1
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Sánchez CA, Phelps KL, Frank HK, Geldenhuys M, Griffiths ME, Jones DN, Kettenburg G, Lunn TJ, Moreno KR, Mortlock M, Vicente-Santos A, Víquez-R LR, Kading RC, Markotter W, Reeder DM, Olival KJ. Advances in understanding bat infection dynamics across biological scales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232823. [PMID: 38444339 PMCID: PMC10915549 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research on bat-associated microbes such as viruses, bacteria and fungi has dramatically increased. Here, we synthesize themes from a conference symposium focused on advances in the research of bats and their microbes, including physiological, immunological, ecological and epidemiological research that has improved our understanding of bat infection dynamics at multiple biological scales. We first present metrics for measuring individual bat responses to infection and challenges associated with using these metrics. We next discuss infection dynamics within bat populations of the same species, before introducing complexities that arise in multi-species communities of bats, humans and/or livestock. Finally, we outline critical gaps and opportunities for future interdisciplinary work on topics involving bats and their microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah K. Frank
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, IL 60655, USA
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Luis R. Víquez-R
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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2
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Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Mazet JAK, Daszak P. A global-scale dataset of bat viral detection suggests that pregnancy reduces viral shedding. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.25.581969. [PMID: 38464184 PMCID: PMC10925100 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding viral infection dynamics in wildlife hosts can help forecast zoonotic pathogen spillover and human disease risk. Bats are particularly important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, including some of major public health concern such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and SARS-related coronaviruses. Previous work has suggested that metapopulation dynamics, seasonal reproductive patterns, and other bat life history characteristics might explain temporal variation in spillover of bat-associated viruses into people. Here, we analyze viral dynamics in free-ranging bat hosts, leveraging a multi-year, global-scale viral detection dataset that spans eight viral families and 96 bat species from 14 countries. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models that explicitly control for important sources of variation, including geographic region, specimen type, and testing protocols, while estimating the influence of reproductive status on viral detection in female bats. Our models revealed that late pregnancy had a negative effect on viral shedding across multiple data subsets, while lactation had a weaker influence that was inconsistent across data subsets. These results are unusual for mammalian hosts, but given recent findings that bats may have high individual viral loads and population-level prevalence due to dampening of antiviral immunity, we propose that it would be evolutionarily advantageous for pregnancy to either not further reduce immunity or actually increase the immune response, reducing viral load, shedding, and risk of fetal infection. This novel hypothesis would be valuable to test given its potential to help monitor, predict, and manage viral spillover risk from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | | | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - PREDICT Consortium
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Attaullah, Ali S, Javid A, Imran M, Khan TM, Phelps K, Olival KJ, Kontschán J, Hornok S. Phylogenetic relationships of a novel bat fly species infesting the geographically widespread Old World fruit bat, Rousettus leschenaultii, in Southern Asia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2101-2107. [PMID: 37389690 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The global epidemiological significance of bats and their blood-sucking ectoparasites is increasingly recognized. However, relevant data are scarce from Pakistan where the Palearctic and Oriental zoogeographic regions meet. In this study, 200 bats belonging to five species were examined for the presence of ectoparasites in Pakistan. Bat flies were found only on Leschenault's fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii). The prevalence of infestation did not correlate with habitat type and host traits including age, reproductive status, and sex. All bat flies represented the same Eucampsipoda species which was shown to be morphologically different from all species of its genus with known south Asian distribution and belonged to a separate phylogenetic group. These results highlight the existence of a hitherto undescribed bat fly species in southern Asia, which is not shared by the fruit bat species (R. leschenaultii) and insectivorous ones (e.g., Rhinopoma microphyllum) thus probably playing a role only in intraspecific transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attaullah
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan.
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Javid
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Jenő Kontschán
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2., 1078, Budapest, Hungary
- Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, ELKH-ÁTE, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Pandit PS, Anthony SJ, Goldstein T, Olival KJ, Doyle MM, Gardner NR, Bird B, Smith W, Wolking D, Gilardi K, Monagin C, Kelly T, Uhart MM, Epstein JH, Machalaba C, Rostal MK, Dawson P, Hagan E, Sullivan A, Li H, Chmura AA, Latinne A, Lange C, O’Rourke T, Olson S, Keatts L, Mendoza AP, Perez A, de Paula CD, Zimmerman D, Valitutto M, LeBreton M, McIver D, Islam A, Duong V, Mouiche M, Shi Z, Mulembakani P, Kumakamba C, Ali M, Kebede N, Tamoufe U, Bel-Nono S, Camara A, Pamungkas J, Coulibaly KJ, Abu-Basha E, Kamau J, Silithammavong S, Desmond J, Hughes T, Shiilegdamba E, Aung O, Karmacharya D, Nziza J, Ndiaye D, Gbakima A, sajali Z, Wacharapluesadee S, Robles EA, Ssebide B, Suzán G, Aguirre LF, Solorio MR, Dhole TN, Nga NTT, Hitchens PL, Joly DO, Saylors K, Fine A, Murray S, Karesh WB, Daszak P, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Author Correction: Predicting the potential for zoonotic transmission and host associations for novel viruses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:25. [PMID: 36627372 PMCID: PMC9832161 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav S. Pandit
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Megan M. Doyle
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole R. Gardner
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian Bird
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David Wolking
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marcela M. Uhart
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jonathan H. Epstein
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Catherine Machalaba
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Melinda K. Rostal
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Emily Hagan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Ava Sullivan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Hongying Li
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Aleksei A. Chmura
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Alice Latinne
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Christian Lange
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Tammie O’Rourke
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Sarah Olson
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Lucy Keatts
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. Patricia Mendoza
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA ,grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Perez
- grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Cátia Dejuste de Paula
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Marc Valitutto
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | | | | | - Ariful Islam
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Veasna Duong
- grid.418537.c0000 0004 7535 978XInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201 Cambodia
| | - Moctar Mouiche
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zhengli Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Mohamed Ali
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Egypt National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza Egypt
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ubald Tamoufe
- grid.452492.cMetabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939 Cameroon
| | | | - Alpha Camara
- Centre de Recherche en Virologie (VRV) Projet Fievres Hemoraquiques en Guinée, BP 5680 Nongo/Contéya-Commune de Ratoma, Guinea
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16151 Indonesia ,grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Kalpy J. Coulibaly
- grid.418523.90000 0004 0475 3667Department Environment and Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, PO BOX 490, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast
| | - Ehab Abu-Basha
- grid.37553.370000 0001 0097 5797Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Joseph Kamau
- grid.418948.80000 0004 0566 5415Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Desmond
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Tom Hughes
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA ,Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Ohnmar Aung
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- grid.428196.0Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Julius Nziza
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aiah Gbakima
- Metabiota, Inc. Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zikankuba sajali
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erika Alandia Robles
- grid.516956.8Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bolivia Program, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510 Mexico
| | - Luis F. Aguirre
- grid.10491.3d0000 0001 2176 4059Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Monica R. Solorio
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Instituto de Medicina Veterinária (IMV) Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), BR-316 Km 31, Castanhal, Pará 69746-360 Brazil
| | - Tapan N. Dhole
- grid.263138.d0000 0000 9346 7267Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Nguyen T. T. Nga
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Vietnam Program, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peta L. Hitchens
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Nyati Health Consulting, 2175 Dodds Road, Nanaimo, BC V9X0A4 Canada
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Amanda Fine
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - William B. Karesh
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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5
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Martinez S, Sullivan A, Hagan E, Goley J, Epstein JH, Olival KJ, Saylors K, Euren J, Bangura J, Zikankuba S, Mouiche MMM, Camara AO, Desmond J, Islam A, Hughes T, Wacharplusadee S, Duong V, Nga NTT, Bird B, Goldstein T, Wolking D, Johnson CK, Mazet JA, Olson SH, Fine AE, Valitutto M, Karesh WB, Daszak P, Francisco L. Living Safely With Bats: Lessons in Developing and Sharing a Global One Health Educational Resource. Glob Health Sci Pract 2022; 10:GHSP-D-22-00106. [PMID: 36951282 PMCID: PMC9771458 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As part of a public health behavior change and communication strategy related to the identification of a novel ebolavirus in bats in Sierra Leone in 2016, a consortium of experts launched an effort to create a widely accessible resource for community awareness and education on reducing disease risk. The resulting picture book, Living Safely With Bats, includes technical content developed by a consortium of experts in public health, animal health, conservation, bats, and disease ecology from 30 countries. The book has now been adapted, translated, and used in more than 20 countries in Africa and Asia. We review the processes used to integrate feedback from local stakeholders and multidisciplinary experts. We also provide recommendations for One Health and other practitioners who choose to pursue the development and evaluation of this or similar zoonotic disease risk mitigation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Bangura
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James Desmond
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Liberia Chimpanzee Rescue and Protection, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Tom Hughes
- Conservation Medicine, Selangor, Malaysia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Supaporn Wacharplusadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Global Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Brian Bird
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonna Ak Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Marc Valitutto
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Loh EH, Nava A, Murray KA, Olival KJ, Guimarães M, Shimabukuro J, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Fonseca FR, de Oliveira DBL, Campos ACDA, Durigon EL, Ferreira F, Struebig MJ, Daszak P. Prevalence of bat viruses associated with land-use change in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:921950. [PMID: 36569210 PMCID: PMC9780684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.921950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bats are critical to maintaining healthy ecosystems and many species are threatened primarily due to global habitat loss. Bats are also important hosts of a range of viruses, several of which have had significant impacts on global public health. The emergence of these viruses has been associated with land-use change and decreased host species richness. Yet, few studies have assessed how bat communities and the viruses they host alter with land-use change, particularly in highly biodiverse sites. Methods In this study, we investigate the effects of deforestation on bat host species richness and diversity, and viral prevalence and richness across five forested sites and three nearby deforested sites in the interior Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Nested-PCR and qPCR were used to amplify and detect viral genetic sequence from six viral families (corona-, adeno-, herpes-, hanta-, paramyxo-, and astro-viridae) in 944 blood, saliva and rectal samples collected from 335 bats. Results We found that deforested sites had a less diverse bat community than forested sites, but higher viral prevalence and richness after controlling for confounding factors. Viral detection was more likely in juvenile males located in deforested sites. Interestingly, we also found a significant effect of host bat species on viral prevalence indicating that viral taxa were detected more frequently in some species than others. In particular, viruses from the Coronaviridae family were detected more frequently in generalist species compared to specialist species. Discussion Our findings suggest that deforestation may drive changes in the ecosystem which reduce bat host diversity while increasing the abundance of generalist species which host a wider range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H. Loh
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, KY, United States,Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Loh, ; Alessandra Nava,
| | - Alessandra Nava
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Loh, ; Alessandra Nava,
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - Moisés Guimarães
- Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronomicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliana Shimabukuro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax VA, United States
| | - Fernanda R. Fonseca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edison L. Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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7
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Ross N, Bansal S. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022; 607:555-562. [PMID: 35483403 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.24.918755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans but, at present, the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals1,2. However, changes in climate and land use will lead to opportunities for viral sharing among previously geographically isolated species of wildlife3,4. In some cases, this will facilitate zoonotic spillover-a mechanistic link between global environmental change and disease emergence. Here we simulate potential hotspots of future viral sharing, using a phylogeographical model of the mammal-virus network, and projections of geographical range shifts for 3,139 mammal species under climate-change and land-use scenarios for the year 2070. We predict that species will aggregate in new combinations at high elevations, in biodiversity hotspots, and in areas of high human population density in Asia and Africa, causing the cross-species transmission of their associated viruses an estimated 4,000 times. Owing to their unique dispersal ability, bats account for the majority of novel viral sharing and are likely to share viruses along evolutionary pathways that will facilitate future emergence in humans. Notably, we find that this ecological transition may already be underway, and holding warming under 2 °C within the twenty-first century will not reduce future viral sharing. Our findings highlight an urgent need to pair viral surveillance and discovery efforts with biodiversity surveys tracking the range shifts of species, especially in tropical regions that contain the most zoonoses and are experiencing rapid warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- Center for Global Health Science & Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Ross N, Bansal S. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022; 607:555-562. [PMID: 35483403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans but, at present, the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals1,2. However, changes in climate and land use will lead to opportunities for viral sharing among previously geographically isolated species of wildlife3,4. In some cases, this will facilitate zoonotic spillover-a mechanistic link between global environmental change and disease emergence. Here we simulate potential hotspots of future viral sharing, using a phylogeographical model of the mammal-virus network, and projections of geographical range shifts for 3,139 mammal species under climate-change and land-use scenarios for the year 2070. We predict that species will aggregate in new combinations at high elevations, in biodiversity hotspots, and in areas of high human population density in Asia and Africa, causing the cross-species transmission of their associated viruses an estimated 4,000 times. Owing to their unique dispersal ability, bats account for the majority of novel viral sharing and are likely to share viruses along evolutionary pathways that will facilitate future emergence in humans. Notably, we find that this ecological transition may already be underway, and holding warming under 2 °C within the twenty-first century will not reduce future viral sharing. Our findings highlight an urgent need to pair viral surveillance and discovery efforts with biodiversity surveys tracking the range shifts of species, especially in tropical regions that contain the most zoonoses and are experiencing rapid warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Center for Global Health Science & Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Ali S, Javid A, Imran M, Khan TM, Phelps K, Olival KJ. Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes by residents in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan in connection with bats. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2022; 18:43. [PMID: 35659249 PMCID: PMC9166349 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal, and their conservation is important to maintain the productivity of some crops and natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of fruit bats by orchard farmers and agricultural communities in Pakistan. METHODS The present survey was conducted in two districts (i.e. Sheikhupura and Malakand districts) within Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces based on the higher number of fruit growing areas and bat roosting sites. A total of 200 (100 per district) close-ended questionnaires with 53 questions were administered to randomly selected respondents within the selected communities associated with fruit orchards, including orchard owners, laborers, and members of the surrounding community. Each questionnaire was divided into seven sections (i.e., demographic information, environmental and public health effects of bats, knowledge about bats, perception and control of bats, non-lethal methods adopted to control bats, and different myths about bats). RESULTS A majority of respondents (59%, n = 118) mis-classified bats as birds instead of mammals despite more than 84% reporting that they have observed bats. Nearly 71.5% of orchard farmers perceived that their fruits are contaminated by bats during consumption, and a majority believe that bats destroy orchards (62.5%) and are responsible for spreading disease. Mythology about bats was ambiguous, as 49% of those surveyed did not perceived bats to bring good luck (49%), and 50% did not perceived them to be bad omens either. Most respondents have never killed a bat (68%) nor would they kill a bat if given the opportunity (95%). Regarding the control of bats, the greatest percentage of respondents strongly disagree with shooting bats (36%) and strongly agree with leaving bats alone (42.5%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a better understanding of the sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge, attitude and perception of bats from fruit orchard owners, labourers and local people. We recommend educational interventions for targeted groups in the community, highlighting the ecosystem services and importance of bat conservation to improve people's current knowledge regarding the role of bats and reduce direct persecution against bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ali
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan.
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Javid
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Kusumaningrum T, Latinne A, Martinez S, Kalengkongan J, Wiyatno A, Dewantari AK, Kasenda N, Bernadus JBB, Jaya UA, Ma'roef CN, Francisco L, Hagan E, Miller M, Myint KSA, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Saputro S, Pamungkas J, Safari D. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with zoonotic disease transmission risk in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. One Health Outlook 2022; 4:11. [PMID: 35655249 PMCID: PMC9162794 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hunters, vendors, and consumers are key actors in the wildlife trade value chain in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and potentially face an elevated risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in these communities is therefore critical for developing recommendations to prevent or mitigate zoonotic outbreaks in the future. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative methods were combined to understand KAP associated zoonotic diseases transmission risk in communities involved in the wildlife trade in North Sulawesi. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured ethnographic interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) while quantitative data were collected using questionnaires. We conducted 46 ethnographic interviews and 2 FGDs in 2016, and 477 questionnaire administrations in 2017-2018 in communities from five districts in North Sulawesi. We also collected biological specimens, including nasal swab, oropharyngeal swab, and blood, from 254 participants. The study sites were targeted based on known wildlife consumption and trade activities. The participants for qualitative data collection were purposively selected while participants for quantitative data collection were randomly selected. Biological samples were tested for five viral families including Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae. RESULTS Knowledge regarding disease transmission from animals to humans was similar across the participants in qualitative focus groups, including knowledge of rabies and bird flu as zoonotic diseases. However, only a small fraction of the participants from the quantitative group (1%) considered that contact with wild animals could cause sickness. Our biological specimen testing identified a single individual (1/254, 0.004%) who was sampled in 2018 with serological evidence of sarbecovirus exposure. Overall, participants were aware of some level of risk in working with open wounds while slaughtering or butchering an animal (71%) but most did not know what the specific risks were. However, significant differences in the attitudes or beliefs around zoonotic disease risk and health seeking behaviors were observed across our study sites in North Sulawesi. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed variable levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission among study participants. These findings can be used to develop locally responsive recommendations to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Latinne
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
- Present address: Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Present address: Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leilani Francisco
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
- Present address: Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Maureen Miller
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
- Present address: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suryo Saputro
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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11
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Chaiyes A, Duengkae P, Suksavate W, Pongpattananurak N, Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Srikulnath K, Pattanakiat S, Hemachudha T. Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans in Thailand. Ecohealth 2022; 19:175-189. [PMID: 35657574 PMCID: PMC10116436 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that can pose a serious threat to human and livestock health. Old-world fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) are the natural reservoir hosts for NiV, and Pteropus lylei, Lyle's flying fox, is an important host of NiV in mainland Southeast Asia. NiV can be transmitted from bats to humans directly via bat-contaminated foods (i.e., date palm sap or fruit) or indirectly via livestock or other intermediate animal hosts. Here we construct risk maps for NiV spillover and transmission by combining ecological niche models for the P. lylei bat reservoir with other spatial data related to direct or indirect NiV transmission (livestock density, foodborne sources including fruit production, and human population). We predict the current and future (2050 and 2070) distribution of P. lylei across Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Our best-fit model predicted that central and western regions of Thailand and small areas in Cambodia are currently the most suitable habitats for P. lylei. However, due to climate change, the species range is predicted to expand to include lower northern, northeastern, eastern, and upper southern Thailand and almost all of Cambodia and lower southern Vietnam. This expansion will create additional risk areas for human infection from P. lylei in Thailand. Our combined predictive risk maps showed that central Thailand, inhabited by 2.3 million people, is considered highly suitable for the zoonotic transmission of NiV from P. lylei. These current and future NiV transmission risk maps can be used to prioritize sites for active virus surveillance and developing awareness and prevention programs to reduce the risk of NiV spillover and spread in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aingorn Chaiyes
- School of Agricultural and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Warong Suksavate
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nantachai Pongpattananurak
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sura Pattanakiat
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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12
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Yadana S, Cheun-Arom T, Li H, Hagan E, Mendelsohn E, Latinne A, Martinez S, Putcharoen O, Homvijitkul J, Sathaporntheera O, Rattanapreeda N, Chartpituck P, Yamsakul S, Sutham K, Komolsiri S, Pornphatthananikhom S, Petcharat S, Ampoot W, Francisco L, Hemachudha T, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Wacharapluesadee S. Behavioral-biological surveillance of emerging infectious diseases among a dynamic cohort in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:472. [PMID: 35578171 PMCID: PMC9109443 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between humans and animals are the key elements of zoonotic spillover leading to zoonotic disease emergence. Research to understand the high-risk behaviors associated with disease transmission at the human-animal interface is limited, and few consider regional and local contexts. Objective This study employed an integrated behavioral–biological surveillance approach for the early detection of novel and known zoonotic viruses in potentially high-risk populations, in an effort to identify risk factors for spillover and to determine potential foci for risk-mitigation measures. Method Participants were enrolled at two community-based sites (n = 472) in eastern and western Thailand and two hospital (clinical) sites (n = 206) in northeastern and central Thailand. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants’ demographics, living conditions, health history, and animal-contact behaviors and attitudes. Biological specimens were tested for coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, influenza viruses, and paramyxoviruses using pan (consensus) RNA Virus assays. Results Overall 61/678 (9%) of participants tested positive for the viral families screened which included influenza viruses (75%), paramyxoviruses (15%), human coronaviruses (3%), flaviviruses (3%), and enteroviruses (3%). The most salient predictors of reporting unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) in the past year were having other household members who had unusual symptoms and being scratched or bitten by animals in the same year. Many participants reported raising and handling poultry (10.3% and 24.2%), swine (2%, 14.6%), and cattle (4.9%, 7.8%) and several participants also reported eating raw or undercooked meat of these animals (2.2%, 5.5%, 10.3% respectively). Twenty four participants (3.5%) reported handling bats or having bats in the house roof. Gender, age, and livelihood activities were shown to be significantly associated with participants’ interactions with animals. Participants’ knowledge of risks influenced their health-seeking behavior. Conclusion The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock, and wild animals in communities at sites we investigated in Thailand. This study highlights important differences among demographic and occupational risk factors as they relate to animal contact and zoonotic disease risk, which can be used by policymakers and local public health programs to build more effective surveillance strategies and behavior-focused interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07439-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thaniwan Cheun-Arom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Opass Putcharoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Supalak Yamsakul
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 5, Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | - Krairoek Sutham
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 5, Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weenassarin Ampoot
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leilani Francisco
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Carlson CJ, Farrell MJ, Grange Z, Han BA, Mollentze N, Phelan AL, Rasmussen AL, Albery GF, Bett B, Brett-Major DM, Cohen LE, Dallas T, Eskew EA, Fagre AC, Forbes KM, Gibb R, Halabi S, Hammer CC, Katz R, Kindrachuk J, Muylaert RL, Nutter FB, Ogola J, Olival KJ, Rourke M, Ryan SJ, Ross N, Seifert SN, Sironen T, Standley CJ, Taylor K, Venter M, Webala PW. The future of zoonotic risk prediction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200358. [PMID: 34538140 PMCID: PMC8450624 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the light of the urgency raised by the COVID-19 pandemic, global investment in wildlife virology is likely to increase, and new surveillance programmes will identify hundreds of novel viruses that might someday pose a threat to humans. To support the extensive task of laboratory characterization, scientists may increasingly rely on data-driven rubrics or machine learning models that learn from known zoonoses to identify which animal pathogens could someday pose a threat to global health. We synthesize the findings of an interdisciplinary workshop on zoonotic risk technologies to answer the following questions. What are the prerequisites, in terms of open data, equity and interdisciplinary collaboration, to the development and application of those tools? What effect could the technology have on global health? Who would control that technology, who would have access to it and who would benefit from it? Would it improve pandemic prevention? Could it create new challenges? This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoe Grange
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - Nardus Mollentze
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alexandra L. Phelan
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Angela L. Rasmussen
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Gregory F. Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Bernard Bett
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David M. Brett-Major
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lily E. Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
| | - Evan A. Eskew
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Anna C. Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rory Gibb
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sam Halabi
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Charlotte C. Hammer
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Katz
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Renata L. Muylaert
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Rourke
- Law Futures Centre, Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Seifert
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claire J. Standley
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Kishana Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paul W. Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok 20500, Kenya
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14
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Sánchez CA, Li H, Phelps KL, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Wang LF, Olival KJ, Daszak P. A strategy to assess spillover risk of bat SARS-related coronaviruses in Southeast Asia. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34545371 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.21263359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging diseases caused by coronaviruses of likely bat origin (e.g. SARS, MERS, SADS and COVID-19) have disrupted global health and economies for two decades. Evidence suggests that some bat SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) could infect people directly, and that their spillover is more frequent than previously recognized. Each zoonotic spillover of a novel virus represents an opportunity for evolutionary adaptation and further spread; therefore, quantifying the extent of this "hidden" spillover may help target prevention programs. We derive biologically realistic range distributions for known bat SARSr-CoV hosts and quantify their overlap with human populations. We then use probabilistic risk assessment and data on human-bat contact, human SARSr-CoV seroprevalence, and antibody duration to estimate that ∼400,000 people (median: ∼50,000) are infected with SARSr-CoVs annually in South and Southeast Asia. These data on the geography and scale of spillover can be used to target surveillance and prevention programs for potential future bat-CoV emergence.
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Wacharapluesadee S, Ghai S, Duengkae P, Manee-Orn P, Thanapongtharm W, Saraya AW, Yingsakmongkon S, Joyjinda Y, Suradhat S, Ampoot W, Nuansrichay B, Kaewpom T, Tantilertcharoen R, Rodpan A, Wongsathapornchai K, Ponpinit T, Buathong R, Bunprakob S, Damrongwatanapokin S, Ruchiseesarod C, Petcharat S, Kalpravidh W, Olival KJ, Stokes MM, Hemachudha T. Two decades of one health surveillance of Nipah virus in Thailand. One Health Outlook 2021; 3:12. [PMID: 34218820 PMCID: PMC8255096 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) infection causes encephalitis and has > 75% mortality rate, making it a WHO priority pathogen due to its pandemic potential. There have been NiV outbreak(s) in Malaysia, India, Bangladesh, and southern Philippines. NiV naturally circulates among fruit bats of the genus Pteropus and has been detected widely across Southeast and South Asia. Both Malaysian and Bangladeshi NiV strains have been found in fruit bats in Thailand. This study summarizes 20 years of pre-emptive One Health surveillance of NiV in Thailand, including triangulated surveillance of bats, and humans and pigs in the vicinity of roosts inhabited by NiV-infected bats. METHODS Samples were collected periodically and tested for NiV from bats, pigs and healthy human volunteers from Wat Luang village, Chonburi province, home to the biggest P. lylei roosts in Thailand, and other provinces since 2001. Archived cerebrospinal fluid specimens from encephalitis patients between 2001 and 2012 were also tested for NiV. NiV RNA was detected using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NiV antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex microsphere immunoassay. RESULTS NiV RNA (mainly Bangladesh strain) was detected every year in fruit bats by RT-PCR from 2002 to 2020. The whole genome sequence of NiV directly sequenced from bat urine in 2017 shared 99.17% identity to NiV from a Bangladeshi patient in 2004. No NiV-specific IgG antibodies or RNA have been found in healthy volunteers, encephalitis patients, or pigs to date. During the sample collection trips, 100 community members were trained on how to live safely with bats. CONCLUSIONS High identity shared between the NiV genome from Thai bats and the Bangladeshi patient highlights the outbreak potential of NiV in Thailand. Results from NiV cross-sectoral surveillance were conveyed to national authorities and villagers which led to preventive control measures, increased surveillance of pigs and humans in vicinity of known NiV-infected roosts, and increased vigilance and reduced risk behaviors at the community level. This proactive One Health approach to NiV surveillance is a success story; that increased collaboration between the human, animal, and wildlife sectors is imperative to staying ahead of a zoonotic disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Siriporn Ghai
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Forest Biology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapol Manee-Orn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Thanapongtharm
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abhinbhen W Saraya
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yutthana Joyjinda
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weenassarin Ampoot
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Bundit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rachod Tantilertcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apaporn Rodpan
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Teerada Ponpinit
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rome Buathong
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Bunprakob
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Damrongwatanapokin
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Regional Development Mission for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanida Ruchiseesarod
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Martha M Stokes
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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16
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Grange ZL, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Anthony S, Gilardi K, Daszak P, Olival KJ, O'Rourke T, Murray S, Olson SH, Togami E, Vidal G, Mazet JAK. Ranking the risk of animal-to-human spillover for newly discovered viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2002324118. [PMID: 33822740 PMCID: PMC8053939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002324118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The death toll and economic loss resulting from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are stark reminders that we are vulnerable to zoonotic viral threats. Strategies are needed to identify and characterize animal viruses that pose the greatest risk of spillover and spread in humans and inform public health interventions. Using expert opinion and scientific evidence, we identified host, viral, and environmental risk factors contributing to zoonotic virus spillover and spread in humans. We then developed a risk ranking framework and interactive web tool, SpillOver, that estimates a risk score for wildlife-origin viruses, creating a comparative risk assessment of viruses with uncharacterized zoonotic spillover potential alongside those already known to be zoonotic. Using data from testing 509,721 samples from 74,635 animals as part of a virus discovery project and public records of virus detections around the world, we ranked the spillover potential of 887 wildlife viruses. Validating the risk assessment, the top 12 were known zoonotic viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Several newly detected wildlife viruses ranked higher than known zoonotic viruses. Using a scientifically informed process, we capitalized on the recent wealth of virus discovery data to systematically identify and prioritize targets for investigation. The publicly accessible SpillOver platform can be used by policy makers and health scientists to inform research and public health interventions for prevention and rapid control of disease outbreaks. SpillOver is a living, interactive database that can be refined over time to continue to improve the quality and public availability of information on viral threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Grange
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christine K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simon Anthony
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 1001
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | | | | | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008
| | | | - Eri Togami
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Gema Vidal
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
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17
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Sangkakam A, Hemachudha P, Saraya AW, Thaweethee-Sukjai B, Cheun-Arom T, Latinne A, Olival KJ, Wacharapluesadee S. Detection of influenza virus in rectal swabs of patients admitted in hospital for febrile illnesses in Thailand. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:2050312121989631. [PMID: 33552519 PMCID: PMC7841862 DOI: 10.1177/2050312121989631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza virus favours the respiratory tract as its primary site of host entry and replication, and it is transmitted mainly via respiratory secretions. Nasopharyngeal swab is the gold standard specimen type for influenza detection, but several studies have also suggested that the virus replicates in the human gastrointestinal tract. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on all patients positive for influenza virus and initially recruited as part of the PREDICT project from 2017 to 2018. The objectives of the study were to investigate whether rectal swab could aid in improving influenza detection, and if there was any correlation between gastrointestinal disturbances and severity of infection, using length of hospital stay as an indicator of severity. Results Of the 51 influenza-positive patients, 12 had detectable influenza virus in their rectal swab. Among these 12 rectal swab positive patients, influenza virus was not detected in the nasopharyngeal swab of three of them. Gastrointestinal symptoms were observed for 28.2% patients with a negative rectal swab negative and 25.0% patients with a positive rectal swab. Average length of hospital stay was 4.2 days for rectal swab positive group and 3.7 days for rectal swab negative group. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.288). Conclusions There is no correlation between influenza virus detection in rectal swab and gastrointestinal disturbances or disease severity, and there is currently insufficient evidence to support replicative ability in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artit Sangkakam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loei Hospital, Loei, Thailand
| | - Pasin Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abhinbhen W Saraya
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benjamard Thaweethee-Sukjai
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaniwan Cheun-Arom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alice Latinne
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Epstein JH, Anthony SJ, Islam A, Kilpatrick AM, Ali Khan S, Balkey MD, Ross N, Smith I, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Tao Y, Islam A, Quan PL, Olival KJ, Khan MSU, Gurley ES, Hossein MJ, Field HE, Fielder MD, Briese T, Rahman M, Broder CC, Crameri G, Wang LF, Luby SP, Lipkin WI, Daszak P. Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29190-29201. [PMID: 33139552 PMCID: PMC7682340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000429117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia-one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus's range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Khulshi 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Maria D Balkey
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | | | - Yun Tao
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
| | - Ausraful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Phenix Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - M Salah Uddin Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Emily S Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - M Jahangir Hossein
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Mark D Fielder
- School of Life Sciences, Science, Engineering and Computing Faculty, Kingston University, London KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Stephen P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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19
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Olival KJ, Cryan PM, Amman BR, Baric RS, Blehert DS, Brook CE, Calisher CH, Castle KT, Coleman JTH, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Field H, Frick WF, Gilbert AT, Hayman DTS, Ip HS, Karesh WB, Johnson CK, Kading RC, Kingston T, Lorch JM, Mendenhall IH, Peel AJ, Phelps KL, Plowright RK, Reeder DM, Reichard JD, Sleeman JM, Streicker DG, Towner JS, Wang LF. Possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008758. [PMID: 32881980 PMCID: PMC7470399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. Widespread human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also presents a new set of challenges when considering viral spillover from people to naïve wildlife and other animal populations. The establishment of new wildlife reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 would further complicate public health control measures and could lead to wildlife health and conservation impacts. Given the likely bat origin of SARS-CoV-2 and related beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), free-ranging bats are a key group of concern for spillover from humans back to wildlife. Here, we review the diversity and natural host range of β-CoVs in bats and examine the risk of humans inadvertently infecting free-ranging bats with SARS-CoV-2. Our review of the global distribution and host range of β-CoV evolutionary lineages suggests that 40+ species of temperate-zone North American bats could be immunologically naïve and susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We highlight an urgent need to proactively connect the wellbeing of human and wildlife health during the current pandemic and to implement new tools to continue wildlife research while avoiding potentially severe health and conservation impacts of SARS-CoV-2 "spilling back" into free-ranging bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cryan
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Amman
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David S. Blehert
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Castle
- Wildlife Veterinary Consulting, Livermore, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Hume Field
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Winifred F. Frick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hon S. Ip
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Lorch
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Kendra L. Phelps
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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20
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Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4235. [PMID: 32843626 PMCID: PMC7447761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are presumed reservoirs of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) including progenitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. However, the evolution and diversification of these coronaviruses remains poorly understood. Here we use a Bayesian statistical framework and a large sequence data set from bat-CoVs (including 630 novel CoV sequences) in China to study their macroevolution, cross-species transmission and dispersal. We find that host-switching occurs more frequently and across more distantly related host taxa in alpha- than beta-CoVs, and is more highly constrained by phylogenetic distance for beta-CoVs. We show that inter-family and -genus switching is most common in Rhinolophidae and the genus Rhinolophus. Our analyses identify the host taxa and geographic regions that define hotspots of CoV evolutionary diversity in China that could help target bat-CoV discovery for proactive zoonotic disease surveillance. Finally, we present a phylogenetic analysis suggesting a likely origin for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhinolophus spp. bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Latinne
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ben Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens And Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Hume E Field
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens And Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens And Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens And Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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21
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Abstract
Most viral pathogens in humans have animal origins and arose through cross-species transmission. Over the past 50 years, several viruses, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2, have been linked back to various bat species. Despite decades of research into bats and the pathogens they carry, the fields of bat virus ecology and molecular biology are still nascent, with many questions largely unexplored, thus hindering our ability to anticipate and prepare for the next viral outbreak. In this Review, we discuss the latest advancements and understanding of bat-borne viruses, reflecting on current knowledge gaps and outlining the potential routes for future research as well as for outbreak response and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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22
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Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32577651 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.31.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bats are presumed reservoirs of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) including progenitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. However, the evolution and diversification of these coronaviruses remains poorly understood. We used a Bayesian statistical framework and sequence data from all known bat-CoVs (including 630 novel CoV sequences) to study their macroevolution, cross-species transmission, and dispersal in China. We find that host-switching was more frequent and across more distantly related host taxa in alpha-than beta-CoVs, and more highly constrained by phylogenetic distance for beta-CoVs. We show that inter-family and -genus switching is most common in Rhinolophidae and the genus Rhinolophus . Our analyses identify the host taxa and geographic regions that define hotspots of CoV evolutionary diversity in China that could help target bat-CoV discovery for proactive zoonotic disease surveillance. Finally, we present a phylogenetic analysis suggesting a likely origin for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhinolophus spp. bats.
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23
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Albery GF, Eskew EA, Ross N, Olival KJ. Predicting the global mammalian viral sharing network using phylogeography. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2260. [PMID: 32385239 PMCID: PMC7210981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding interspecific viral transmission is key to understanding viral ecology and evolution, disease spillover into humans, and the consequences of global change. Prior studies have uncovered macroecological drivers of viral sharing, but analyses have never attempted to predict viral sharing in a pan-mammalian context. Using a conservative modelling framework, we confirm that host phylogenetic similarity and geographic range overlap are strong, nonlinear predictors of viral sharing among species across the entire mammal class. Using these traits, we predict global viral sharing patterns of 4196 mammal species and show that our simulated network successfully predicts viral sharing and reservoir host status using internal validation and an external dataset. We predict high rates of mammalian viral sharing in the tropics, particularly among rodents and bats, and within- and between-order sharing differed geographically and taxonomically. Our results emphasize the importance of ecological and phylogenetic factors in shaping mammalian viral communities, and provide a robust, general model to predict viral host range and guide pathogen surveillance and conservation efforts. Prior studies have investigated macroecological patterns of host sharing among viruses, although certain mammal clades have not been represented in these analyses, and the findings have not been used to predict the true network. Here the authors model the species level traits that predict viral sharing across all mammal clades and validate their predictions using an independent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Albery
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA. .,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. .,Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Smiley Evans T, Shi Z, Boots M, Liu W, Olival KJ, Xiao X, Vandewoude S, Brown H, Chen JL, Civitello DJ, Escobar L, Grohn Y, Li H, Lips K, Liu Q, Lu J, Martínez-López B, Shi J, Shi X, Xu B, Yuan L, Zhu G, Getz WM. Synergistic China-US Ecological Research is Essential for Global Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness. Ecohealth 2020; 17:160-173. [PMID: 32016718 PMCID: PMC7088356 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The risk of a zoonotic pandemic disease threatens hundreds of millions of people. Emerging infectious diseases also threaten livestock and wildlife populations around the world and can lead to devastating economic damages. China and the USA-due to their unparalleled resources, widespread engagement in activities driving emerging infectious diseases and national as well as geopolitical imperatives to contribute to global health security-play an essential role in our understanding of pandemic threats. Critical to efforts to mitigate risk is building upon existing investments in global capacity to develop training and research focused on the ecological factors driving infectious disease spillover from animals to humans. International cooperation, particularly between China and the USA, is essential to fully engage the resources and scientific strengths necessary to add this ecological emphasis to the pandemic preparedness strategy. Here, we review the world's current state of emerging infectious disease preparedness, the ecological and evolutionary knowledge needed to anticipate disease emergence, the roles that China and the USA currently play as sources and solutions to mitigating risk, and the next steps needed to better protect the global community from zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Boots
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Heidi Brown
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Luis Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yrjo Grohn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Karen Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Qiyoung Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jishu Shi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, US-China Center for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Biao Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wayne M Getz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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25
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Daszak P, Olival KJ, Li H. A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Biosaf Health 2020; 2:6-8. [PMID: 32562482 PMCID: PMC7144510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Hongying Li
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
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26
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Latinne A, Saputro S, Kalengkongan J, Kowel CL, Gaghiwu L, Ransaleleh TA, Nangoy MJ, Wahyuni I, Kusumaningrum T, Safari D, Feferholtz Y, Li H, Hagan E, Miller M, Francisco L, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Pamungkas J. Characterizing and quantifying the wildlife trade network in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Olival KJ, Latinne A, Islam A, Epstein JH, Hersch R, Engstrand RC, Gurley ES, Amato G, Luby SP, Daszak P. Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:970-985. [PMID: 31652377 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure and connectivity of wildlife host populations may influence zoonotic disease dynamics, evolution and therefore spillover risk to people. Fruit bats in the genus Pteropus, or flying foxes, are the primary natural reservoir for henipaviruses-a group of emerging paramyxoviruses that threaten livestock and public health. In Bangladesh, Pteropus medius is the reservoir for Nipah virus-and viral spillover has led to human fatalities nearly every year since 2001. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers to measure the population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of P. medius in Bangladesh. We combine this with a phylogeographic analysis of all known Nipah virus sequences and strains currently available to better inform the dynamics, distribution and evolutionary history of Nipah virus. We show that P. medius is primarily panmictic, but combined analysis of microsatellite and morphological data shows evidence for differentiation of two populations in eastern Bangladesh, corresponding to a divergent strain of Nipah virus also found in bats from eastern Bangladesh. Our demographic analyses indicate that a large, expanding population of flying foxes has existed in Bangladesh since the Late Pleistocene, coinciding with human population expansion in South Asia, suggesting repeated historical spillover of Nipah virus likely occurred. We present the first evidence of mitochondrial introgression, or hybridization, between P. medius and flying fox species found in South-East Asia (P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus), which may help to explain the distribution of Nipah virus strains across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Hersch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel C Engstrand
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Mishra N, Fagbo SF, Alagaili AN, Nitido A, Williams SH, Ng J, Lee B, Durosinlorun A, Garcia JA, Jain K, Kapoor V, Epstein JH, Briese T, Memish ZA, Olival KJ, Lipkin WI. A viral metagenomic survey identifies known and novel mammalian viruses in bats from Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214227. [PMID: 30969980 PMCID: PMC6457491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are implicated as natural reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic viruses including SARS and MERS coronaviruses, Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, Rabies and other lyssaviruses. Accordingly, many One Health surveillance and viral discovery programs have focused on bats. In this report we present viral metagenomic data from bats collected in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA]. Unbiased high throughput sequencing of fecal samples from 72 bat individuals comprising four species; lesser mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii), Egyptian tomb bat (Taphozous perforatus), straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum), and Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) revealed molecular evidence of a diverse set of viral families: Picornaviridae (hepatovirus, teschovirus, parechovirus), Reoviridae (rotavirus), Polyomaviridae (polyomavirus), Papillomaviridae (papillomavirus), Astroviridae (astrovirus), Caliciviridae (sapovirus), Coronaviridae (coronavirus), Adenoviridae (adenovirus), Paramyxoviridae (paramyxovirus), and unassigned mononegavirales (chuvirus). Additionally, we discovered a bastro-like virus (Middle East Hepe-Astrovirus), with a genomic organization similar to Hepeviridae. However, since it shared homology with Hepeviridae and Astroviridae at ORF1 and in ORF2, respectively, the newly discovered Hepe-Astrovirus may represent a phylogenetic bridge between Hepeviridae and Astroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (ZAM)
| | - Shamsudeen F. Fagbo
- One Health Unit, Executive Directorate for Surveillance and Response, National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz N. Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Nitido
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon H. Williams
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bohyun Lee
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Joel A. Garcia
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vishal Kapoor
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- The College of Medicine, Al faisal University & Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (NM); (ZAM)
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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29
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Phelps KL, Hamel L, Alhmoud N, Ali S, Bilgin R, Sidamonidze K, Urushadze L, Karesh W, Olival KJ. Bat Research Networks and Viral Surveillance: Gaps and Opportunities in Western Asia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030240. [PMID: 30857374 PMCID: PMC6466127 DOI: 10.3390/v11030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat research networks and viral surveillance are assumed to be at odds due to seemingly conflicting research priorities. Yet human threats that contribute to declines in bat populations globally also lead to increased transmission and spread of bat-associated viruses, which may pose a threat to global health and food security. In this review, we discuss the importance of and opportunities for multidisciplinary collaborations between bat research networks and infectious disease experts to tackle shared threats that jeopardize bat conservation as well as human and animal health. Moreover, we assess research effort on bats and bat-associated viruses globally, and demonstrate that Western Asia has limited published research and represents a gap for coordinated bat research. The lack of bat research in Western Asia severely limits our capacity to identify and mitigate region-specific threats to bat populations and detect interactions between bats and incidental hosts that promote virus spillover. We detail a regional initiative to establish the first bat research network in Western Asia (i.e., the Western Asia Bat Research Network, WAB-Net), with the aim of integrating ecological research on bats with virus surveillance to find “win-win” solutions that promote bat conservation and safeguard public and animal health across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Hamel
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA.
| | - Nisreen Alhmoud
- Biosafety and Biosecurity Center, Royal Scientific Society, 11941 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rasit Bilgin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Lela Urushadze
- National Center for Disease Control & Public Health, 0198 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street - 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street - 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
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31
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Washburne AD, Crowley DE, Becker DJ, Olival KJ, Taylor M, Munster VJ, Plowright RK. Taxonomic patterns in the zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5979. [PMID: 30519509 PMCID: PMC6272030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting and simplifying which pathogens may spill over from animals to humans is a major priority in infectious disease biology. Many efforts to determine which viruses are at risk of spillover use a subset of viral traits to find trait-based associations with spillover. We adapt a new method-phylofactorization-to identify not traits but lineages of viruses at risk of spilling over. Phylofactorization is used to partition the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses viral taxonomy based on non-human host range of viruses and whether there exists evidence the viruses have infected humans. We identify clades on a range of taxonomic levels with high or low propensities to spillover, thereby simplifying the classification of zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses. Phylofactorization by whether a virus is zoonotic yields many disjoint clades of viruses containing few to no representatives that have spilled over to humans. Phylofactorization by non-human host breadth yields several clades with significantly higher host breadth. We connect the phylogenetic factors above with life-histories of clades, revisit trait-based analyses, and illustrate how cladistic coarse-graining of zoonotic potential can refine trait-based analyses by illuminating clade-specific determinants of spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Washburne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Daniel E. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Daniel J. Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Matthew Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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32
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Verant ML, Bohuski EA, Richgels KLD, Olival KJ, Epstein JH, Blehert DS. Determinants of Pseudogymnoascus destructans within bat hibernacula: implications for surveillance and management of white-nose syndrome. J Appl Ecol 2018; 55:820-829. [PMID: 29610540 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Fungal diseases are an emerging global problem affecting human health, food security and biodiversity. Ability of many fungal pathogens to persist within environmental reservoirs can increase extinction risks for host species and presents challenges for disease control. Understanding factors that regulate pathogen spread and persistence in these reservoirs is critical for effective disease management. 2. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a disease of hibernating bats caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), a fungus that establishes persistent environmental reservoirs within bat hibernacula, which contribute to seasonal disease transmission dynamics in bats. However, host and environmental factors influencing distribution of Pd within these reservoirs are unknown. 3. We used model selection on longitudinally collected field data to test multiple hypotheses describing presence-absence and abundance of Pd in environmental substrates and on bats within hibernacula at different stages of WNS. 4. First detection of Pd in the environment lagged up to one year after first detection on bats within that hibernaculum. Once detected, the probability of detecting Pd within environmental samples from a hibernaculum increased over time and was higher in sediment compared to wall surfaces. Temperature had marginal effects on the distribution of Pd. For bats, prevalence and abundance of Pd were highest on Myotis lucifugus and on bats with visible signs of WNS. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that distribution of Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) within a hibernaculum is driven primarily by bats with delayed establishment of environmental reservoirs. Thus, collection of samples from Myotis lucifugus, or from sediment if bats cannot be sampled, should be prioritized to improve detection probabilities for Pd surveillance. Long-term persistence of Pd in sediment suggests that disease management for white-nose syndrome should address risks of sustained transmission from environmental reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Verant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and U.S. Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center
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33
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Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, Breit N, Olival KJ, Daszak P. Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 29066781 PMCID: PMC5654761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses originating from wildlife represent a significant threat to global health, security and economic growth, and combatting their emergence is a public health priority. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their emergence remains rudimentary. Here we update a global database of emerging infectious disease (EID) events, create a novel measure of reporting effort, and fit boosted regression tree models to analyze the demographic, environmental and biological correlates of their occurrence. After accounting for reporting effort, we show that zoonotic EID risk is elevated in forested tropical regions experiencing land-use changes and where wildlife biodiversity (mammal species richness) is high. We present a new global hotspot map of spatial variation in our zoonotic EID risk index, and partial dependence plots illustrating relationships between events and predictors. Our results may help to improve surveillance and long-term EID monitoring programs, and design field experiments to test underlying mechanisms of zoonotic disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toph Allen
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Kris A Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Stephen S Morse
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St #1504, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biosiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nathan Breit
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
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Olival KJ, Hosseini PR, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Ross N, Bogich TL, Daszak P. Erratum: Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. Nature 2017; 548:612. [PMID: 29411779 PMCID: PMC7608393 DOI: 10.1038/nature23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS). Understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. However, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host-virus relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable. After controlling for research effort, the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy and human population within a species range-which may reflect human-wildlife contact. We demonstrate that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders. We also identify the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of 'missing viruses' and 'missing zoonoses' and therefore of highest value for future surveillance. We then show that phylogenetic host breadth and other viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to assess if a newly discovered mammalian virus could infect people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | | | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Tiffany L Bogich
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
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Abstract
Analysis of a comprehensive database of mammalian host–virus relationships reveals that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable and that this enables identification of mammalian species and geographic locations where novel zoonoses are likely to be found. Zoonotic viruses, many originating in wild mammals, pose a serious threat to global public health. Peter Daszak and colleagues create a comprehensive database of mammalian host–virus relationships, which they analyse to determine patterns of virus and zoonotic virus distribution in mammals. They identify various factors that influence the number and diversity of viruses that infect a given species as well as factors that predict the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species. In doing so, they identify mammalian species and geographic locations where novel zoonoses are likely to be found. The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS)1,2,3. Understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs4. However, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries5,6,7. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host–virus relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable. After controlling for research effort, the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy and human population within a species range—which may reflect human–wildlife contact. We demonstrate that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders. We also identify the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of ‘missing viruses’ and ‘missing zoonoses’ and therefore of highest value for future surveillance. We then show that phylogenetic host breadth and other viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to assess if a newly discovered mammalian virus could infect people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | | | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Tiffany L Bogich
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
| | - Anna R Willoughby
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
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Smith KM, Machalaba CM, Jones H, Cáceres P, Popovic M, Olival KJ, Ben Jebara K, Karesh WB. Wildlife hosts for OIE-Listed diseases: considerations regarding global wildlife trade and host-pathogen relationships. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:71-81. [PMID: 28713575 PMCID: PMC5488181 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding international wildlife trade, combined with a lack of surveillance for key animal diseases in most countries, represents a potential pathway for transboundary disease movement. While the international wildlife trade represents over US $300 billion per year industry involving exchange of billions of individual animals, animal products, and plants as traditional medicines, meat from wild animals, trophies, live exotic pets, commercial products and food, surveillance and reporting of OIE‐Listed diseases in wildlife are often opportunistic. We reviewed peer‐reviewed literature for reports of 73 OIE‐Listed terrestrial animal diseases in wild animals and found 528 possible wild animal hosts using our methodology. Not all host–pathogen relationships indicate that a particular species serves an epidemiologically significant role in the transmission of disease, but improved reporting of infections in wild animals along with clinical and pathological findings would contribute to improved One Health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilary Jones
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUSA.,Crown Heights Animal HospitalNew YorkUSA
| | - Paula Cáceres
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)ParisFrance
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Wray AK, Olival KJ, Morán D, Lopez MR, Alvarez D, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Simmons NB, Lipkin WI, Daszak P, Anthony SJ. Viral Diversity, Prey Preference, and Bartonella Prevalence in Desmodus rotundus in Guatemala. Ecohealth 2016; 13:761-774. [PMID: 27660213 PMCID: PMC5164864 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain bat species serve as natural reservoirs for pathogens in several key viral families including henipa-, lyssa-, corona-, and filoviruses, which may pose serious threats to human health. The Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), due to its abundance, sanguivorous feeding habit involving humans and domestic animals, and highly social behavioral ecology, may have an unusually high potential for interspecies disease transmission. Previous studies have investigated rabies dynamics in D. rotundus, yet the diversity of other viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that these bats may carry remains largely unknown. We screened 396 blood, urine, saliva, and fecal samples from D. rotundus captured in Guatemala for 13 viral families and genera. Positive results were found for rhabdovirus, adenovirus, and herpesvirus assays. We also screened these samples for Bartonella spp. and found that 38% of individuals tested positive. To characterize potential for interspecies transmission associated with feeding behavior, we also analyzed cytochrome B sequences from fecal samples to identify prey species and found that domestic cattle (Bos taurus) made up the majority of blood meals. Our findings suggest that the risk of pathogen spillover from Desmodus rotundus, including between domestic animal species, is possible and warrants further investigation to characterize this microbial diversity and expand our understanding of foraging ecology in their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Wray
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA.
| | - David Morán
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Maria Renee Lopez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliza Liang
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, Suite 1701, New York, NY, 11231, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Kanchanasaka B, Duengkae P, Kaewchot S, Srongmongkol P, Ieamsaard G, Maneeorn P, Sittidetboripat N, Kaewpom T, Petcharat S, Yingsakmongkon S, Rollin PE, Towner JS, Hemachudha T. Surveillance for Ebola Virus in Wildlife, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2271-3. [PMID: 26584224 PMCID: PMC4672430 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), particularly zoonoses, represent a significant threat to global health. Emergence is often driven by anthropogenic activity (e.g., travel, land use change). Although disease emergence frameworks suggest multiple steps from initial zoonotic transmission to human-to-human spread, there have been few attempts to empirically model specific steps. We create a process-based framework to separate out components of individual emergence steps. We focus on early emergence and expand the first step, zoonotic transmission, into processes of generation of pathogen richness, transmission opportunity, and establishment, each with its own hypothesized drivers. Using this structure, we build a spatial empirical model of these drivers, taking bat viruses shared with humans as a case study. We show that drivers of both viral richness (host diversity and climatic variability) and transmission opportunity (human population density, bushmeat hunting, and livestock production) are associated with virus sharing between humans and bats. We also show spatial heterogeneity between the global patterns of these two processes, suggesting that high-priority locations for pathogen discovery and surveillance in wildlife may not necessarily coincide with those for public health intervention. Finally, we offer direction for future studies of zoonotic EIDs by highlighting the importance of the processes underlying their emergence.
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43
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Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Kanchanasaka B, Duengkae P, Kaewchot S, Srongmongkol P, Ieamsaard G, Maneeorn P, Sittidetboripat N, Kaewpom T, Petcharat S, Yingsakmongkon S, Rollin PE, Towner JS, Hemachudha T. Surveillance for Ebola Virus in Wildlife, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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44
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Jayme SI, Field HE, de Jong C, Olival KJ, Marsh G, Tagtag AM, Hughes T, Bucad AC, Barr J, Azul RR, Retes LM, Foord A, Yu M, Cruz MS, Santos IJ, Lim TMS, Benigno CC, Epstein JH, Wang LF, Daszak P, Newman SH. Molecular evidence of Ebola Reston virus infection in Philippine bats. Virol J 2015; 12:107. [PMID: 26184657 PMCID: PMC4504098 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008-09, evidence of Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) infection was found in domestic pigs and pig workers in the Philippines. With species of bats having been shown to be the cryptic reservoir of filoviruses elsewhere, the Philippine government, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assembled a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional team to investigate Philippine bats as the possible reservoir of RESTV. METHODS The team undertook surveillance of bat populations at multiple locations during 2010 using both serology and molecular assays. RESULTS A total of 464 bats from 21 species were sampled. We found both molecular and serologic evidence of RESTV infection in multiple bat species. RNA was detected with quantitative PCR (qPCR) in oropharyngeal swabs taken from Miniopterus schreibersii, with three samples yielding a product on conventional hemi-nested PCR whose sequences differed from a Philippine pig isolate by a single nucleotide. Uncorroborated qPCR detections may indicate RESTV nucleic acid in several additional bat species (M. australis, C. brachyotis and Ch. plicata). We also detected anti-RESTV antibodies in three bats (Acerodon jubatus) using both Western blot and ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that ebolavirus infection is taxonomically widespread in Philippine bats, but the evident low prevalence and low viral load warrants expanded surveillance to elaborate the findings, and more broadly, to determine the taxonomic and geographic occurrence of ebolaviruses in bats in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Jayme
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Makati City, Philippines. .,Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Santa Rosa City, Philippines.
| | - Hume E Field
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Australia. .,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA.
| | - Carol de Jong
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Glenn Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Anson M Tagtag
- Biodiversity Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | | | - Anthony C Bucad
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Jennifer Barr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Rachel R Azul
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Lilia M Retes
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Adam Foord
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Meng Yu
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Magdalena S Cruz
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Imelda J Santos
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Makati City, Philippines.
| | - Theresa Mundita S Lim
- Biodiversity Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Carolyn C Benigno
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia. .,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, ᅟ, Singapore.
| | | | - Scott H Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Loh EH, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Olival KJ, Bogich TL, Johnson CK, Mazet JAK, Karesh W, Daszak P. Targeting Transmission Pathways for Emerging Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:432-7. [PMID: 26186515 PMCID: PMC4507309 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used literature searches and a database of all reported emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) to analyze the most important transmission pathways (e.g., vector-borne, aerosol droplet transmitted) for emerging zoonoses. Our results suggest that at the broad scale, the likelihood of transmission occurring through any one pathway is approximately equal. However, the major transmission pathways for zoonoses differ widely according to the specific underlying drivers of EID events (e.g., land-use change, agricultural intensification). These results can be used to develop better targeting of surveillance for, and more effective control of newly emerged zoonoses in regions under different underlying pressures that drive disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiffany L. Bogich
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Russell AL, Pinzari CA, Vonhof MJ, Olival KJ, Bonaccorso FJ. Two Tickets to Paradise: Multiple Dispersal Events in the Founding of Hoary Bat Populations in Hawai'i. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127912. [PMID: 26083029 PMCID: PMC4471086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hawaiian islands are an extremely isolated oceanic archipelago, and their fauna has long served as models of dispersal in island biogeography. While molecular data have recently been applied to investigate the timing and origin of dispersal events for several animal groups including birds, insects, and snails, these questions have been largely unaddressed in Hawai'i’s only native terrestrial mammal, the Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Here, we use molecular data to test the hypotheses that (1) Hawaiian L. c. semotus originated via dispersal from North American populations of L. c. cinereus rather than from South American L. c. villosissimus, and (2) modern Hawaiian populations were founded from a single dispersal event. Contrary to the latter hypothesis, our mitochondrial data support a biogeographic history of multiple, relatively recent dispersals of hoary bats from North America to the Hawaiian islands. Coalescent demographic analyses of multilocus data suggest that modern populations of Hawaiian hoary bats were founded no more than 10 kya. Our finding of multiple evolutionarily significant units in Hawai'i highlights information that should be useful for re-evaluation of the conservation status of hoary bats in Hawai'i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Russell
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinna A. Pinzari
- Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hawai'i National Park, Hawai'i, United States of America
| | - Maarten J. Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Program, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frank J. Bonaccorso
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawai'i National Park, Hawai'i, United States of America
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Schaer J, Reeder DM, Vodzak ME, Olival KJ, Weber N, Mayer F, Matuschewski K, Perkins SL. Nycteria parasites of Afrotropical insectivorous bats. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:375-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wacharapluesadee S, Duengkae P, Rodpan A, Kaewpom T, Maneeorn P, Kanchanasaka B, Yingsakmongkon S, Sittidetboripat N, Chareesaen C, Khlangsap N, Pidthong A, Leadprathom K, Ghai S, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Blair PJ, Callahan MV, Hemachudha T. Diversity of coronavirus in bats from Eastern Thailand. Virol J 2015; 12:57. [PMID: 25884446 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0289-110.1186/s12985-015-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are reservoirs for a diverse range of coronaviruses (CoVs), including those closely related to human pathogens such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV. There are approximately 139 bat species reported to date in Thailand, of which two are endemic species. Due to the zoonotic potential of CoVs, standardized surveillance efforts to characterize viral diversity in wildlife are imperative. FINDINGS A total of 626 bats from 19 different bat species were individually sampled from 5 provinces in Eastern Thailand between 2008 and 2013 (84 fecal and 542 rectal swabs). Samples collected (either fresh feces or rectal swabs) were placed directly into RNA stabilization reagent, transported on ice within 24 hours and preserved at -80°C until further analysis. CoV RNA was detected in 47 specimens (7.6%), from 13 different bat species, using broadly reactive consensus PCR primers targeting the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase gene designed to detect all CoVs. Thirty seven alphacoronaviruses, nine lineage D betacoronaviruses, and one lineage B betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV related) were identified. Six new bat CoV reservoirs were identified in our study, namely Cynopterus sphinx, Taphozous melanopogon, Hipposideros lekaguli, Rhinolophus shameli, Scotophilus heathii and Megaderma lyra. CONCLUSIONS CoVs from the same genetic lineage were found in different bat species roosting in similar or different locations. These data suggest that bat CoV lineages are not strictly concordant with their hosts. Our phylogenetic data indicates high diversity and a complex ecology of CoVs in bats sampled from specific areas in eastern regions of Thailand. Further characterization of additional CoV genes may be useful to better describe the CoV divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Apaporn Rodpan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Patarapol Maneeorn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nuntaporn Sittidetboripat
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Apisit Pidthong
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Siriporn Ghai
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael V Callahan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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49
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Wacharapluesadee S, Duengkae P, Rodpan A, Kaewpom T, Maneeorn P, Kanchanasaka B, Yingsakmongkon S, Sittidetboripat N, Chareesaen C, Khlangsap N, Pidthong A, Leadprathom K, Ghai S, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Blair PJ, Callahan MV, Hemachudha T. Diversity of coronavirus in bats from Eastern Thailand. Virol J 2015; 12:57. [PMID: 25884446 PMCID: PMC4416284 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are reservoirs for a diverse range of coronaviruses (CoVs), including those closely related to human pathogens such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV. There are approximately 139 bat species reported to date in Thailand, of which two are endemic species. Due to the zoonotic potential of CoVs, standardized surveillance efforts to characterize viral diversity in wildlife are imperative. Findings A total of 626 bats from 19 different bat species were individually sampled from 5 provinces in Eastern Thailand between 2008 and 2013 (84 fecal and 542 rectal swabs). Samples collected (either fresh feces or rectal swabs) were placed directly into RNA stabilization reagent, transported on ice within 24 hours and preserved at −80°C until further analysis. CoV RNA was detected in 47 specimens (7.6%), from 13 different bat species, using broadly reactive consensus PCR primers targeting the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase gene designed to detect all CoVs. Thirty seven alphacoronaviruses, nine lineage D betacoronaviruses, and one lineage B betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV related) were identified. Six new bat CoV reservoirs were identified in our study, namely Cynopterus sphinx, Taphozous melanopogon, Hipposideros lekaguli, Rhinolophus shameli, Scotophilus heathii and Megaderma lyra. Conclusions CoVs from the same genetic lineage were found in different bat species roosting in similar or different locations. These data suggest that bat CoV lineages are not strictly concordant with their hosts. Our phylogenetic data indicates high diversity and a complex ecology of CoVs in bats sampled from specific areas in eastern regions of Thailand. Further characterization of additional CoV genes may be useful to better describe the CoV divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Apaporn Rodpan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Patarapol Maneeorn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nuntaporn Sittidetboripat
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Apisit Pidthong
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Siriporn Ghai
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael V Callahan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Zhu Q, Kosoy M, Olival KJ, Dittmar K. Horizontal transfers and gene losses in the phospholipid pathway of bartonella reveal clues about early ecological niches. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2156-69. [PMID: 25106622 PMCID: PMC4159011 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonellae are mammalian pathogens vectored by blood-feeding arthropods. Although of increasing medical importance, little is known about their ecological past, and host associations are underexplored. Previous studies suggest an influence of horizontal gene transfers in ecological niche colonization by acquisition of host pathogenicity genes. We here expand these analyses to metabolic pathways of 28 Bartonella genomes, and experimentally explore the distribution of bartonellae in 21 species of blood-feeding arthropods. Across genomes, repeated gene losses and horizontal gains in the phospholipid pathway were found. The evolutionary timing of these patterns suggests functional consequences likely leading to an early intracellular lifestyle for stem bartonellae. Comparative phylogenomic analyses discover three independent lineage-specific reacquisitions of a core metabolic gene—NAD(P)H-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpsA)—from Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria. Transferred genes are significantly closely related to invertebrate Arsenophonus-, and Serratia-like endosymbionts, and mammalian Helicobacter-like pathogens, supporting a cellular association with arthropods and mammals at the base of extant Bartonella spp. Our studies suggest that the horizontal reacquisitions had a key impact on bartonellae lineage specific ecological and functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Michael Kosoy
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Foothills Research Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Katharina Dittmar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Graduate Program of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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