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Varela M, de Castro Levatti EV, Tempone AG, Fernandes JPS. Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships for Benzoyl and Cinnamoyl Piperazine/Piperidine Amides as Tyrosinase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44265-44275. [PMID: 38027351 PMCID: PMC10666245 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a substance that plays important roles in several organisms. Its function as an antioxidant and metal-complexing agent makes tyrosinase, the key enzyme that controls melanogenesis, an interesting target for designing inhibitors. In this article, we report a set of piperazine/piperidine amides of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors with improved potency and drug-likeness. The most potent compound 5b showed a pIC50 of 4.99 in the monophenolase assay, and only compound 3a showed reasonable potency in the diphenolase assay (pIC50, 4.18). These activities are not correlated to antiradical activity, suggesting that the activity is dependent on competition with the substrates. Molecular docking studies indicated that the benzyl substituent of 5b and other analogues perform important interactions in the enzyme that may explain the higher potency of these compounds. Moreover, the compounds present adequate lipophilicity and skin permeability and no relevant cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM) to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina
T. Varela
- Departament
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University
of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Erica V. de Castro Levatti
- Laboratory
of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Laboratory
of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S. Fernandes
- Departament
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University
of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
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Sun Y, Zhou L, Liao T, Liu J, Yu K, Zou L, Zhou W, Liu W. Comparing the effect of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid hydroxyl derivatives on polyphenol oxidase: activity, action mechanism, and molecular docking. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3771-3780. [PMID: 34921410 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is considered to have a key role in the food industry because it initiates enzymatic browning in the processing and storage of fruit and vegetables. Increasing numbers of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives have been found to be efficient inhibitors of polyphenol oxidase, but a comparison study on activity and action mechanism is lacking. In this study, 18 benzoic acid and cinnamic acid hydroxy derivatives were selected and investigated. RESULTS Three substrates, four activators and 11 inhibitors were identified from benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives. 2,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid and benzoic acid showed the strongest inhibitory effect on PPO, with IC50 of 0.092 and1.425 mmol L-1 , respectively. Benzoic acid reversibly inhibited PPO in a competitive manner, while 2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid showed a mixed-type inhibition. Both of them showed that static-type fluorescence quenching and electrostatic interaction were the main driving force in the bonding process. Compared with benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid more easily formed hydrogen bonds in the active site of PPO, making the interaction more stable. CONCLUSION Comparative analysis showed that the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid hydroxyl derivatives on PPO was stronger than that of benzoic acid derivatives. Benzoic acid and 2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid were the strongest inhibitors. PPO inhibitors identified from benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives are expected to be promising inhibitors for controlling fruit and vegetable browning. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Yalo M, Makhaba M, Hussein AA, Sharma R, Koki M, Nako N, Mabusela WT. Characterization of Four New Compounds from Protea cynaroides Leaves and Their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131751. [PMID: 35807702 PMCID: PMC9269349 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protea cynaroides (king protea) is a flowering plant that belongs to the Proteaceae family. This multi-stemmed shrub is the national flower of South Africa and has important economic and medicinal values. Traditionally, the main therapeutic benefits of this plant species include the treatment of cancer, bladder, and kidney ailments. There are very limited reports on the isolation of phytochemicals and their biological evaluation from P. cynaroides. In this study, the leaves of P. cynaroides were air-dried at room temperature, powdered, and extracted with 80% methanol followed by solvent fractionation (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol). The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts were chromatographed and afforded four new (1–4) and four known (5–8) compounds, whose structures were characterized accordingly as 3,4-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1), 4-hydroxybenzoyl-1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (2), 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-3-yl-6-O-benzoate-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (6), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 3-hydroxykojic acid (8). The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was determined based on 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, and HRMS spectroscopy, as well as compared with the available literature data. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extracts and isolated compounds were also determined. According to the results, compounds 7 and 8 exhibited potent competitive tyrosinase inhibitory activity against L-tyrosine substrates with IC50 values of 0.8776 ± 0.012 and 0.7215 ± 0.090 µg/mL compared to the control (kojic acid, IC50 = 0.8347 ± 0.093), respectively. This study is the first chemical investigation of compounds 1–4 from a natural source and the first report of the biological evaluation of compounds 1–5 against the tyrosinase enzyme. The potent anti-tyrosinase activity exhibited by P. cynaroides constituents will support future exploration of the plant in the cosmetic field upon further biological and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masande Yalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Masixole Makhaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Mkhuseli Koki
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Ndikho Nako
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Wilfred T. Mabusela
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (M.Y.); (M.M.); (M.K.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)21-959-3052; Fax: +27-(0)21-959-1281
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Inhibitory Effects of Coumarin Derivatives on Tyrosinase. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082346. [PMID: 33920683 PMCID: PMC8073051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of coumarin derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. As a result of measuring the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of these derivatives, the compounds 3e (1.05 μM), 3f (0.83 μM), 3h (0.85 μM), 3i (1.05 μM), and 3k (0.67 μM) of the geranyloxycoumarin derivatives were highly active at a concentration of 0.8%. The geranyloxycoumarin derivatives exhibited better activity than the hydroxycoumarin derivatives. Among the geranyloxycoumarin derivatives, compound 3k was two times more active than arbutin, a positive control, at a concentration of 0.4%. The above results suggest that geranyloxycoumarin derivatives have great potential for application as functional cosmetic ingredients with tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.
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Purification of a novel monophenolase inhibitory peptides prepared from Vicia faba pods protein via enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ortiz-Ruiz CV, Maria-Solano MA, Garcia-Molina MDM, Varon R, Tudela J, Tomas V, Garcia-Canovas F. Kinetic characterization of substrate-analogous inhibitors of tyrosinase. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:757-67. [PMID: 26399372 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective tyrosinase inhibitors has become increasingly important in the cosmetic, medicinal, and agricultural industries for application as antibrowning and depigmenting agents. The kinetic mechanisms of action of tyrosinase on monophenols and o-diphenols are complex, particularly in the case of monophenols because of the lag period that occurs at the beginning of the reaction. When enzyme inhibitors are studied, the problem becomes more complicated because the lag period increases, which has led to erroneous identification of the type of inhibition that many compounds exert on the monophenolase activity and the inaccurate determination of their inhibition constants. When the degrees of inhibition of an inhibitor which is analogous to tyrosinase substrates are the same for both monophenolase and diphenolase activities, this means that the inhibitor binds to the same enzymatic species and so the inhibition constants should be similar for both activities. In this study, we demonstrate this typical behavior of substrate-analogous inhibitors and propose a methodology for determining the type of inhibition and the inhibition constants for the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of the enzyme. Benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were used as inhibitors and the monophenol/o-diphenol pairs l-tyrosine/l-dopa and α-methyl-L-tyrosine/α-methyl-L-dopa as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vanessa Ortiz-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Maria-Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Garcia-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ramon Varon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla La Mancha, Avda. España s/n. Campus Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose Tudela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Tomas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Si YX, Ji S, Fang NY, Wang W, Yang JM, Qian GY, Park YD, Lee J, Yin SJ. Effects of piperonylic acid on tyrosinase: Mixed-type inhibition kinetics and computational simulations. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of bergenin analogues as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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