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Karmacharya D, Herrero-García G, Luitel B, Rajbhandari R, Balseiro A. Shared infections at the wildlife-livestock interface and their impact on public health, economy, and biodiversity. Anim Front 2024; 14:20-29. [PMID: 38369992 PMCID: PMC10873012 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dibesh Karmacharya
- One Health Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal
- One Health Division, BIOVAC Nepal, 45210 Nala, Nepal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gloria Herrero-García
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Bibhu Luitel
- One Health Division, BIOVAC Nepal, 45210 Nala, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Rajbhandari
- One Health Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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2
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Mazuecos L, Contreras M, Kasaija PD, Manandhar P, Grąźlewska W, Guisantes-Batan E, Gomez-Alonso S, Deulofeu K, Fernandez-Moratalla I, Rajbhandari RM, Sojka D, Grubhoffer L, Karmacharya D, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Natural Clerodendrum-derived tick repellent: learning from Nepali culture. Exp Appl Acarol 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00804-4. [PMID: 37285111 PMCID: PMC10293375 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks attaching to ear canals of humans and animals are the cause of otoacariasis, common in rural areas of Nepal. The plant Clerodendrum viscosum is used in multiple indigenous systems of medicine by ethnic communities in the Indo-Nepali-Malaysian region. Visiting the Chitwan National Park, we learned that in indigenous medicine, flower extract of C. viscosum is utilized to treat digestive disorders and extracts from leaves as tick repellent to prevent ticks from invading or to remove them from the ear canal. The objective of our study was to provide support to indigenous medicine by characterizing the in vivo effect of leave extracts on ticks under laboratory conditions and its phytochemical composition. We collected plant parts of C. viscosum (leaves and flowers) and mango (Mangifera indica) leaves at the Chitwan National Park, previously associated with repellent activity to characterize their effect on Ixodes ricinus ticks by in vivo bioassays. A Q-ToF high-resolution analysis (HPLC-ESI-QToF) was conducted to elucidate phenolic compounds with potential repellent activity. Clerodendrum viscosum and M. indica leaf extracts had the highest tick repellent efficacy (%E = 80-100%) with significant differences when compared to C. viscosum flowers extracts (%E = 20-60%) and phosphate-buffered saline. Phytochemicals with tick repellent function as caffeic acid, fumaric acid and p-coumaric acid glucoside were identified in C. viscosum leaf extracts by HPLC-ESI-QToF, but not in non-repellent flower extracts. These results support the Nepali indigenous medicine application of C. viscosum leaf extracts to repel ticks. Additional research is needed for the development of natural and green repellent formulations to reduce the risks associated with ticks resistant to acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mazuecos
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Marinela Contreras
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - Paul D Kasaija
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), Wakiso District, P.O. Box 5704, Wakiso, Uganda
| | - Prajwol Manandhar
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Weronika Grąźlewska
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Eduardo Guisantes-Batan
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - Sergio Gomez-Alonso
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Christian Gortazar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Manandhar P, Napit R, Pradhan SM, Rajbhandari PG, Moravek JA, Joshi PR, Shrestha RD, Karmacharya D. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley. Virol J 2023; 20:117. [PMID: 37280624 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious, often fatal disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. The virus has caused mass epidemics in both wild and captive carnivores of high conservation value such as tigers, lions and leopards. Hence, understanding and managing CDV outbreaks is particularly important in Nepal, which is home to many species of threatened wild carnivores including tigers, leopards, snow leopards, dholes and wolves, and also contains a large population of stray dogs. Previous studies have suggested that CDV may pose a threat to wild carnivores, but there have not been any studies characterizing the genetic strains of the virus circulating in Nepal's carnivores. We collected invasive and non-invasive biological samples from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley and genetically characterized the strains of CDV in the dogs to belong to the Asia-5 lineage by using phylogenetic analysis. The same lineage also contained CDV strains sequenced from dogs, civets, red panda and lions in India. Based on our phylogenetic analysis, we think it is likely that CDV is maintained through sylvatic cycle among sympatric carnivores allowing the recurring spillovers and outbreaks. It is crucial to prevent the virus transmission from reservoir hosts to other species, especially threatened populations of large carnivores in Nepal. Hence, we recommend for regular surveillance of CDV targeting wild carnivores in addition to the domestic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajindra Napit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Saman M Pradhan
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Jessie A Moravek
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pranav R Joshi
- Vet for Your Pet Animal Hospital, Gapali, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Rima D Shrestha
- Kathmandu Animal Hospital and Research Centre, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal.
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Rajbhandari RM, Napit R, Manandhar P, Raut R, Gurung A, Poudel A, Shrestha N, Sadaula A, Karmacharya D, Gortázar C, Alves PC, de la Fuente J, Queirós J. Phylogenomic analysis supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission between humans and elephants. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1133823. [PMID: 37303725 PMCID: PMC10250650 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of acid-fast bacilli known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), which has a major impact on humans. Transmission of MTC across the human-animal interface has been demonstrated by several studies. However, the reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to animals (zooanthroponosis) has often been neglected. Methods In this study, we used Nanopore MinION and Illumina MiSeq approaches to sequence the whole genome of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from two deceased Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and one human in Chitwan, Nepal. The evolutionary relationships and drug resistance capacity of these strains were assessed using the whole genome data generated by the stand-alone tool Tb-Profiler. Phylogenomic trees were also constructed using a non-synonymous SNP alignment of 2,596 bp, including 94 whole genome sequences representative of the previously described M. tuberculosis lineages from elephants worldwide (lineages 1 and 4) and from humans in Nepal (lineages 1, 2 and 3). Results and Discussion The new genomes achieved an average coverage of 99.6%, with an average depth of 55.67x. These M. tuberculosis strains belong to lineage 1 (elephant DG), lineage 2 (elephant PK) and lineage 4 (human), and none of them were found to have drug-resistant variants. The elephant-derived isolates were evolutionarily closely related to human-derived isolates previously described in Nepal, both in lineages 1 and 2, providing additional support for zooanthroponosis or bidirectional transmission between humans and elephants. The human-derived isolate clustered together with other published human isolates from Argentina, Russia and the United Kingdom in the lineage 4 clade. This complex multi-pathogen, multi-host system is challenging and highlights the need for a One Health approach to tuberculosis prevention and control at human-animal interface, particularly in regions where human tuberculosis is highly endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Man Rajbhandari
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Roji Raut
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ajit Poudel
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- EBM, Estação Biológica de Mértola, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - João Queirós
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- EBM, Estação Biológica de Mértola, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
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Napit R, Manandhar P, Poudel A, Rajbhandari PG, Watson S, Shakya S, Pradhan SM, Sharma AN, Chaudhary A, Johnson CK, Mazet JK, Karmacharya D. Novel strains of Campylobacter cause diarrheal outbreak in Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of Kathmandu Valley. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270778. [PMID: 36857401 PMCID: PMC9977009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is often underreported and underrated bacteria that present real health risks to both humans and animals, including non-human primates. It is a commensal microorganism of gastrointestinal tract known to cause gastroenteritis in humans. Commonly found in many wild animals including non-human primates (monkeys- Rhesus macaques) these pathogens are known to be a common cause of diarrhea in humans in many parts of developing and under developed countries. Rhesus macaques from the two holy sites in Kathmandu (Pashupati and Swoyambhu) were included in this cross-sectional study. Diarrheal samples of monkeys were analyzed to detect and characterize the pathogen using 16S rRNA-based PCR screening, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Out of a total 67 collected diarrheal samples, Campylobacter spp. were detected in the majority of the samples (n = 64; 96%). DNA sequences of the amplified PCR products were successfully obtained from 13 samples. Phylogenetic analysis identified Candidatus Campylobacter infans (n = 10, Kimura-2 parameter (K2P) pairwise distance values of 0.002287). Remaining three sequences might potentially belong to a novel Campylobacter species/sub-species- closely relating to known species of C. helviticus (K2P pairwise distance of 0.0267). Both Candidatus Campylobacter infans and C. helvitucus are known to infect humans and animals. Additionally, we also detected the bacteria in water and soil samples from the sites. Campylobacter spp. caused the 2018 diarrhea outbreak in Rhesus macaques in the Kathmandu valley. Campylobacter might be one of the important contributing pathogens in diarrheal outbreaks-both in humans and animals (monkeys) in Nepal. Due to close interactions of these animals with humans and other animals, One Health approach might be the most effective way to prevent and mitigate the threat posed by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajindra Napit
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Prajwol Manandhar
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Ajit Poudel
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | | | - Sarah Watson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sapana Shakya
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saman M. Pradhan
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Ajay N. Sharma
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ashok Chaudhary
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonna K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- One Health Research Division, Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Research Division, BIOVAC Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nala, Banepa, Nepal
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Gupta M, Raut R, Manandhar S, Chaudhary A, Shrestha U, Dangol S, G. C. S, Budha KR, Karki G, Díaz-Sánchez S, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J, Rajbhandari P, Manandhar P, Napit R, Karmacharya D. Identification and characterization of probiotics isolated from indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) of Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280412. [PMID: 36656809 PMCID: PMC9851537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive and irrational use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry has been one of key factors contributing to increased emergence of antibiotics resistant bacteria. Several alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters are being sought, and the search for effective probiotics to be used as feed additives is amongst the promising ones. Our study aimed to isolate and test potential probiotics bacteria from cloacal swabs of various indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) breeds from rural outskirts of the Kathmandu valley (Nepal). METHODS Selective isolation of probiotics was conducted by micro-aerophilic enrichment of sample in MRS Broth at 37°C, followed by culturing on MRS agar supplemented with 5 g/L of CaCO3. Isolated bacterial colonies producing transparent halo were selected as potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and tested for their antibacterial activity, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, acidic yield, and tolerance to acid and bile. RESULTS A total of 90 potential LAB were isolated from cloacal samples collected from 41 free-ranging chickens of indigenous breeds. Of these, 52 LAB isolates (57%) showed variable antibacterial activity to at least one bacterial pathogen. Of 52 LAB, 46 isolates fulfilled phenotypic and biochemical criteria of Lactobacillus spp. Of these, 37 isolates produced varying percentage yields of lactic acid, 27 isolates showed survival at pH 3.0, and 17 isolates showed survival tolerances in the presence of 0.3% and 0.5% bile salts for 24 hours. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing of LAB isolates fulfilling in vitro probiotics properties showed that 3 isolates had genetic identity of 99.38% with Lactobacillus plantarum, while one isolate was genetically similar (99.85%) with the clade of L. reuteri, L. antri and L. panis. CONCLUSION Our study identified four Lactobacillus spp. strains having potential probiotics properties. Further investigations are needed to evaluate these isolates to be used as poultry probiotics feed supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gupta
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Roji Raut
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ashok Chaudhary
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ujwal Shrestha
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sudarshan G. C.
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Rue Charles V, Paris, France
| | | | - Gaurab Karki
- Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Science, Lalitpur, Nepal
- University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- The Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | | | - Rajindra Napit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Nepal
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Pandit PS, Anthony SJ, Goldstein T, Olival KJ, Doyle MM, Gardner NR, Bird B, Smith W, Wolking D, Gilardi K, Monagin C, Kelly T, Uhart MM, Epstein JH, Machalaba C, Rostal MK, Dawson P, Hagan E, Sullivan A, Li H, Chmura AA, Latinne A, Lange C, O’Rourke T, Olson S, Keatts L, Mendoza AP, Perez A, de Paula CD, Zimmerman D, Valitutto M, LeBreton M, McIver D, Islam A, Duong V, Mouiche M, Shi Z, Mulembakani P, Kumakamba C, Ali M, Kebede N, Tamoufe U, Bel-Nono S, Camara A, Pamungkas J, Coulibaly KJ, Abu-Basha E, Kamau J, Silithammavong S, Desmond J, Hughes T, Shiilegdamba E, Aung O, Karmacharya D, Nziza J, Ndiaye D, Gbakima A, sajali Z, Wacharapluesadee S, Robles EA, Ssebide B, Suzán G, Aguirre LF, Solorio MR, Dhole TN, Nga NTT, Hitchens PL, Joly DO, Saylors K, Fine A, Murray S, Karesh WB, Daszak P, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Author Correction: Predicting the potential for zoonotic transmission and host associations for novel viruses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:25. [PMID: 36627372 PMCID: PMC9832161 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav S. Pandit
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Megan M. Doyle
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole R. Gardner
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian Bird
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David Wolking
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marcela M. Uhart
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jonathan H. Epstein
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Catherine Machalaba
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Melinda K. Rostal
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Emily Hagan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Ava Sullivan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Hongying Li
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Aleksei A. Chmura
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Alice Latinne
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Christian Lange
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Tammie O’Rourke
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Sarah Olson
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Lucy Keatts
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. Patricia Mendoza
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA ,grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Perez
- grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Cátia Dejuste de Paula
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Marc Valitutto
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | | | | | - Ariful Islam
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Veasna Duong
- grid.418537.c0000 0004 7535 978XInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201 Cambodia
| | - Moctar Mouiche
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zhengli Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Mohamed Ali
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Egypt National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza Egypt
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ubald Tamoufe
- grid.452492.cMetabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939 Cameroon
| | | | - Alpha Camara
- Centre de Recherche en Virologie (VRV) Projet Fievres Hemoraquiques en Guinée, BP 5680 Nongo/Contéya-Commune de Ratoma, Guinea
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16151 Indonesia ,grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Kalpy J. Coulibaly
- grid.418523.90000 0004 0475 3667Department Environment and Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, PO BOX 490, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast
| | - Ehab Abu-Basha
- grid.37553.370000 0001 0097 5797Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Joseph Kamau
- grid.418948.80000 0004 0566 5415Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Desmond
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Tom Hughes
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA ,Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Ohnmar Aung
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- grid.428196.0Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Julius Nziza
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aiah Gbakima
- Metabiota, Inc. Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zikankuba sajali
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erika Alandia Robles
- grid.516956.8Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bolivia Program, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510 Mexico
| | - Luis F. Aguirre
- grid.10491.3d0000 0001 2176 4059Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Monica R. Solorio
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Instituto de Medicina Veterinária (IMV) Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), BR-316 Km 31, Castanhal, Pará 69746-360 Brazil
| | - Tapan N. Dhole
- grid.263138.d0000 0000 9346 7267Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Nguyen T. T. Nga
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Vietnam Program, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peta L. Hitchens
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Nyati Health Consulting, 2175 Dodds Road, Nanaimo, BC V9X0A4 Canada
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Amanda Fine
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - William B. Karesh
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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8
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Villar M, Rajbhandari RM, Artigas-Jerónimo S, Contreras M, Sadaula A, Karmacharya D, Alves PC, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Differentially Represented Proteins in Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Quantitative Serum Proteomics in Asian Elephants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091010. [PMID: 36145440 PMCID: PMC9505326 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global concern. Tuberculosis in wildlife is a risk for zoonotic transmission and becoming one of the challenges for conservation globally. In elephants, the number of cases is likely rising. The aim of this study was to identify proteins related to tuberculosis infection in elephants, which could then be used for the development of diagnostic tools and/or vaccines. A serum proteomics approach was used to characterize differentially represented proteins in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants (Elaphas maximus). Blood samples were collected from eight elephants, four of which were antibody positive for tuberculosis and four were antibody negative. Proteomics analysis identified 26 significantly dysregulated proteins in response to tuberculosis. Of these, 10 (38%) were identified as immunoglobulin and 16 (62%) as non-immunoglobulin proteins. The results provided new information on the antibody response to mycobacterial infection and biomarkers associated with tuberculosis and protective response to mycobacteria in Asian elephants. Protective mechanisms included defense against infection (Alpha-1-B glycoprotein A1BG, Serpin family A member 1 SERPINA1, Transthyretin TTR), neuroprotection (TTR), and reduced risks of inflammation, infections, and cancer (SERPINA1, Keratin 10 KRT10). Using a translational biotechnology approach, the results provided information for the identification of candidate diagnostic, prognostic, and protective antigens for monitoring and control of tuberculosis in Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rajesh Man Rajbhandari
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Sauraha, Chitwan 44204, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Estação Biológica de Mértola EBM, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, 7750-329 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
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9
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Young CCW, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Sharma AN, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Antibiotic resistance genes of public health importance in livestock and humans in an informal urban community in Nepal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13808. [PMID: 35970981 PMCID: PMC9378709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will benefit from a One Health perspective, as over half of animal antimicrobials are also considered medically important in humans, and AMR can be maintained in the environment. This is especially pertinent to low- and middle-income countries and in community settings, where an estimated 80% of all antibiotics are used. This study features AMR genes found among humans, animals, and water at an urban informal settlement in Nepal with intensifying livestock production. We sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water clustered by household, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings, concurrently in time in July 2017 in southeastern Kathmandu along the Manohara river. Real-time qualitative PCR was performed to screen for 88 genes. Our results characterize the animal-human-environmental interfaces related to the occurrence of specific resistance genes (blaSHV-1 (SHV(238G240E) strain), QnrS, ermC, tetA, tetB, aacC2, aadA1) associated with antibiotics of global health importance that comprise several drug classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. By characterizing risk factors across AMR genes of public health importance, this research highlights potential transmission pathways for further investigation and provides prioritization of community-based prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics used in both humans and animals in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristin C W Young
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal.
| | | | - Ajay N Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Rajbhandari RM, de la Fuente J, Karmacharya D, Mathema S, Maharjan B, Dixit SM, Shrestha N, Queirós J, Gortázar C, Alves PC. Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in elephants through a One Health approach: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:262. [PMID: 35794608 PMCID: PMC9258206 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that causes the chronic infectious disease- tuberculosis (TB), often presents with a complicated epidemiological pattern where the transmission chain may include humans, domestic animals and wildlife, including elephants. TB has been reported globally in both captive and wild elephants. The One Health approach might be the most effective way of understanding the shared MTC infection dynamics in captive and wild animals like Asian elephants. This systematic review accumulates evidence on occurrence, transmission pathways, and preventive measures of TB in elephants from a One Health perspective. Results The prevalence of TB reported in elephant populations ranges from 0 to 23.33% and high prevalence’s are reported for elephants that are in close proximity to infected humans. The risk of elephant to human infection transmission increased significantly with exposure duration and contact with infected elephants. Some studies described the plausible TB transmission to captive elephants from other animals (wild and domestic), suggesting inter- and intra-species transmission. The results of this systematic review based on 27 relevant published works, suggest three overarching interrelated transmission pathways for M. tuberculosis infections in Asian elephants- i) humans and elephants, ii) other animals (wild or domestic) and elephants and iii) unclear sources of infection. Conclusions The progress made with new TB diagnostic tools provides multiple methods to choose from. However, lack of harmonization of TB testing in elephants and their human contacts remains a challenge to prevent TB in those animals. Routine TB screening among elephants and caretakers by setting up an occupational health program for early diagnosis of infection through combined efforts of public health, veterinary medicine, and occupational health experts is suggested. This implies the need for a One Health approach to elephant TB control. This review reveals the need for more research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex transmission pathways at the human-animal interface.
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11
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Lawler OK, Allan HL, Baxter PWJ, Castagnino R, Tor MC, Dann LE, Hungerford J, Karmacharya D, Lloyd TJ, López-Jara MJ, Massie GN, Novera J, Rogers AM, Kark S. The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e840-e850. [PMID: 34774124 PMCID: PMC8580505 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by zoonotic SARS-CoV-2, has important links to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. These links range from anthropogenic activities driving zoonotic disease emergence and extend to the pandemic affecting biodiversity conservation, environmental policy, ecosystem services, and multiple conservation facets. Crucially, such effects can exacerbate the initial drivers, resulting in feedback loops that are likely to promote future zoonotic disease outbreaks. We explore these feedback loops and relationships, highlighting known and potential zoonotic disease emergence drivers (eg, land-use change, intensive livestock production, wildlife trade, and climate change), and discuss direct and indirect effects of the ongoing pandemic on biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. We stress that responses to COVID-19 must include actions aimed at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystems, in order to avoid future emergence of zoonoses and prevent their wide-ranging effects on human health, economies, and society. Such responses would benefit from adopting a One Health approach, enhancing cross-sector, transboundary communication, as well as from collaboration among multiple actors, promoting planetary and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette K Lawler
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah L Allan
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W J Baxter
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Romi Castagnino
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina Corella Tor
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Leah E Dann
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Hungerford
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Thomas J Lloyd
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - María José López-Jara
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gloeta N Massie
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Junior Novera
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Tome J, Richmond HL, Rahman M, Karmacharya D, Schwind JS. Climate change and health vulnerability in Nepal: A systematic review of the literature since 2010. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1406-1419. [PMID: 34061709 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1924824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Nepali population is among those most vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change. We conducted a systematic literature review to document the health effects of climate change in Nepal and identify knowledge gaps by examining vulnerability categories related to health. Three databases were searched for journal articles that addressed health and vulnerability related to climate change in Nepal from 2010 onwards. Of the 1063 articles identified, 37 were eligible for inclusion. The findings suggested the health of the population was affected mostly by food insecurity, floods, droughts, and reduced water levels. Studies revealed both morbidity and mortality increased due to climate change, with the most impacted populations being women, children, and the elderly. At greatest risk for impacts from climate change were those from poor and marginal populations, especially impoverished women. The public health sector, healthcare, and potable water sources were some of the least mentioned vulnerability subcategories, indicating more research is needed to better understand their adaptation capacities. We propose that identifying vulnerabilities and areas of limited research are critical steps in the prioritization of health policy and interventions for the most vulnerable populations in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tome
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Holly L Richmond
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Munshi Rahman
- Department of Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
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13
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Schwind JS, Norman SA, Rahman MK, Richmond HL, Dixit SM, Rajbhandari RM, Wagner SK, Karmacharya D. Health Reporting Characteristics among Journalists in Nepal Utilizing a One Health Framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18052784. [PMID: 33803397 PMCID: PMC7967283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Journalists play a crucial role in the dissemination of health-related information. In developing countries, such as Nepal, the media are integral in shaping the national agenda and informing the public of important health issues. With an increasing need for a collaborative effort to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment, the One Health approach was used to characterize health reporting in Nepal. A comprehensive survey was administered to health journalists regarding their public, animal, and environmental health reporting habits. Seventy-one journalists completed the survey across three study sites. Many journalists indicated a history of reporting across all three sectors but did not routinely focus on health reporting in general. The majority of journalists perceived the quality and overall coverage of health-related topics increased over the last five years. However, few journalists reported receiving specialized training in any health sector. Although the overall quality of health reporting in the Nepali media showed improvements, many journalists acknowledged a lack of understanding of common health topics and a desire to learn more skills related to accurate health reporting. One Health provides a conceptual framework for understanding and promoting health communication through mass media to benefit humans, animals, and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA; (H.L.R.); (S.K.W.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephanie A. Norman
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Marine-Med, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Munshi Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Geology and Geography, College of Science and Mathematics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA;
| | - Holly L. Richmond
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA; (H.L.R.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Sameer M. Dixit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics-Nepal, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (S.M.D.); (R.M.R.); (D.K.)
| | - Rajesh M. Rajbhandari
- Center for Molecular Dynamics-Nepal, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (S.M.D.); (R.M.R.); (D.K.)
| | - Sarah K. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA; (H.L.R.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics-Nepal, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (S.M.D.); (R.M.R.); (D.K.)
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14
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Wolking D, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Shrestha R, Pandit P, Sharma A, Manandhar S, Shrestha B, Bajracharya S, Bhatta T, Dulal S, Rajbhandari R, Smith B, Mazet J, Goldstein T, Johnson C. Vulnerabilities for Exposure to Emerging Infectious Disease at Urban Settlements in Nepal. Ecohealth 2020; 17:345-358. [PMID: 33206274 PMCID: PMC7672689 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Nepal, rapid urbanization and rural-to-urban migration especially due to internal civil conflict have catalyzed the development of temporary settlements, often along rivers on undeveloped land. This study conducted surveillance for viruses in small mammals and assessed potential risks for virus transmission to people in urban settlements along rivers in Kathmandu, Nepal. We collected samples from 411 small mammals (100 rodents and 311 shrews) at four riverside settlement sites and detected six viruses from four virus families including Thottapalayam virus; a strain of murine coronavirus; two new paramyxoviruses; and two new rhabdoviruses. Additionally, we conducted surveys of 264 residents to characterize animal-human contact. Forty-eight percent of individuals reported contact with wildlife, primarily with rodents and shrews (91%). Our findings confirm that rodents and shrews should be considered a health threat for residents of temporary settlements, and that assessment of disease transmission risk coupled with targeted surveillance for emerging pathogens could lead to improved disease control and health security for urban populations. Additionally, interventions focused on disease prevention should consider the unique urban ecology and social dynamics in temporary settlements, along with the importance of community engagement for identifying solutions that address specific multi-dimensional challenges that life on the urban river margins presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Manisha Bista
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rima Shrestha
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Pranav Pandit
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sulochana Manandhar
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishwo Shrestha
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Tarka Bhatta
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dulal
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Rajbhandari
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jonna Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
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15
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Fitak RR, Antonides JD, Baitchman EJ, Bonaccorso E, Braun J, Kubiski S, Chiu E, Fagre AC, Gagne RB, Lee JS, Malmberg JL, Stenglein MD, Dusek RJ, Forgacs D, Fountain-Jones NM, Gilbertson MLJ, Worsley-Tonks KEL, Funk WC, Trumbo DR, Ghersi BM, Grimaldi W, Heisel SE, Jardine CM, Kamath PL, Karmacharya D, Kozakiewicz CP, Kraberger S, Loisel DA, McDonald C, Miller S, O'Rourke D, Ott-Conn CN, Páez-Vacas M, Peel AJ, Turner WC, VanAcker MC, VandeWoude S, Pecon-Slattery J. The Expectations and Challenges of Wildlife Disease Research in the Era of Genomics: Forecasting with a Horizon Scan-like Exercise. J Hered 2020; 110:261-274. [PMID: 31067326 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak and transmission of disease-causing pathogens are contributing to the unprecedented rate of biodiversity decline. Recent advances in genomics have coalesced into powerful tools to monitor, detect, and reconstruct the role of pathogens impacting wildlife populations. Wildlife researchers are thus uniquely positioned to merge ecological and evolutionary studies with genomic technologies to exploit unprecedented "Big Data" tools in disease research; however, many researchers lack the training and expertise required to use these computationally intensive methodologies. To address this disparity, the inaugural "Genomics of Disease in Wildlife" workshop assembled early to mid-career professionals with expertise across scientific disciplines (e.g., genomics, wildlife biology, veterinary sciences, and conservation management) for training in the application of genomic tools to wildlife disease research. A horizon scanning-like exercise, an activity to identify forthcoming trends and challenges, performed by the workshop participants identified and discussed 5 themes considered to be the most pressing to the application of genomics in wildlife disease research: 1) "Improving communication," 2) "Methodological and analytical advancements," 3) "Translation into practice," 4) "Integrating landscape ecology and genomics," and 5) "Emerging new questions." Wide-ranging solutions from the horizon scan were international in scope, itemized both deficiencies and strengths in wildlife genomic initiatives, promoted the use of genomic technologies to unite wildlife and human disease research, and advocated best practices for optimal use of genomic tools in wildlife disease projects. The results offer a glimpse of the potential revolution in human and wildlife disease research possible through multi-disciplinary collaborations at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer D Antonides
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Eric J Baitchman
- The Zoo New England Division of Animal Health and Conservation, Boston, MA
| | - Elisa Bonaccorso
- The Instituto BIOSFERA and Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, vía Interoceánica y Diego de Robles, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Josephine Braun
- The Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA
| | - Steven Kubiski
- The Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA
| | - Elliott Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Robert J Dusek
- The U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
| | - David Forgacs
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Marie L J Gilbertson
- The Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | | | - W Chris Funk
- The Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Daryl R Trumbo
- The Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | | | - Sara E Heisel
- The Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Claire M Jardine
- The Department of Pathobiology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline L Kamath
- The School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME
| | | | | | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Dagan A Loisel
- The Department of Biology, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT
| | - Cait McDonald
- The Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonald)
| | - Steven Miller
- The Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Caitlin N Ott-Conn
- The Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Lansing, MI
| | - Mónica Páez-Vacas
- The Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alison J Peel
- The Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy C Turner
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
| | - Meredith C VanAcker
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- The College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jill Pecon-Slattery
- The Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute-National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA
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16
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Schwind JS, Norman SA, Brown R, Frances RH, Koss E, Karmacharya D, Santangelo SL. Association Between Earthquake Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes in Phulpingdanda Village After the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:1103-1113. [PMID: 31102165 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, two strong earthquakes, as well as continuous, high magnitude aftershocks, struck Nepal. Phulpingdanda village was greatly impacted due to its lack of infrastructure and environmental remoteness. Adults from sampled households were surveyed 1-year later to examine the association between earthquake exposures and indicators of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and resilience. Results showed 33% of surveyed residents screened positive for depression, 9% screened positive for severe PTSD, and 46% displayed moderate to high resilience. Additionally, participants experienced resource loss (100%), damaged home and goods (99%), and exposure to the grotesque (82%). Traumatic earthquake experiences related to personal harm were associated with symptoms of depression and PTSD and resource loss was associated with depressive symptoms. Earthquake experiences associated with less damage to home and goods, but greater exposure to the grotesque were associated with increased resilience. This research adds to our knowledge of the relationship between traumatic exposures and indicators of psychological distress and resilience following a disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Norman
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Hoffmann Frances
- Maine Behavioral Healthcare, Portland, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Susan L Santangelo
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.,Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Psychiatric Research, Portland, ME, USA
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17
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Karmacharya D, Manandhar P, Manandhar S, Sherchan AM, Sharma AN, Joshi J, Bista M, Bajracharya S, Awasthi NP, Sharma N, Llewellyn B, Waits LP, Thapa K, Kelly MJ, Vuyisich M, Starkenburg SR, Hero JM, Hughes J, Wultsch C, Bertola L, Fountain-Jones NM, Sinha AK. Gut microbiota and their putative metabolic functions in fragmented Bengal tiger population of Nepal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221868. [PMID: 31465520 PMCID: PMC6715213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) serve a pivotal role as an apex predator in forest ecosystems. To increase our knowledge on factors impacting the viability and health of this endangered species, we studied the gut microbiota in 32 individual Bengal tigers from three geographically separated areas (Chitwan National Park (CNP), Bardia National Park (BNP) and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (SWR)) in Nepal, using noninvasive genetic sampling methods. Gut microbiota influence the immune system, impact various physiological functions, and modulates metabolic reactions, that ultimately impact the host health, behavior and development. Across the tiger populations in Nepal, we found significant differences in the composition of microbial communities based on their geographic locations. Specifically, we detected significant differences between CNP and the other two protected areas (CNP vs BNP: pseudo t = 1.944, P = 0.006; CNP vs SWR: pseudo t = 1.9942, P = 0.0071), but no differences between BNP and SWR. This mirrors what has been found for tiger gene flow in the same populations, suggesting gut microbiota composition and host gene flow may be linked. Furthermore, predictive metagenome functional content analysis (PICRUSt) revealed a higher functional enrichment and diversity for significant gut microbiota in the Chitwan tiger population and the lowest enrichment and diversity in Suklaphanta. The CNP tiger population contained higher proportions of microbiota that are associated with predicted functions relevant for metabolism of amino acid, lipid, xenobiotics biodegradation, terpenoides and polyketides than the SWR population. We conclude the tiger population structure, gut microbiota profile and associated functional metabolic categories are correlated, with geographically most separated CNP and SWR tiger population having the most distinct and different host genotype and microbiota profiles. Our work dramatically expands the understanding of tiger microbiota in wild populations and provides a valuable case study on how to investigate genetic diversity at different hierarchical levels, including hosts as well as their microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jyoti Joshi
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manisha Bista
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Netra Sharma
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bronwyn Llewellyn
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marcella J. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Momchilo Vuyisich
- Applied Genomics, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shawn R. Starkenburg
- Applied Genomics, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Hero
- School of Science & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Hughes
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Bertola
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas M. Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amit K. Sinha
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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18
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O’Connell KA, Aryal PC, Sherchan AM, Dhakal B, Chaudhary HK, Ranabhat R, Karmacharya D. A herpetological survey of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and phylogenetic identification of Megophrys ( Xenophrys) zhangi. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1655106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. O’Connell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Global Genome Initiative, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Prakash C. Aryal
- Department of Biology, Goldengate International College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Adarsh M. Sherchan
- Department of Wildlife Genetics, Center for Molecular Dynamics, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bimala Dhakal
- Department of Wildlife Genetics, Center for Molecular Dynamics, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Rishi Ranabhat
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Department of Wildlife Genetics, Center for Molecular Dynamics, Kathmandu, Nepal
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19
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Schwind JS, Formby CB, Santangelo SL, Norman SA, Brown R, Hoffman Frances R, Koss E, Karmacharya D. Earthquake exposures and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents from Phulpingdanda village, Nepal: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2018; 12:54. [PMID: 30598695 PMCID: PMC6300918 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-018-0257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health issues can reach epidemic proportions in developed countries after natural disasters, but research is needed to better understand the impact on children and adolescents in developing nations. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to examine the relationship between earthquake exposures and depression, PTSD, and resilience among children and adolescents in Phulpingdanda village in Nepal, 1 year after the 2015 earthquakes, using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Child PTSD Symptom Scale, and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure, respectively. To quantify exposure, a basic demographic and household questionnaire, including an earthquake exposure assessment tool for children and adolescents, was created. RESULTS Of the 62 respondents interviewed, 3.23% and 4.84% displayed symptomatology of depression and PTSD. A large number of respondents interviewed scored high for resiliency (80.65%). All 62 respondents were displaced from their household and witnessed severe damage of both their homes and village. The number of earthquake exposures had a strong, positive correlation with PTSD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of respondents who showed signs of depression and PTSD symptomatology was lower than anticipated, resilience scores were considerably higher. Future research should explore which protective factors may contribute to high resiliency in Nepali children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Schwind
- 0000 0001 0657 525Xgrid.256302.0Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30460 USA ,0000 0001 2284 9329grid.410427.4Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Clara B. Formby
- 0000 0001 2284 9329grid.410427.4Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Susan L. Santangelo
- 0000 0004 0433 3945grid.416311.0Maine Medical Research Institute, 509 Forest Ave, Suite 200B, Portland, ME 04101 USA ,0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Norman
- 0000 0001 2284 9329grid.410427.4Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Rebecca Brown
- St. Joseph’s College of Maine, 278 Whites Bridge Road, Standish, ME 04084 USA
| | - Rebecca Hoffman Frances
- 0000 0000 8934 4045grid.67033.31Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA ,Maine Behavioral Healthcare, 165 Lancaster Street, Portland, ME 04101 USA
| | | | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- grid.428196.0Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, GPO Box 21049, Kathmandu, Nepal
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20
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Werhahn G, Senn H, Ghazali M, Karmacharya D, Sherchan AM, Joshi J, Kusi N, López-Bao JV, Rosen T, Kachel S, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW. The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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21
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Karmacharya D, Sherchan AM, Dulal S, Manandhar P, Manandhar S, Joshi J, Bhattarai S, Bhatta TR, Awasthi N, Sharma AN, Bista M, Silwal NR, Pokharel P, Lamichhane RR, Sharma N, Llewellyn B, Wultsch C, Kelly MJ, Gour D, Waits L, Hero JM, Hughes J. Species, sex and geo-location identification of seized tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) parts in Nepal-A molecular forensic approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201639. [PMID: 30138352 PMCID: PMC6107122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiger (Panthera tigris) populations are in danger across their entire range due to habitat loss, poaching and the demand for tiger parts. The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is an endangered apex predator with a population size estimated to be less than 200 in Nepal. In spite of strict wildlife protection laws, illegal trade of tiger parts is increasing; and Nepal has become one of the major sources and transit routes for poached wildlife parts. Identification of wildlife parts is often challenging for law enforcement officials due to inadequate training and lack of available tools. Here, we describe a molecular forensic approach to gain insight into illegally trafficked tiger parts seized across Nepal. We created Nepal's first comprehensive reference genetic database of wild tigers through the Nepal Tiger Genome Project (2011-2013). This database has nuclear DNA microsatellite genotype and sex profiles, including geo-spatial information, of over 60% (n = 120) of the wild tigers of Nepal. We analyzed 15 putative cases of confiscated poached tiger parts and all were confirmed to be of tiger. Ten samples were identified as male and five were female. We determined probable geo-source location for 9 of the 14 samples with 6-8 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci using inferences from four different statistical assignment methods. Six samples were assigned to Bardia National Park and one of these was an exact match to a female tiger previously profiled in our fecal DNA reference database. Two tiger samples were assigned to Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and one to Chitwan National Park. We are unable to definitively assign five tiger samples which could be offspring dispersers or might have come from tiger population outside of Nepal. Our study revealed that the western region, particularly Bardia National Park, is a poaching hotspot for illegal tiger trade in Nepal. We present feasibility of using molecular forensic based evidence to incriminate criminals in a court of law in the fight against wildlife crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Santosh Dulal
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prajwol Manandhar
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Jyoti Joshi
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Susmita Bhattarai
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tarka R. Bhatta
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nagendra Awasthi
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajay N. Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manisha Bista
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nawa R. Silwal
- Central Investigation Bureau (CIB), Pillar 4, Nepal Police, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pravin Pokharel
- Central Investigation Bureau (CIB), Pillar 4, Nepal Police, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rom R. Lamichhane
- Bio-Diversity Section, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Netra Sharma
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bronwyn Llewellyn
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Natural History Museum, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcella J. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Digpal Gour
- Laboratory for Ecological, Evolutionary and Conservation Genetics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Lisette Waits
- Laboratory for Ecological, Evolutionary and Conservation Genetics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Hero
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Hughes
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Thapa K, Manandhar S, Bista M, Shakya J, Sah G, Dhakal M, Sharma N, Llewellyn B, Wultsch C, Waits LP, Kelly MJ, Hero JM, Hughes J, Karmacharya D. Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) across Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193495. [PMID: 29561865 PMCID: PMC5862458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With fewer than 200 tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) left in Nepal, that are generally confined to five protected areas across the Terai Arc Landscape, genetic studies are needed to provide crucial information on diversity and connectivity for devising an effective country-wide tiger conservation strategy. As part of the Nepal Tiger Genome Project, we studied landscape change, genetic variation, population structure, and gene flow of tigers across the Terai Arc Landscape by conducting Nepal’s first comprehensive and systematic scat-based, non-invasive genetic survey. Of the 770 scat samples collected opportunistically from five protected areas and six presumed corridors, 412 were tiger (57%). Out of ten microsatellite loci, we retain eight markers that were used in identifying 78 individual tigers. We used this dataset to examine population structure, genetic variation, contemporary gene flow, and potential population bottlenecks of tigers in Nepal. We detected three genetic clusters consistent with three demographic sub-populations and found moderate levels of genetic variation (He = 0.61, AR = 3.51) and genetic differentiation (FST = 0.14) across the landscape. We detected 3–7 migrants, confirming the potential for dispersal-mediated gene flow across the landscape. We found evidence of a bottleneck signature likely caused by large-scale land-use change documented in the last two centuries in the Terai forest. Securing tiger habitat including functional forest corridors is essential to enhance gene flow across the landscape and ensure long-term tiger survival. This requires cooperation among multiple stakeholders and careful conservation planning to prevent detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities on tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Manisha Bista
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jivan Shakya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Govind Sah
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Maheshwar Dhakal
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Netra Sharma
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bronwyn Llewellyn
- Environment Team, U.S. Agency for International Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- American Natural History Museum, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Marcella J. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Hero
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Hughes
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali-11, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Schwind JS, Norman SA, Karmacharya D, Wolking DJ, Dixit SM, Rajbhandari RM, Mekaru SR, Brownstein JS. Online surveillance of media health event reporting in Nepal: digital disease detection from a One Health perspective. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2017; 17:26. [PMID: 28934949 PMCID: PMC5609031 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-017-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Traditional media and the internet are crucial sources of health information. Media can significantly shape public opinion, knowledge and understanding of emerging and endemic health threats. As digital communication rapidly progresses, local access and dissemination of health information contribute significantly to global disease detection and reporting. Methods Health event reports in Nepal (October 2013–December 2014) were used to characterize Nepal’s media environment from a One Health perspective using HealthMap - a global online disease surveillance and mapping tool. Event variables (location, media source type, disease or risk factor of interest, and affected species) were extracted from HealthMap. Results A total of 179 health reports were captured from various sources including newspapers, inter-government agency bulletins, individual reports, and trade websites, yielding 108 (60%) unique articles. Human health events were reported most often (n = 85; 79%), followed by animal health events (n = 23; 21%), with no reports focused solely on environmental health. Conclusions By expanding event coverage across all of the health sectors, media in developing countries could play a crucial role in national risk communication efforts and could enhance early warning systems for disasters and disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Schwind
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8015, 30460, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Norman
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Marine-Med, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | | | - David J Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Sumiko R Mekaru
- HealthMap, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Epidemico, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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Janecka JE, Zhang Y, Li D, Munkhtsog B, Bayaraa M, Galsandorj N, Wangchuk TR, Karmacharya D, Li J, Lu Z, Uulu KZ, Gaur A, Kumar S, Kumar K, Hussain S, Muhammad G, Jevit M, Hacker C, Burger P, Wultsch C, Janecka MJ, Helgen K, Murphy WJ, Jackson R. Range-Wide Snow Leopard Phylogeography Supports Three Subspecies. J Hered 2017; 108:597-607. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kinkel HT, Karmacharya D, Shakya J, Manandhar S, Panthi S, Karmacharya P, Sitaula D, Thapaliya R, K. C. P, Rai A, Dixit S. Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and C Infections and an Assessment of HCV-Genotypes and Two IL28B SNPs among People Who Inject Drugs in Three Regions of Nepal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134455. [PMID: 26263394 PMCID: PMC4532440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a comprehensive health care programme for people who use drugs in Nepal, HIV and viral hepatitis B and C status--including risk factors, HCV-genotypes and co-infections--as well as two IL28B Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed for a random sample of 401 people who inject drugs in three regions of Nepal: mid-western Terrai (Nepalgunj), the eastern region (Dharan, Biratnagar) and the central region (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Chitwan). Individuals were included who showed at least a minimum of health care seeking behaviour. This latter criterion was defined by being registered with any organisation offering health services. The average age of the participants was 30.5 yrs, and the average length of intravenous drug use was 8.5 yrs. The prevalence rates of HBsAg, anti-HIV antibodies and HCV-RNA were 3.5%, 13.8% and 41.9%, respectively. Spontaneous HCV clearance was evident in 16% of all of those who tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Independent risk factors for HCV-RNA positivity were age, gender, geographical region, duration of injecting drug use, history of imprisonment and HIV co-infection. In the age group ≤24 yrs, the rate of spontaneous HCV clearance was 43.5%. Overall, 59.8% of HCV infections were caused by HCV genotype 3 and 40.2% by HCV genotype 1. No other HCV genotypes were identified in this study. The IL28B SNP rs12979860 and rs8099917 were identified in 122 patients, and 75.4% of all participants had both favourable genotypes rs12979860 C/C and rs8099917 T/T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Tilmann Kinkel
- Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), HRP, PO.Box 1457, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Jivan Shakya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Prajwola Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Trichandra Multiple College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | | | - Sameer Dixit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Smiley Evans T, Barry PA, Gilardi KV, Goldstein T, Deere JD, Fike J, Yee J, Ssebide BJ, Karmacharya D, Cranfield MR, Wolking D, Smith B, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Optimization of a Novel Non-invasive Oral Sampling Technique for Zoonotic Pathogen Surveillance in Nonhuman Primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003813. [PMID: 26046911 PMCID: PMC4457869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging nonhuman primates are frequent sources of zoonotic pathogens due to their physiologic similarity and in many tropical regions, close contact with humans. Many high-risk disease transmission interfaces have not been monitored for zoonotic pathogens due to difficulties inherent to invasive sampling of free-ranging wildlife. Non-invasive surveillance of nonhuman primates for pathogens with high potential for spillover into humans is therefore critical for understanding disease ecology of existing zoonotic pathogen burdens and identifying communities where zoonotic diseases are likely to emerge in the future. We developed a non-invasive oral sampling technique using ropes distributed to nonhuman primates to target viruses shed in the oral cavity, which through bite wounds and discarded food, could be transmitted to people. Optimization was performed by testing paired rope and oral swabs from laboratory colony rhesus macaques for rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) and implementing the technique with free-ranging terrestrial and arboreal nonhuman primate species in Uganda and Nepal. Both ubiquitous DNA and RNA viruses, RhCMV and SFV, were detected in oral samples collected from ropes distributed to laboratory colony macaques and SFV was detected in free-ranging macaques and olive baboons. Our study describes a technique that can be used for disease surveillance in free-ranging nonhuman primates and, potentially, other wildlife species when invasive sampling techniques may not be feasible. Wild nonhuman primates are frequent sources of pathogens that could be transmitted to humans because they are closely genetically related and have intimate contact with humans in many parts of the world. Sampling primates to screen for zoonotic pathogens is logistically challenging because standard invasive sampling techniques, such as the collection of a blood sample or an oral swab, requires field anesthesia. This research describes a non-invasive oral sampling technique that involves distributing a rope for primates to chew on that can be retrieved and screened for pathogens. Oral samples were successfully collected from multiple wild primate species in remote field settings and viruses were detected in those samples. This non-invasive sampling method has the potential for future applications in disease studies examining primates as sources of diseases that could affect humans in remote tropical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten V. Gilardi
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Deere
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Fike
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - JoAnn Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Michael R. Cranfield
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aryal A, Brunton D, Ji W, Karmacharya D, McCarthy T, Bencini R, Raubenheimer D. Multipronged strategy including genetic analysis for assessing conservation options for the snow leopard in the central Himalaya. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Dixit SM, Johura FT, Manandhar S, Sadique A, Rajbhandari RM, Mannan SB, Rashid MU, Islam S, Karmacharya D, Watanabe H, Sack RB, Cravioto A, Alam M. Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:392. [PMID: 25022982 PMCID: PMC4223374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although endemic cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality each year in Nepal, lack of information about the causal bacterium often hinders cholera intervention and prevention. In 2012, diarrheal outbreaks affected three districts of Nepal with confirmed cases of mortality. This study was designed to understand the drug response patterns, source, and transmission of Vibrio cholerae associated with 2012 cholera outbreaks in Nepal. Methods V. cholerae (n = 28) isolated from 2012 diarrhea outbreaks {n = 22; Kathmandu (n = 12), Doti (n = 9), Bajhang (n = 1)}, and surface water (n = 6; Kathmandu) were tested for antimicrobial response. Virulence properties and DNA fingerprinting of the strains were determined by multi-locus genetic screening employing polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results All V. cholerae strains isolated from patients and surface water were confirmed to be toxigenic, belonging to serogroup O1, Ogawa serotype, biotype El Tor, and possessed classical biotype cholera toxin (CTX). Double-mismatch amplification mutation assay (DMAMA)-PCR revealed the V. cholerae strains to possess the B-7 allele of ctx subunit B. DNA sequencing of tcpA revealed a point mutation at amino acid position 64 (N → S) while the ctxAB promoter revealed four copies of the tandem heptamer repeat sequence 5'-TTTTGAT-3'. V. cholerae possessed all the ORFs of the Vibrio seventh pandemic island (VSP)-I but lacked the ORFs 498–511 of VSP-II. All strains were multidrug resistant with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA), and streptomycin (S); all carried the SXT genetic element. DNA sequencing and deduced amino acid sequence of gyrA and parC of the NAR strains (n = 4) revealed point mutations at amino acid positions 83 (S → I), and 85 (S → L), respectively. Similar PFGE (NotI) pattern revealed the Nepalese V. cholerae to be clonal, and related closely with V. cholerae associated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti. Conclusions In 2012, diarrhea outbreaks in three districts of Nepal were due to transmission of multidrug resistant V. cholerae El Tor possessing cholera toxin (ctx) B-7 allele, which is clonal and related closely with V. cholerae associated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Karmacharya D, Yu D, Dixit S, Rajbhandari R, Subedi B, Shrestha S, Manandhar S, Santangelo SL. A study of the prevalence and risk factors leading to HIV infection among a sample of street children and youth of Kathmandu. AIDS Res Ther 2012; 9:25. [PMID: 22929124 PMCID: PMC3472290 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The true prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among street children in Nepal is virtually unknown while information on related behavioural risk factors in this population is non-existent. The risk of HIV infection among street children and adolescents may be especially high due to their marginalized social and economic conditions. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among a sample of street children and youth of Kathmandu and to identify risk factors associated with HIV infection in this group. A sample of street children and youth was recruited based on the purposive sampling of ten streets in Kathmandu, Nepal, known to have a high density of street children and youth. A total of 251 street children (aged 11–16 years) and youth (aged 17–24 years) were enrolled, with informed consent, from November, 2008 through June, 2009. Most of the participants (95%) were male. Case status was determined by serological assessment of HIV status; data on risk factors were obtained using structured survey interviews. HIV prevalence and rates of a number of behavioural risk factors suspected to play a role in HIV transmission among street children and youth were determined, including unprotected sex, intravenous drug use, and other risky sex and substance use behaviours. Results Among the 251 children and youth, we found an overall HIV prevalence of 7.6%. As the sample size of females was small (n = 13) and the behavioural risk factors are likely to be quite different for boys and girls, we conducted separate analyses by gender. As our small sample of females is unlikely to be representative and lacks power for statistical testing, our report focuses on the results for the males surveyed.The strongest behavioural risk factor to emerge from this study was intravenous drug use; 30% of the male subjects were injecting drug users and 20% of those were HIV positive. Furthermore, frequency of drug injection was a highly significant predictor with a dose–response relationship; males reporting occasional injection drug use were nearly 9 times more likely to be HIV positive than never users, while weekly drug injectors had over 46 times the risk of non-users, controlling for exposure to group sex, the only other significant risk factor in the multivariate model. Conclusions This sample of street children and youth of Kathmandu has a nearly 20-fold higher prevalence of HIV infection than the general population of Nepal (0.39%). The children and youth engage in number of high risk behaviours, including intravenous drug use, putting them at significant risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
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Bhusal CL, Manandhar S, Singh M, Shah A, Neupane S, Karmacharya D, Cuschieri K, Cubie H, Gilbert DC, Dixit SM. Evidence of HPV subtypes linked with cervical cancer in Nepal. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2012; 1:441-445. [PMID: 28615609 DOI: 10.4103/2224-3151.207046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cervical cancer is the commonest malignancy among women in Nepal but data are limited on which subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) are associated with cancer in this population. Now that vaccines against HPV types 16 and 18 are available, this evidence is of vital importance in obtaining further support for a vaccination programme. METHODS Cervical swabs from 44 histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer cases were obtained from two tertiary referral hospitals in Nepal. Evidence of HPV subtypes was identified using an HPV multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmed at the Scottish HPV Virus Reference Laboratory. RESULTS HPV types 16 and 18 were present in 70% of samples, along with other high-risk subtypes. HPV 6 and 11 were not observed. Epidemiological data assessment appeared to indicate that patient age, age of marriage and age of first pregnancy were associated with increased HPV infection in patients. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence of the importance of HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical cancer in Nepal and adds support to a nationwide vaccination programme and the use of HPV detection in screening programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Viral Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Cubie
- Scottish HPV Viral Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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