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Koroleva M. Multicompartment colloid systems with lipid and polymer membranes for biomedical applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21836-21859. [PMID: 37565484 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment structures have the potential for biomedical applications because they can act as multifunctional systems and provide simultaneous delivery of drugs and diagnostics agents of different types. Moreover, some of them mimic biological cells to some extent with organelles as separate sub-compartments. This article analyses multicompartment colloidal structures with smaller sub-units covered with lipid or polymer membranes that provide additional protection for the encapsulated substances. Vesosomes with small vesicles encapsulated in the inner pools of larger liposomes are the most studied systems to date. Dendrimer molecules are enclosed by a lipid bilayer shell in dendrosomes. Capsosomes, polymersomes-in-polymer capsules, and cubosomes-in-polymer capsules are composed of sub-compartments encapsulated within closed multilayer polymer membranes. Janus or Cerberus emulsions contain droplets composed of two or three phases: immiscible oils in O/W emulsions and aqueous polymer or salt solutions that are separated into two or three phases and form connected droplets in W/O emulsions. In more cases, the external surface of engulfed droplets in Janus or Cerberus emulsions is covered with a lipid or polymer monolayer. eLiposomes with emulsion droplets encapsulated into a bilayer shell have been given little attention so far, but they have very great prospects. In addition to nanoemulsion droplets, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and inorganic nanoparticles can be loaded into eLiposomes. Molecular engineering of the external membrane allows the creation of ligand-targeted and stimuli-responsive multifunctional systems. As a result, the efficacy of drug delivery can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Koroleva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047.
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Abstract
The development of molecular nanostructures with well-defined particle size and shape is of eminent interest in biomedicine. Among many studied nanostructures, dendrimers represent the group of those most thoroughly characterized ones. Due to their unique structure and properties, dendrimers are very attractive for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Owing to the controllable cavities inside the dendrimer, guest molecules may be encapsulated, and highly reactive terminal groups are susceptible to further modifications, e.g., to facilitate target delivery. To understand the potential of these nanoparticles and to predict and avoid any adverse cellular reactions, it is necessary to know the mechanisms responsible for an efficient dendrimer uptake and the destination of their intracellular journey. In this article, we summarize the results of studies describing the dendrimer uptake, traffic, and efflux mechanisms depending on features of specific nanoparticles and cell types. We also present mechanisms of dendrimers responsible for toxicity and alteration in signal transduction pathways at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ziemba
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ida Franiak-Pietryga
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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In vitro siRNA delivery via diethylenetriamine- and tetraethylenepentamine-modified carboxyl group-terminated Poly(amido)amine generation 4.5 dendrimers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 106:110245. [PMID: 31753357 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has opened new avenues for designing personalized treatment options for various diseases. However, the therapeutic application of siRNAs has been confronted with many challenges because of short half-life in circulation, poor membrane penetration, difficulty in escaping from endosomes, and insufficient release into the cytosol. To overcome these challenges, we designed a diethylenetriamine (DETA)- and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 4.5 (PDG4.5), and characterized it using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy followed by conjugation with siRNA. The PDG4.5-DETA and PDG4.5-TEPA polyplexes exhibited spherical nanosize, ideal zeta potential, and effective siRNA binding ability, protected the siRNA from nuclease attack, and revealed less cytotoxicity of PDG4.5-DETA and PDG4.5-TEPA in HeLa cells. More importantly, the polyplexes also revealed good cellular internalization and facilitated translocation of the siRNA into the cytosol. Thus, PDG4.5-DETA and PDG4.5-TEPA can act as potential siRNA carriers in future medical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Singh M, Nanda HS, O'Rorke RD, Jakus AE, Shah AH, Shah RN, Webster RD, Steele TWJ. Voltaglue Bioadhesives Energized with Interdigitated 3D-Graphene Electrodes. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800538. [PMID: 30253081 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue fixation of implant and bioelectrodes relies on mechanical means (e.g., sutures, staples, and screws), with associated complications of tissue perforation, scarring, and interfacial stress concentrations. Adhesive bioelectrodes address these shortcomings with voltage cured carbene-based bioadhesives, locally energized through graphene interdigitated electrodes. Electrorheometry and adhesion structure activity relationships are explored with respect to voltage and electrolyte on bioelectrodes synthesized from graphene 3D-printed onto resorbable polyester substrates. Adhesive leachates effects on in vitro metabolism and human-derived platelet-rich plasma response serves to qualitatively assess biological response. The voltage activated bioadhesives are found to have gelation times of 60 s or less with maximum shear storage modulus (G') of 3 kPa. Shear modulus mimics reported values for human soft tissues (0.1-10 kPa). The maximum adhesion strength achieved for the ≈50 mg bioelectrode films is 170 g cm-2 (17 kPa), which exceeds the force required for tethering of electrodes on dynamic soft tissues. The method provides the groundwork for implantable bio/electrodes that may be permanently incorporated into soft tissues, vis-à-vis graphene backscattering wireless electronics since all components are bioresorbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- NTU‐Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Division of Materials Technology Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Division of Materials Technology Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering PDPM‐Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM)‐Jabalpur Dumna Airport Road Jabalpur ‐482005 MP India
| | - Richard D. O'Rorke
- Singapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road Singapore 487372 Singapore
| | - Adam E. Jakus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2220 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology Northwestern University 303 E Superior St. Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60611 USA
- Division of Organ Transplantation Comprehensive Transplant Center Department of Surgery Northwestern University 251 E Huron St. Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Ankur Harish Shah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Division of Materials Technology Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Ramille N. Shah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2220 Campus Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology Northwestern University 303 E Superior St. Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60611 USA
- Division of Organ Transplantation Comprehensive Transplant Center Department of Surgery Northwestern University 251 E Huron St. Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Terry W. J. Steele
- NTU‐Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Division of Materials Technology Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
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Jemnitz K, Bátai-Konczos A, Szabó M, Ioja E, Kolacsek O, Orbán TI, Török G, Homolya L, Kovács E, Jablonkai I, Veres Z. A transgenic rat hepatocyte - Kupffer cell co-culture model for evaluation of direct and macrophage-related effect of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 38:159-169. [PMID: 27717685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing number of papers demonstrate that Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, elevated intracellular Ca2+ level of hepatocytes is considered as a common marker of DILI. Here we applied an in vitro model based on hepatocyte mono- and hepatocyte/KC co-cultures (H/KC) isolated from transgenic rats stably expressing the GCaMP2 fluorescent Ca2+ sensor protein to investigate the effects of polycationic (G5), polyanionic (G4.5) and polyethylene-glycol coated neutral (G5 Peg) dendrimers known to accumulate in the liver, primarily in KCs. Following dendrimer exposure, hepatocyte homeostasis was measured by MTT cytotoxicity assay and by Ca2+ imaging, while hepatocyte functions were studied by CYP2B1/2 inducibility, and bilirubin and taurocholate transport. G5 was significantly more cytotoxic than G4.5 for hepatocytes and induced Ca2+ oscillation and sustained Ca2+ signals at 1μM and10 μM, respectively both in hepatocytes and KCs. Dendrimer-induced Ca2+ signals in hepatocytes were attenuated by macrophages. Activation of KCs by lipopolysaccharide and G5 decreased the inducibility of CYP2B1/2, which was restored by depleting the KCs with gadolinium-chloride and pentoxyphylline, suggesting a role of macrophages in the hindrance of CYP2B1/2 induction by G5 and lipopolysaccharide. In the H/KC, but not in the hepatocyte mono-culture, G5 reduced the canalicular efflux of bilirubin and stimulated the uptake and canalicular efflux of taurocholate. In conclusion, H/KC provides a good model for the prediction of hepatotoxic potential of drugs, especially of nanomaterials known to be trapped by macrophages, activation of which presumably contributes to DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Jemnitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bátai-Konczos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szabó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Ioja
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kolacsek
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Török
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Jablonkai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Veres
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Keszthelyi T, Holló G, Nyitrai G, Kardos J, Héja L. Bilayer Charge Reversal and Modification of Lipid Organization by Dendrimers as Observed by Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7815-7825. [PMID: 26099064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are hyperbranched, nanosized polymers with promising biomedical applications as nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery and gene therapy. For the development of safe dendrimer-based biomedical applications it is necessary to gain an understanding of the detailed mechanism of the interactions of both cationic and anionic dendrimers with cell membranes. To characterize dendrimer-membrane interactions we applied solid-supported lipid bilayers as biomembrane models and utilized infrared-visible sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy to independently probe the interactions of cationic G5-NH2 and anionic G4.5-COONa dendrimers with the two leaflets of the lipid bilayers. Interaction with both dendrimers led to changes in the interfacial water structure and charge density as evidenced by the changes in the OH band intensities in the sum-frequency spectra of the bilayers. Interaction with the G5-NH2 dendrimer also led to a unique inversion of the sign of the OH-stretch amplitudes, in addition to a decrease in their absolute values. We suggest that the positively charged amino groups on the G5-NH2 dendrimer surface bind to the negatively charged bilayer, while uncompensated positive charges not involved in the binding cause a reversal of the electric field and thus an opposite orientation of the interfacial water molecules. More subtle but nonetheless significant changes were seen in the relative magnitudes of the CH amplitudes. The methyl antisymmetric to symmetric stretch amplitude ratios are altered, implying changes in the tilt angles of the phospholipid alkyl chains. The conformational order of the phospholipid alkyl chains of both leaflets is also influenced by the G5-NH2 dendrimer while G4.5-COONa has no effect on the alkyl chain conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Keszthelyi
- †Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Holló
- †Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Nyitrai
- †Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- †Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- †Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry and ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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The janus facet of nanomaterials. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:317184. [PMID: 26075225 PMCID: PMC4449866 DOI: 10.1155/2015/317184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Application of nanoscale materials (NMs) displays a rapidly increasing trend in electronics, optics, chemical catalysis, biotechnology, and medicine due to versatile nature of NMs and easily adjustable physical, physicochemical, and chemical properties. However, the increasing abundance of NMs also poses significant new and emerging health and environmental risks. Despite growing efforts, understanding toxicity of NMs does not seem to cope with the demand, because NMs usually act entirely different from those of conventional small molecule drugs. Currently, large-scale application of available safety assessment protocols, as well as their furthering through case-by-case practice, is advisable. We define a standard work-scheme for nanotoxicity evaluation of NMs, comprising thorough characterization of structural, physical, physicochemical, and chemical traits, followed by measuring biodistribution in live tissue and blood combined with investigation of organ-specific effects especially regarding the function of the brain and the liver. We propose a range of biochemical, cellular, and immunological processes to be explored in order to provide information on the early effects of NMs on some basic physiological functions and chemical defense mechanisms. Together, these contributions give an overview with important implications for the understanding of many aspects of nanotoxicity.
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The role of autophagy in the neurotoxicity of cationic PAMAM dendrimers. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7588-97. [PMID: 24906346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, are among the most common classes of dendrimers that are intended for a wide range of biomedical applications and extensively investigated for brain-specific drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. Unfortunately, neurotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers, the underlying mechanism of which is poorly-elucidated, poses a far-reaching challenge to their practical applications. In this study, we reported that PAMAM dendrimers induced both cytotoxicity and autophagic flux in a panel of human glioma cell lines. Meanwhile, inhibition of autophagy significantly reversed cell death caused by PAMAM dendrimers, indicating the cytotoxic role of autophagy in neurotoxicity caused by PAMAM dendrimers. Akt/mTOR pathway was most likely to participate in initiation of PAMAM dendrimers-induced autophagy. Moreover, autophagy induced by PAMAM dendrimers might be partially mediated by intracellular ROS generation. Collectively, these data elucidated the critical role of autophagy in neurotoxicity associated with exposure to cationic PAMAM dendrimers in vitro, raising concerns about possible neurotoxic reaction caused by future clinical applications of PAMAM dendrimers and providing potential strategies to ameliorate toxic effects of PAMAM dendrimers.
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The Janus face of PAMAM dendrimers used to potentially cure nonenzymatic modifications of biomacromolecules in metabolic disorders-a critical review of the pros and cons. Molecules 2013; 18:13769-811. [PMID: 24213655 PMCID: PMC6269987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, which is characterised by high blood glucose levels and the burden of various macrovascular and microvascular complications, is a cause of much human suffering across the globe. While the use of exogenous insulin and other medications can control and sometimes prevent various diabetes-associated sequelae, numerous diabetic complications are still commonly encountered in diabetic patients. Therefore, there is a strong need for safe and effective antihyperglycaemic agents that provide an alternative or compounding option for the treatment of diabetes. In recent years, amino-terminated poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) dendrimers (G2, G3 and G4) have attracted attention due to their protective value as anti-glycation and anti-carbonylation agents that can be used to limit the nonenzymatic modifications of biomacromolecules. The focus of this review is to present a detailed survey of our own data, as well as of the available literature regarding the toxicity, pharmacological properties and overall usefulness of PAMAM dendrimers. This presentation pays particular and primary attention to their therapeutic use in poorly controlled diabetes and its complications, but also in other conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, in which such nonenzymatic modifications may underlie the pathophysiological mechanisms. The impact of dendrimer administration on the overall survival of diabetic animals and on glycosylation, glycoxidation, the brain-blood barrier and cellular bioenergetics are demonstrated. Finally, we critically discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages accompanying the use of PAMAM dendrimers in the treatment of metabolic impairments that occur under conditions of chronic hyperglycaemia.
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Sodium selective ion channel formation in living cell membranes by polyamidoamine dendrimer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1873-80. [PMID: 23597947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are highly charged hyperbranched protein-like polymers that are known to interact with cell membranes. In order to disclose the mechanisms of dendrimer-membrane interaction, we monitored the effect of PAMAM generation five (G5) dendrimer on the membrane permeability of living neuronal cells followed by exploring the underlying structural changes with infrared-visible sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SVFS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). G5 dendrimers were demonstrated to irreversibly increase the membrane permeability of neurons that could be blocked in low-[Na(+)], but not in low-[Ca(2+)] media suggesting the formation of specific Na(+) permeable channels. SFVS measurements on silica supported DPPG-DPPC bilayers suggested G5-specific trans-polarization of the membrane. SAXS data and freeze-fracture TEM imaging of self-organized DPPC vesicle systems demonstrated disruption of DPPC vesicle layers by G5 through polar interactions between G5 terminal amino groups and the anionic head groups of DPPC. We propose a nanoscale mechanism by which G5 incorporates into the membrane through multiple polar interactions that disrupt proximate membrane bilayer and shape a unique hydrophilic Na(+) ion permeable channel around the dendrimer. In addition, we tested whether these artificial Na(+) channels can be exploited as antibiotic tools. We showed that G5 quickly arrest the growth of resistant bacterial strains below 10μg/ml concentration, while they show no detrimental effect on red blood cell viability, offering the chance for the development of new generation anti-resistant antibiotics.
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Polyamidoamine dendrimer impairs mitochondrial oxidation in brain tissue. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:9. [PMID: 23556550 PMCID: PMC3630003 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential nanocarrier polyamidoamine (PAMAM) generation 5 (G5-NH2) dendrimer has been shown to evoke lasting neuronal depolarization and cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study we explored the early progression of G5-NH2 action in brain tissue on neuronal and astroglial cells. Results In order to describe early mechanisms of G5-NH2 dendrimer action in brain tissue we assessed G5-NH2 trafficking, free intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΨMITO) changes in the rat hippocampal slice by microfluorimetry. With the help of fluorescent dye conjugated G5-NH2, we observed predominant appearance of the dendrimer in the plasma membrane of pyramidal neurons and glial cells within 30 min. Under this condition, G5-NH2 evoked robust intracellular Ca2+ enhancements and ΨMITO depolarization both in pyramidal neurons and astroglial cells. Intracellular Ca2+ enhancements clearly preceded ΨMITO depolarization in astroglial cells. Comparing activation dynamics, neurons and glia showed prevalence of lasting and transient ΨMITO depolarization, respectively. Transient as opposed to lasting ΨMITO changes to short-term G5-NH2 application suggested better survival of astroglia, as observed in the CA3 stratum radiatum area. We also showed that direct effect of G5-NH2 on astroglial ΨMITO was significantly enhanced by neuron-astroglia interaction, subsequent to G5-NH2 evoked neuronal activation. Conclusion These findings indicate that the interaction of the PAMAM dendrimer with the plasma membrane leads to robust activation of neurons and astroglial cells, leading to mitochondrial depolarization. Distinguishable dynamics of mitochondrial depolarization in neurons and astroglia suggest that the enhanced mitochondrial depolarization followed by impaired oxidative metabolism of neurons may be the primary basis of neurotoxicity.
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Abstract
Nanomedicine treatment postnatally in an inflammatory model of cerebral palsy ameliorates motor deficits (Kannan et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University Health System and University of Chicago, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Feliu N, Walter MV, Montañez MI, Kunzmann A, Hult A, Nyström A, Malkoch M, Fadeel B. Stability and biocompatibility of a library of polyester dendrimers in comparison to polyamidoamine dendrimers. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1970-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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