ammonium citrate (FAC)-treated cardiomyocytes, which were typical characteristics of ferroptosis. The iron overload-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis aggravated cardiomyocyte injury, which were significantly alleviated by GEN treatment. Similar phenotypic changes of ferroptosis were consistently discovered in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cells, which were reversed by GEN treatment as well. Interestingly, the RNA-binding protein Grsf1, which directly upregulated Gpx4 at the translational level, was activated by GEN following myocardial oxidative injury. The specific knockdown of Grsf1 increased their sensitivity to ferroptosis and weakened the cardioprotective effect of GEN in H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes. Moreover, GEN treatment reduced iron overload and lipid peroxidation in myocardial infarction (MI) rats, thereby fighting against the cardiac ischemic injury. Collectively, our study revealed the pathogenesis of oxidative stress and ferroptosis associated with myocardial ischemia, and indicated the antioxidant and anti-ferroptosis effects of GEN on preventing myocardial injury by activating the Grsf1/GPx4 axis, serving as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Xinyu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Yijiao Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Zhou, ; Jianping Shen,
| | - Jianping Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nangjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Zhou, ; Jianping Shen,
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11
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Zhou L, Bao L, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Geng Z, Zhao R, Sun J, Bao Y, Shi Y, Yao R, Guo S, Cui X. An Integrated Analysis Reveals Geniposide Extracted From Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Regulates Calcium Signaling Pathway Essential for Influenza A Virus Replication. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755796. [PMID: 34867371 PMCID: PMC8640456 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glycoside purified from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis, has been reported to possess pleiotropic activity against different diseases. In particular, geniposide possesses a variety of biological activities and exerts good therapeutic effects in the treatment of several strains of the influenza virus. However, the molecular mechanism for the therapeutic effect has not been well defined. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of geniposide on influenza A virus (IAV). The potential targets and signaling pathways of geniposide in the IAV infection were predicted using network pharmacology analysis. According to the result of network pharmacology analysis, we validated the calcium signaling pathway induced by IAV and investigated the effect of geniposide extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis on this pathway. The primary Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that geniposide has a multi-target and multi-pathway inhibitory effect against influenza, and one of the mechanisms involves calcium signaling pathway. In the current study, geniposide treatment greatly decreased the levels of RNA polymerase in HEK-293T cells infected with IAV. Knocking down CAMKII in IAV-infected HEK-293T cells enhanced virus RNA (vRNA) production. Geniposide treatment increased CAMKII expression after IAV infection. Meanwhile, the CREB and c-Fos expressions were inhibited by geniposide after IAV infection. The experimental validation data showed that the geniposide was able to alleviate extracellular Ca2+ influx, dramatically decreased neuraminidase activity, and suppressed IAV replication in vitro via regulating the calcium signaling pathway. These anti-IAV effects might be related to the disrupted interplay between IAV RNA polymerase and CAMKII and the regulation of the downstream calcium signaling pathway essential for IAV replication. Taken together, the findings reveal a new facet of the mechanism by which geniposide fights IAV in a way that depends on CAMKII replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirun Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Geng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongmei Yao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yamashita H, Ohbuchi K, Nagino M, Ebata T, Tsuchiya K, Kushida H, Yokoyama Y. Comprehensive metabolome analysis for the pharmacological action of inchinkoto, a hepatoprotective herbal medicine. Metabolomics 2021; 17:106. [PMID: 34855010 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The precise pharmacological action of inchinkoto (ICKT, Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang in Chinese), a hepatoprotective herbal medicine, on total metabolic pathways has not been well investigated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the serum metabolites reflecting the pharmacological activity of ICKT, and mechanism of action of ICKT using serum metabolome analysis. METHODS 54 patients with obstructive jaundice due to malignancies were included in this study. ICKT was administered for 3 days. Serum and bile samples were collected before and 1 h after ICKT administration on days 1 and 4. Serum metabolome analysis including ICKT components were performed. RESULTS The levels of total/direct bilirubin, C-reactive protein, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and albumin in the serum were significantly improved after ICKT administration. In the serum metabolome analysis, inosine was the only elevated metabolite on days 1 and 4. Most of the metabolites which were significantly changed after ICKT administration were lipid mediators, and all decreased on day 1. Notably, the levels of many lipid mediators were increased on day 4. The difference in serum aspartic acid 1 h after ICKT administration was significantly correlated with a decrease in the levels of total bilirubin in the serum on day 4. CONCLUSIONS Using metabolome analysis, we demonstrated several metabolic changes that may be associated with the pharmacological mechanisms of ICKT. The biological implications of these metabolites should be further investigated in basic research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Yamashita
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebata
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsuchiya
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yokoyama
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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Liu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Fang C, Chen S. Antithrombotic effects of Huanglian Jiedu decoction in a rat model of ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral stroke. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:823-827. [PMID: 34196572 PMCID: PMC8253176 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1942505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJJD) has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection against ischaemic brain injury. OBJECTIVES This ex vivo study explores its antithrombosis activity and inhibition of platelet aggregation. MATERIAL AND METHODS To study the antithrombosis activity of HLJJD ex vivo, saline, or HLJDD (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg) was treated prophylactically by gavage for 3 days in Wistar rats (n = 4). Based on the rat model of transient middle cerebral artery infarction (MCAO) or normal rats (n = 4), the antithrombotic activity in the normal group and HLJDD subgroups on prothrombin time, thrombus weight, platelet aggregation, and others was evaluated, followed by the antiplatelet aggregation of its main components (n = 4). RESULTS The weight of the thrombus increased significantly at 24 h after MCAO onset. HLJJD did not influence the change of PT, but significantly inhibited thrombosis by 12.5, 20.0, and 20.5% in reducing the dry weight of thrombus, and blocked collagen-induced platelet aggregation by 25.5, 39.0, and 42.7% and adhesion of blood platelet by 17.3, 26.2, and 27.3%. The IC50 value of HLJJD on collagen-induced platelet aggregation was 670 mg/kg. Geniposide only facilitated antiplatelet aggregation induced by collagen, but not AA or ADP. Both baicalin and berberine showed markedly antiplatelet aggregation induced by all activators. The antithrombotic activity of baicalin was relatively higher than that of berberine (35.0-47.8% vs. 20.6-33.5%). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that HLJDD regulated blood circulation by inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombosis, which might also extensively contribute to the clinical prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- CONTACT Xiaoyan Chen Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang330098, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunjuan Fang
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shaofen Chen
- Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Li Y, Qiu H, Yao S, Li Q, Ding Y, Cao Y, Chen X, Zhu X. Geniposide exerts protective effects on spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting the IKKs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108158. [PMID: 34555642 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic condition of the central nervous system , which can cause nerve injury and affect nerve regeneration, thus leading to severe dysfunction of motor and sensory pathways, and unfortunately these effects are irreversible. Inflammatory response constitutes one of the important mechanisms of spinal cord secondary injury. Geniposide (Gen) is reported to possess anti-inflammation and neuronal repair capacities. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect and mechanism of Gen on motor function and inflammatory response in SCI rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly grouped, and the SCI model was established by Allen's method. The motor function of rats was evaluated by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. The protective effect of Gen on the injured spinal cord tissues was evaluated by measuring the water content, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Moreover, the protein level of the inflammation-related pathway was detected by spectrometry and Western blot assays. RESULTS Gen significantly promoted the recovery of SCI rats, decreased the edema of spinal cord tissues, reduced the area of cavity, increased the number of NF-200-positive neurons, as well as increased the number of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing-positive neurons and regenerated axons with myelin sheath. Additionally, compared with the control group, the neutrophil infiltration, contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, the activity of inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ) kinase, and protein levels of (nuclear factor κB) NF-κB p65 and phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB (p-I-κB) in the Gen experimental group were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Gen effectively alleviated inflammatory response after SCI by inhibiting the IKKs/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted the recovery of motor function and axon regeneration in rats. SIGNIFICANCE This study can provide novel insights for the early and effective intervention of SCI and confer basic data for the treatment of spinal cord secondary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiping Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuihong Yao
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunfeng Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuemin Ding
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanhui Cao
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuming Chen
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Ran D, Hong W, Yan W, Mengdie W. Properties and molecular mechanisms underlying geniposide-mediated therapeutic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113958. [PMID: 33639206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposide (GE) is ubiquitous in nearly 40 species of plants, among which Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has the highest content, and has been used ethnopharmacologically to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has a long history of usage in detumescence and sedation, liver protection and cholestasis, hypotension and hemostasis. It is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, jaundice hepatitis, sprain and contusion. As a type of iridoid glycosides extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, GE has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesic, anti-oxidative, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: In this article, we reviewed the sources, traditional usage, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and therapeutic effect of GE on chronic inflammatory diseases, and discussed its potential regulatory mechanisms and clinical application. RESULTS GE is a common iridoid glycoside in medicinal plants, which has strong activity in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. A large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that GE has certain therapeutic value for a variety of chronic inflammation disease. Its mechanism of function is mainly based on its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective properties, as well as regulation of apoptotsis. GE plays a role in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, realizing the dynamic balance of pro/anti-inflammatory factors, improving the state of oxidative stress, and restoring abnormally expressed inflammation-related pathways. CONCLUSION According to its extensive pharmacological effects, GE is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Wang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wang Mengdie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
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16
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Ye Z, Chen X, He Y, Jin M, Ye M. Antidiabetic effects of fermented milk contained with
Gardenia jasminoides
water extracts on streptozotocin‐induced mice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Ye
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei P.R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Processing Hefei University of Technology Xuancheng P.R. China
| | - Yaling He
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Jin
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei P.R. China
| | - Ming Ye
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei P.R. China
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Lu Y, Chen J, He X, Xu S, Chen YE, Gao J, Hou S. Combined Administration of Vitamin D 3 and Geniposide Is Less Effective than Single Use of Vitamin D 3 or Geniposide in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:714065. [PMID: 34650431 PMCID: PMC8505666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China, Chinese medicinal herbs or relatively active compounds are widely applied in treating UC. These medicines may be combined with other therapeutic agents such as vitamin D3. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these combinations for UC is unclear. Geniposide is an active component in many Chinese herbal medicines. It could ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. This study was designed to determine the efficacy and mechanism of the single use and combination of geniposide and vitamin D3 on a mouse model of acute colitis. Data showed that a single administration of geniposide (2 mg/kg) or vitamin D3 (4 IU/day) could significantly improve the symptoms of UC and relieve colon damage. Geniposide and vitamin D could significantly decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and colon, and increase the level of IL-10 in the colon. However, the combined treatment of geniposide (2 mg/kg) and vitamin D3 (4 IU/day) exerted less beneficial effects on UC in mice, indicating by less improvement of UC symptoms, colon damage, and inflammatory infiltration. The combination only downregulated the level of TNF-α in serum and IL-6 in the colon. Our data further demonstrated that geniposide could inhibit the activation of p38 MAPK and then restrict the vitamin D receptor signaling stimulated by vitamin D3. These results implied that the combination of geniposide and vitamin D3 might not be an ideal combined treatment for acute colitis, and the combination of vitamin D supplementary and geniposide (or herbal medicines rich in geniposide) need more evaluation before being applied to treat UC in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueling He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuoxi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yong-er Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Gao, ; Shaozhen Hou,
| | - Shaozhen Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Gao, ; Shaozhen Hou,
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Li H, Mao Y, Liu Y, Li D, Wang M, Ren X, Dou Z. Comparative investigation of raw and processed products of Gardeniae Fructus and Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans using HPLC coupled with chemometric methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5051. [PMID: 33354789 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Gardeniae Fructus (GF) and its processed products, GF (stir-baked) and GF Praeparatus, have important medicinal value in clinical practice. Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans (GJVR) is a variant of GF, and because of the naming GJVR is often confused in the clinic with GF, resulting in medical misprescriptions. To distinguish GF and GJVR and study the changes before and after processing, the fingerprints of GF and GJVR are presented using HPLC, followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). GF has purging and choleretic effects, and in this study, we determined the content of main active ingredients to preliminarily assess the GF and GJVR quality from the perspective of material basis. For PCA score plot, the samples fell into six clusters, the cross-validity Q2 (cum) = 0.842 and the cumulative contribution rate R2 x (cum) = 0.988, indicating that the model has a good precision. The results were then corroborated by HCA and PLS-DA method, showing that this methodology can distinguish GF and GJVR and can be used for the comparison of raw and two processed products. According to the model established by PLS-DA, eight components were identified as the most significant variables for discrimination. The results obtained by multiple model methods are consistent and verified by each other, providing a scientific reference for further clarification of the medicinal properties of GF and GJVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiying Dou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Chen L, Li M, Yang Z, Tao W, Wang P, Tian X, Li X, Wang W. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112829. [PMID: 32311486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a popular shrub in the Rubiaceae family. The desiccative ripe fruits of this plant (called Zhizi in China) are well known and frequently used not only as an excellent natural colourant, but also as an important traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, such as reducing fire except vexed, clearing away heat evil, and cooling blood and eliminating stasis to activate blood circulation. It has also been declared as the first batch of dual-purpose plants used for food and medical functions in China. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to provide a critical and systematic summary of the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and industrial applications of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and briefly proposes several suggestions for future application prospects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The related information on Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was obtained from internationally recognized scientific databases through the Internet (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, Medline Plus, ACS, Elsevier and Flora of China) and libraries. RESULTS Approximately 162 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from this herb. Among them, iridoid glycosides and yellow pigment are generally considered the main bioactive and characteristic ingredients. Various pharmacological properties, such as a beneficial effect on the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems, hepatoprotective activity, antidepressant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity, were also validated in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, geniposide and genipin are the most important iridoid compounds isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and genipin is the aglycone of geniposide. As the predominant active ingredient with a distinct pharmacological activity, genipin is also an outstanding biological crosslinking agent. Gardenia yellow pigment has also been widely used as an excellent natural dye-stuff. Hence, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has been applied to many other fields, including the food industry, textile industry and chemical industry, in addition to its predominant medicinal uses. CONCLUSIONS According to this review, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is outstanding traditional medical plant used in medicine and food. Pharmacological investigations support the traditional use of this herb and may validate the folk medicinal use of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis to treat different diseases. Iridoid glycosides are potential medicines. Gardenia yellow pigment has been the most important source of a natural colourant for food, cloth and paint for thousands of years. This herb has made great contributions to human survival and development. Moreover, it has also achieved outstanding progress in human life and even in art. Although Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has extremely high and comprehensive utilization values, it is still far from being completely explored. Therefore, the comprehensive development of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis deserves further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Wendi Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
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Mendes TC, dos Reis Lívero FA, de Souza P, Gebara KS, Junior AG. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Antithrombogenic Plants: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:176-190. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191216125135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart attack, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis are among the conditions that alter blood coagulation
and are modulated by antithrombogenic drugs. Natural products are an important source of antithrombogenic
agents and have been considered remarkable alternatives with greater efficacy and usually with fewer side effects.
However, the efficacy and toxicity of many of these plants that are used in traditional medicine must be scientifically
tested. Despite a large number of published articles that report that plants or plant-derived components may
act as antithrombogenic agents, few studies have investigated the mechanism of action of medicinal plants. This
review presents the current knowledge about the major cellular and molecular mechanisms of antithrombogenic
plants and their main components. Many well-established mechanisms (e.g., platelet aggregation, coagulation
factors, and thrombolysis) are related to the antithrombogenic activity of many natural products. However, the
central pathways that are responsible for their activity remain unclear. Further studies are needed to clarify the
central role of each of these pathways in the pleiotropic response to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane C. Mendes
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Graduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Francislaine Aparecida dos Reis Lívero
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Graduate Program in Animal Science with Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Paranaense University, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nucleus of Chemical- Pharmaceutical Investigations (NIQFAR), University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Karimi S. Gebara
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Screening of the Hepatotoxic Components in Fructus Gardeniae and Their Effects on Rat Liver BRL-3A Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213920. [PMID: 31671698 PMCID: PMC6864725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructus Gardeniae (FG) is a common Chinese medicine and food. However, the toxicity of FG has drawn increasing concern, especially its hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to screen the hepatotoxic components of FG and evaluate their effects on rat liver BRL-3A cells. The chemical composition of FG was determined by HPLC-ESI-MS. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ten chemical components from FG, and then the toxic components with significant inhibitory activity were selected for further study. The results showed that geniposide, genipin, genipin-1-gentiobioside, gardenoside, and shanzhiside all suppress cells viability. Apoptosis assays further indicated that geniposide and its metabolite genipin are the main hepatotoxic components of FG. Pretreatment of cells with geniposide or genipin increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased. The cell contents of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) were also increased. Molecular docking simulations were used to investigate the mechanism of FG-induced hepatotoxicity, revealing that geniposide and genipin bind strongly to the pro-inflammatory factor TNFR1 receptor of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The obtained results strongly indicate that the hepatotoxicity of FG is caused by iridoids compounds. Genipin had the most significant hepatotoxic effect. These toxic substances destroy the cell antioxidant defense system, increasing inflammatory injury to the liver cells and leading to apoptosis and even necrosis. Thus, this study lays a foundation for toxicology research into FG and its rational application.
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Zhou J, Yao N, Wang S, An D, Cao K, Wei J, Li N, Zhao D, Wang L, Chen X, Lu Y. Fructus Gardeniae-induced gastrointestinal injury was associated with the inflammatory response mediated by the disturbance of vitamin B6, phenylalanine, arachidonic acid, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:47-55. [PMID: 30735766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Gardenia (FG) is a widely used bitter and cold herb for clearing heat and detoxicating. Currently, toxicity of FG and its relative formula has been reported in many clinical and animal studies. However, no systematic research has been carried out on FG-related gastrointestinal (GI) injury which has been emphasized in China since the Ming Dynasty. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this article is to investigate whether FG could damage GI and explore the mechanisms involved. MATERIAL AND METHODS FG was given to male mice by 7-day intragastric administration at average doses of 0.90 g (L group), 1.50 g (M group), and 3.00 g (H group) crude drug/kg FG. Comprehensive understanding of changes in weight, diarrhea degree, stool routine, histomorphology and inflammatory factors of stomach, small intestine, and colon for evaluating the effect of different doses of FG on GI injury. Moreover, metabolomics-based mechanisms exploration of FG on GI injury was carried out via HPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis on mice urine. RESULTS High dose FG caused GI injury with serious diarrhea, decreased weight, abnormal stool routine, sever alteration in histomorphology of small intestine and colon (mild change in stomach), and significant change in inflammatory factors. The results of metabolomics suggested that 55 endogenous metabolites dispersed in 21 significantly altered metabolic pathways in 3.00 g/kg crude FG treated mice. The hub metabolites of GI injury were mainly related with vitamin B6 metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism via correlated network analysis. CONCLUSION FG affected the normal functions of GI via the regulating a variety of metabolic pathways to an abnormal state, and our results provided a research paradigm for the GI-injury of the relative bitter and cold traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hongshan Road Shizi Street No. 100, 210028 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hongshan Road Shizi Street No. 100, 210028 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hongshan Road Shizi Street No. 100, 210028 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Dongchen An
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Kangna Cao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jiali Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Lirui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Xijing Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Longmian Avenue No. 639, 211198 Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.
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Diverse Pharmacological Activities and Potential Medicinal Benefits of Geniposide. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4925682. [PMID: 31118959 PMCID: PMC6500620 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4925682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide is a well-known iridoid glycoside compound and is an essential component of a wide variety of traditional phytomedicines, for example, Gardenia jasminoides Elli (Zhizi in Chinese), Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Duzhong in Chinese), Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (Dihuang in Chinese), and Achyranthes bidentata Bl. (Niuxi in Chinese). It is also the main bioactive component of Gardeniae Fructus, the dried ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Increasing pharmacological evidence supports multiple medicinal properties of geniposide including neuroprotective, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant-like, cardioprotective, antioxidant, immune-regulatory, antithrombotic, and antitumoral effects. It has been proposed that geniposide may be a drug or lead compound for the prophylaxis and treatment of several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes and diabetic complications, ischemia and reperfusion injury, and hepatic disorders. The aim of the present review is to give a comprehensive summary and analysis of the pharmacological properties of geniposide, supporting its use as a medicinal agent.
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Antioxidative Property and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Geniposide-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7480512. [PMID: 31089416 PMCID: PMC6476013 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7480512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside, is a major component in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gardenia fruits). Geniposide has been experimentally proved to possess multiple pharmacological actions involving antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, antiangiogenesis, antiendoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), etc. In vitro and in vivo studies have further identified the value of geniposide in a spectrum of preclinical models of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disorders. The antioxidative property of geniposide should be attributed to the result of either the inhibition of numerous pathological processes or the activation of various proteins associated with cell survival or a combination of both. In this review, we will summarize the available knowledge on the antioxidative property and protective effects of geniposide in DM and cardiovascular disease in the literature and discuss antioxidant mechanisms as well as its potential applications in clinic.
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25
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Hahn D, Bae JS. Recent Progress in the Discovery of Bioactive Components from Edible Natural Sources with Antithrombotic Activity. J Med Food 2019; 22:109-120. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyup Hahn
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Lv S, Ding Y, Zhao H, Liu S, Zhang J, Wang J. Therapeutic Potential and Effective Components of the Chinese Herb Gardeniae Fructus in the Treatment of Senile Disease. Aging Dis 2018; 9:1153-1164. [PMID: 30574425 PMCID: PMC6284761 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardeniae fructus (GF), an evergreen Rubiaceae shrub, is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used for over a thousand years. It is usually prescribed for the treatment of brain aging, vascular aging, bone and joint aging, and other age-related diseases. It has been demonstrated that several effective compounds of GF, such as geniposide, genipin and crocin, have neuroprotective or related activities which are involved in senile disease treatment. These bioactivities include the mitochondrion dysfunction, antioxidative activity, apoptosis regulation and an anti-inflammatory activity, which related to multiple signaling pathways such as the nuclear factor-κB pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. To lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of GF in treating age-related pathologies, we summarized the available research conducted in the last fifteen years about GF and its effective components, which have been studied in vivo and in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Lv
- 2Department of Geriatric Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Ding
- 3Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- 4Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihao Liu
- 5Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Junping Zhang
- 2Department of Geriatric Medicine, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- 1Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li N, Zhou H, Ma ZG, Zhu JX, Liu C, Song P, Kong CY, Wu HM, Deng W, Tang QZ. Geniposide Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis Partially via SIRT1 Activation in vivo and in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:854. [PMID: 30123131 PMCID: PMC6086014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Geniposide (GE) is a major component in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and canonical Smad3 pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. We aim to investigate the protective roles of GE in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis. Methods: ISO was used to induce cardiac fibrosis in male C57BL/6 mice. GE and the EX-527 were given for 2 weeks to detect the effects of GE on cardiac fibrosis. Levels of oxidative stress, ER stress, and Smad3 were evaluated by real time-PCR, Western blots, immunohistochemistry staining, immunofluorescence staining, and assay kits. Results: GE treatment alleviated cardiac dysfunction, fibrosis, and hypertrophy in mice response to ISO. Additionally, GE also suppressed the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts stimulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in vitro. Mechanistically, GE inhibited the oxidative stress, ER stress, as well as Smad3 pathway activated by ISO or TGF-β. A selective antagonist of sirtuin 1 deacetylase (SIRT1), EX-527, partially counteracted the anti-fibrotic effect and weakened the inhibitory effect on the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts after the treatment of GE. Acetylated Smad3 (ac-Smad3), oxidative stress, as well as ER stress pathway were significantly enhanced after SIRT1 was blocked while phosphorylated Smad3 (P-Smad3) was not affected. Conclusion: GE could combat cardiac fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting oxidative stress, ER stress, and ac-Smad3 in a SIRT1-dependent manner and suppressing P-Samd3 pathway independent of SIRT1 activation. GE is expected to be a promising agent against cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents: Lessons from the Pharmacology of Geniposide and Its Aglycone, Genipin. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020039. [PMID: 29587429 PMCID: PMC6027249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants have been exploited by mankind as sources of numerous cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Good examples of anticancer compounds of clinical significance today include the taxanes (e.g., taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and the podophyllotoxin analogues that all trace their origin to higher plants. While all these drugs, along with the various other available therapeutic options, brought some relief in cancer management, a real breakthrough or cure has not yet been achieved. This critical review is a reflection on the lessons learnt from decades of research on the iridoid glycoside geniposide and its aglycone, genipin, which are currently used as gold standard reference compounds in cancer studies. Their effects on tumour development (carcinogenesis), cancer cell survival, and death, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of actions, are discussed. Particular attention is also given to mechanisms related to the dual pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of these compounds, the mitochondrial mechanism of cancer cell killing through reactive oxygen species (ROS), including that generated through the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), the inflammatory mechanism, and cell cycle regulation. The implications of various studies for the evaluation of glycosidic and aglycone forms of natural products in vitro and in vivo through pharmacokinetic scrutiny are also addressed.
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Fang J, Yang B, Ge Z, Bai X, Yan B. Single standard substance for the determination of nine volatile components in the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae (an intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection). J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3946-3957. [PMID: 28857420 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Xingnaojing Injection is a traditional Chinese medicine extensively used for stroke and cerebral ischemia. For better in-process quality control of Xingnaojing Injection, a method for the analysis of its intermediate (i.e., the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae) is needed to monitor and optimize the hydrodistillation extraction process. In this work, nine major volatile components in the intermediate were identified: isophorone, 4-methylene-isophorone, curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone, furanodienone, curcumol, and germacrone. A quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single-marker method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the nine components. In this method, only curdione was needed as the reference substance, and the other eight components were determined using their relative correction factors to curdione. In the method validation, good linearity (r > 0.9999), sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy (recoveries within 95.3-105.4%) were shown. The repeatability and robustness of the relative correction factors were studied with different column temperatures, flow rates, detection wavelengths, columns, and instruments. In sample analyses, consistent results between the proposed method and the external standard method were shown. The proposed method provides a comprehensive and low-cost tool for the quality assessment of the intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjun Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang D, Shi Q, Feng F. Rapid discovery and identification of the prototypes and their metabolites of Da-Huang-Xiao-Shi
decoction in rat plasma by an integrative strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2722-2731. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Qingshui Shi
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control; Nanjing China
| | - Fang Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Sun LL, Wu H, Zhang YZ, Wang R, Wang WY, Wang W, Li SP, Dai L, Zhang ZR. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory of the specific selective targeting druggable enzymome cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) small molecule. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2505-2514. [PMID: 27098007 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Development of a reliable and selective anti-inflammatory agent of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), induced or up-regulated by inflammatory/injury stimulus such as IL-1β, TNF-α and LPS in the various types of organs, tissues and cells, with low side effects is a long-standing medicinal chemistry problem with significant social implications. OBJECTIVE To target druggable enzymome COX-2 by exploiting NSAIDs and genipin (GEP) in anti-inflammatory infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compound aspirin GEP ester (AGE) was designed by computer-assisted screening, synthesized in the esterification of the acylate derivative and the methylate derivative with Et3N, and evaluated with 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg from days 18 to 24 after immunization in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats by the sequential enzymatic experiments, western-blot analysis and pathological observation methods. RESULTS AGE exhibited higher binding affinity with COX-1 and displayed the lowest estimated free energy with COX-2 than other ligands built by hanging NSAIDs with GEP, and was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. AGE was competed against COX-2 with molecule-dependent potencies and selectivity (IC50: 0.36 mM; selectivity index: 275) in the sequential enzymatic experiments and decreased the expression of COX-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of CIA rats. AGE (40 and 60 mg/kg) could significantly relieve the secondary hind paw swelling and arthritis index, along with observing AGE attenuated histopathological changes of fibroblast like synovial tissue (FLST) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (MLNL) in CIA rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION AGE pharmacophore reported herein may be an effective strategy to develop a novel anti-inflammatory agent and potential inhibitor of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Sun
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Ya-Zhong Zhang
- b Anhui Institute for Drug Control , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Li
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Li Dai
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Key Laboratory of Modernized Chinese Medicine in Anhui Province , Hefei , Anhui , P.R. China
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Im M, Kim A, Ma JY. Ethanol extract of baked Gardeniae Fructus exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activities in malignant cancer cells: Role of suppression of the NF-κB and HIF-1α pathways. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2377-2386. [PMID: 27779658 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (GF, Zhi Zi in China), a fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has been used in traditional medicine to reduce inflammation and headache and to treat hepatic disorders, hypertension, and icterus. In recent studies, extract of raw or stir-baked GF was shown to have pharmacological activities for viral infection, thrombosis, hyperlipidemia, convulsion, inflammation, oxidative stress, and others. In addition, baked GF extract suppressed the proteolytic activities and altered the cellular morphology of tumor cells. However, the effects of ethanol extract of baked GF (EBGF) on the metastatic and angiogenic capacities of malignant tumor cells and its detailed mechanism of action have not been reported. In this study, we found that EBGF significantly inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced MMP-9 and -13 and uPA expression via suppression of PMA-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65. Metastatic potential, including migration, invasion, and colonization, was substantially reduced by EBGF with no cytotoxicity. In addition, EBGF attenuated tumor-induced angiogenesis, including microvessel sprouting, migration of endothelial cells (ECs), and tube formation of ECs, by inhibiting the release of pro-angiogenic factors from tumor cells. In C57BL/6 mice, we observed that daily administration of EBGF at 50 and 100 mg/kg suppressed metastatic colonization of B16F10 melanoma cells in the lungs. Furthermore, EBGF administration did not cause adverse effects, suggesting that EBGF is safe and may be a potential herbal medicine capable of controlling metastatic malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Im
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeyung Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
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Yu D, Shi M, Bao J, Yu X, Li Y, Liu W. Genipin ameliorates hypertension-induced renal damage via the angiotensin II-TLR/MyD88/MAPK pathway. Fitoterapia 2016; 112:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li F, Li W, Li X, Li F, Zhang L, Wang B, Huang G, Guo X, Wan L, Liu Y, Zhang S, Kang S, Ma J. Geniposide attenuates inflammatory response by suppressing P2Y14 receptor and downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathway in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:77-86. [PMID: 26976766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus gardenia is widely used for treatment of stroke and infectious diseases in Chinese medicine. Geniposide is the key bioactive compound related to the pharmacodynamic actions of gardenia on ischemic stroke. The molecular mechanism by which geniposide improves the ischemic brain injury was observed in the study. AIM OF THE STUDY Recent studies showed that geniposide had protective activities against the inflammatory response in ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of geniposide anti-inflammatory role has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of geniposide on the expression of P2Y14 receptor and downstream signaling pathway in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro model of cerebral ischemia in BMECs was established by oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD). To further confirm the specific effect of geniposide on P2Y14 receptor and downstream signaling pathways, we set up a UDP-glucose (an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor) stimulated model. After administration of geniposide, the expression of P2Y14 receptor, phosphorylation of RAF-1, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in BMECs were determined. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of P2Y14 in the rat BMECs were up-regulated in OGD-induced injury. After administration of Geniposide, the expression of P2Y14 receptor was significantly down-regulated, the phosphorylation of RAF-1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 were suppressed. Similar data were obtained in UDP-glc stimulated model. We also observed that geniposide markedly declined the production of IL-8, IL-1β and MCP-1 in OGD-induced BMECs. CONCLUSION Geniposide exerted anti-inflammatory effects by interfering with the expression of P2Y14 receptor, which subsequently inhibits the downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1β. Therefore, this study provides the evidence for gardenia's clinical application in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghe Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weihong Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xingguang Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Feng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, No 7166 Bao Tong Street, Weifang, Shandong Province 261053, China.
| | - Bingce Wang
- Xingzhi Academy, The Affiliated High School of Peking University, No 15 Da Ni Wan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaojin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongzhou District Hospital of Integrated Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, No 89 Che Zhan Road, Tong Zhou District, Beijing 101100, China.
| | - Liangqin Wan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, No 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States.
| | - Sai Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Soyeon Kang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiabao Ma
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Wang GW, Bao B, Han ZQ, Han QY, Yang XL. Metabolic profile of Fructus Gardeniae in human plasma and urine using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:901-12. [PMID: 26751108 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Wa Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China and
| | - Burenbatu Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China and
| | - Zhi-Qiang Han
- Medical Institution Conducting Clinical Trials for Human Used Drug of Affliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Qing-Yu Han
- Medical Institution Conducting Clinical Trials for Human Used Drug of Affliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China and
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Mei Z, Zhou B, Wei C, Cheng J, Imani S, Chen H, Fu J. Genetic Authentication of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis var. grandiflora Nakai by Improved RAPD-Derived DNA Markers. Molecules 2015; 20:20219-29. [PMID: 26569205 PMCID: PMC6331946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evergreen shrub, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis var. grandiflora Nakai is one of the most popular garden-plants, with significant ornamental importance. Here, we have cloned improved random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) derived fragments into T-vector, and developed sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. These markers have been deposited in GenBank database with the accession numbers KP641310, KP641311, KP641312 and KP641313 respectively. The BLAST search of database confirmed the novelty of these markers. The four SCAR markers, namely ZZH11, ZZH31, ZZH41 and ZZH51 can specifically recognize the genetic materials of G. jasminoides from other plant species. Moreover, SCAR marker ZZH31 can be used to distinguish G. jasminoides Ellis var. grandiflora Nakai from other G. jasminoides on the market. Together, this study has developed four stably molecular SCAR markers by improved RAPD-derived DNA markers for the genetic identification and authentication, and for ecological conservation of medicinal and ornamental plant G. jasminoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Mei
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Boxu Zhou
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Chunli Wei
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China.
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Saber Imani
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-44711, Iran.
| | - Hanchun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences & the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China.
- Judicial Authentication Center, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Gao Y, Chen ZY, Liang X, Xie C, Chen YF. Anti-atherosclerotic effect of geniposidic acid in a rabbit model and related cellular mechanisms. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:280-285. [PMID: 24963945 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.916310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Geniposidic acid, one of the main active ingredients in Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae), may also possess important pharmacological activities for cardiovascular disorders similar to other derivatives, such as geniposide. OBJECTIVE To evaluate its anti-atherosclerosis (anti-AS) effect, the related pharmacological activities and possible cellular mechanisms were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into normal control group, model control group, and geniposidic acid subgroups. In the AS model, its effects on the intima/media thickness ratio and aortic morphology were observed. In the study of primary cultured endothelial cells (ECs) and human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs), its activities on both ECs and HUASMCs proliferation, HUASMCs' migration were also studied. RESULTS Compared with the model control group, the plaque area, intima/media thickness ratio, and intimal foam cells number in geniposidic acid (80, 160, and 240 mg/kg) subgroups were significantly improved (p < 0.05). By HE staining, the activities of geniposidic acid on relieving ECs shedding and improving aortic morphology disorders were also demonstrated. From the results of CCK-8 testing, only 100 μg/ml geniposidic acid performed significant inhibition on SMC proliferation. The relative IC50 of geniposidic acid on SMC inhibition was 87.73 μg/ml. Geniposide acid also showed promotion effect on ECs proliferation, and the related ED50 of geniposidic acid was 86.05 μg/ml. Besides, only 50 and 100 μg/ml geniposidic acid showed obvious inhibition on SMC migration from the upper chamber (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The effects of geniposidic acid on protecting vascular endothelium and reversing plaque formation in an atherosclerotic model were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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Cai X, Zhang R, Guo Y, He J, Li S, Zhu Z, Liu G, Liu Z, Yang J. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of gardenia fruit oil with bioactive components and their identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS2. Food Funct 2015; 6:2194-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive components in Gardenia oil were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction, identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS2 and HPLC-DAD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jingren He
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products
| | - Shuyi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic Univ
- Wuhan
- China
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Zhu H, Bi K, Han F, Guan J, Tang Z, Chen K, Zhao L, Li Q, Yin R, Hou X. Simultaneous determination of two iridoid glycosides, two anthraquinones and four flavonoid glycosides of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction in rat plasma by UFLC-MS/MS: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and cholestatic liver injury rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Studies Based on Preparation, Physical Characteristics, and Cellular Pharmacological Activities of Thin PLGA Film Loaded with Geniposide. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:352423. [PMID: 24693321 PMCID: PMC3944942 DOI: 10.1155/2014/352423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this primary study, thin polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) film loaded with geniposide was first prepared and demonstrated on both physical and pharmacological aspects for its potential application on drug-eluting vascular stents. Physical parameters of geniposide-loaded thin film, such as crystal structure, molecular spectral characteristics, and release behavior in the whole process were detected. From X-Ray diffraction, the characteristic peak of crystal geniposide disappeared on geniposide-loaded PLGA film (GLPF) after it formed, which meant there was no agglomeration phenomenon, as geniposide was distributed in the form of single molecule. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) figure, the GLPF was more flat and uniform with better compactness. It inferred that release behavior of geniposide at the early stage (0~15 d) was in the form of free diffusion. Carrier PLGA began to degrade 15 days later, so the residual geniposide was also dissolved. Cellular pharmacological effects of geniposide on endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were also demonstrated on GLPF. 5% and 10% (w/w) geniposide-loaded PLGA (60 : 40) membrane indicated its significant effect on ECs promotion and SMCs inhibition. All provided feasible evidences for the development of new geniposide-coating vascular stent using PLGA as carrier.
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Wang P, Wang Q, Luo C, Tan C, Yuan X. Iridoid glycosides extracted from Zhizi (Fructus Gardeniae) decrease collagen-induced platelet aggregation and reduce carotid artery thrombosis in an in vivo rat model. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 33:531-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Blood-letting therapy is one of the most important treatments in traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM). To observe the practice of Mongolian traditional-style blood-letting therapy (MTSBLT), two TMM clinics in Mongolia were visited in 2012 and two practitioners and a patient were interviewed. The interviews provided information on several characteristic features of MTSBLT, including its three stages: preparation, blood-letting, and recuperation. In the preparation stage, an herbal decoction, such as Braivu sumtan, is given for 3-5 days, during which time massage, cupping, and moxibustion can be applied. In the blood-letting stage, specific points, which differ from acupuncture points, are selected according to the patient's symptoms, and the targeted vein is incised just once. At this time, about 10 mL of blood is drained. In the recuperation stage, the patient needs to be cautious about diet and refrain from excessive physical exercise to prevent adverse effects. The patient interviewed had a favorable attitude toward blood-letting, believing that MTSLBT was an effective treatment for his symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, South Korea
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