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C SK, Khanal S, Joshi TP, Khadka D, Tuladhar R, Joshi DR. Antibiotic resistance determinants among carbapenemase producing bacteria isolated from wastewaters of Kathmandu, Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123155. [PMID: 38114055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of carbapenem resistant bacteria (CRB) possesses a remarkable threat to the health of humans. CRB and carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) have frequently been reported in clinical isolates from hospitals, however, their occurrence and distribution in wastewaters from various sources and river water have not been emphasized in Nepal. So, this study aimed to detect carbapenem resistant bacterial isolates and their resistance determinants in river water and different types of wastewaters. River water and both untreated and treated wastewater samples from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, and municipal sewage were collected in summer and winter seasons. From 68 grab wastewater samples, CRB were detected only in 16 samples, which included eight hospital wastewater, and four each from untreated municipal sewage and river water. A total of 25 CRB isolates were detected with dominance of E. coli (44.0%) and K. pneumoniae (24.0%). The majority of the isolates harbored blaNDM-1 (76.0%), followed by blaOXA (36.0%) and blaKPC (20.0%) genes. Hospital wastewater majorly contributed to the presence of blaNDM-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA along with intI1 genes compared to river water and untreated municipal sewage, especially during the winter season. However, CRB were not detected in treated effluents of hospitals and municipal sewage, and both influents and effluents from pharmaceutical industries. The combined presence of each blaNDM-1 & blaOXA and blaKPC & blaOXA occurred in 16.0% of the bacterial isolates. The increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of meropenem was significantly associated with the presence of CRGs. The results of this study highlight the significance of carbapenem resistance in bacteria isolated from wastewater and river water, and underscore the necessity for efficient monitoring and control strategies to prevent the dispersion of carbapenem resistance in the environment and its potential consequences on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep K C
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal; Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal; Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Microbiology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tista Prasai Joshi
- Environment Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Deegendra Khadka
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Reshma Tuladhar
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Dev Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
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Young CCW, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Sharma AN, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Antibiotic resistance genes of public health importance in livestock and humans in an informal urban community in Nepal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13808. [PMID: 35970981 PMCID: PMC9378709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will benefit from a One Health perspective, as over half of animal antimicrobials are also considered medically important in humans, and AMR can be maintained in the environment. This is especially pertinent to low- and middle-income countries and in community settings, where an estimated 80% of all antibiotics are used. This study features AMR genes found among humans, animals, and water at an urban informal settlement in Nepal with intensifying livestock production. We sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water clustered by household, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings, concurrently in time in July 2017 in southeastern Kathmandu along the Manohara river. Real-time qualitative PCR was performed to screen for 88 genes. Our results characterize the animal-human-environmental interfaces related to the occurrence of specific resistance genes (blaSHV-1 (SHV(238G240E) strain), QnrS, ermC, tetA, tetB, aacC2, aadA1) associated with antibiotics of global health importance that comprise several drug classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. By characterizing risk factors across AMR genes of public health importance, this research highlights potential transmission pathways for further investigation and provides prioritization of community-based prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics used in both humans and animals in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristin C W Young
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal.
| | | | - Ajay N Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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M D, Vijaya Kumar D, Ballamoole KK, Shetty A V, Chakraborty A, Karunasagar I. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance among Gram negative bacteria isolated from effluents of fish processing plants in and around Mangalore. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:653-660. [PMID: 31112036 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1618799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in seafood not only poses a serious health risk for the consumers but also contributes to the spread of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the natural environments through the effluents discharged from the fish processing plants. The aims of this study were to isolate Gram-negative bacteria from the effluents of fish processing plants in and around Mangalore, India and to profile their antibiotic resistance pattern. Maximum resistance was seen for ampicillin (40.78%) followed by tetracycline (40.22%) and nitrofurantoin (29.05%). Further, the detection of genes that contribute to antibiotic resistance revealed the presence of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) and extended spectrum β-lactamase genes (bla CTX-M, bla TEM) in a few isolates. The presence of such bacteria in fish processing effluents is a matter of great concern because they can contribute significantly to the antibiotic resistance in the natural environment. It is imperative that seafood processing plants follow the safe disposal of effluents in order to reduce or eliminate the antibiotic resistance menace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyashree M
- UNESCO MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be Universuty) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Deekshit Vijaya Kumar
- UNESCO MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be Universuty) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Ballamoole
- UNESCO MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be Universuty) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Veena Shetty A
- Department of Microbiology, K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- UNESCO MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be Universuty) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- UNESCO MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be Universuty) , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in hospital and community sewage in Saudi Arabia. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:1139-41. [PMID: 26190382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sewage samples were collected from hospital and community sewage tanks, and bacterial strains and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were analyzed using the VITEK 2 microbial identification system p(bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Three of the 12 isolates (25%) from the hospital sewage and 1 of the 13 isolates (7.69%) from the community sewage was extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria.
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