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Gurung G, Gupta KK. Refractive Error among Children Visiting the Department of Paediatric Opthalmology of a Tertiary Eye Care Center. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2023; 61:848-851. [PMID: 38289740 PMCID: PMC10725232 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Refractive error is the inability of eyes to focus clearly on images. Visual impairment due to refractive error has a major impact on children's education and daily activities. The hospital has no documentation of the ocular morbidity related to refractive errors in children. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of refractive error in children visiting the Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology of a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the Outpatient Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology in a tertiary care centre from 8 September 2022 to 7 March 2023 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at 95% Confidence Interval. Results Among 3600 children, the prevalence of refractive error was seen in 668 children (18.56%) (15.61-21.51, 95% Confidence Interval). Refractive error was seen in 363 (54.34%) boys and 305 (45.66%) girls. Myopia was found in 340 (50.90%), astigmatism in 207 (30.99%), and hyperopia in 121 (18.11%). Conclusions The prevalence of refractive error among children attending a tertiary care centre was found to be higher than studies done in similar settings. Regular screening of refractive error for visual impairment is recommended among school going children. Keywords astigmatism; hyperopia; myopia; refractive error; visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Gurung
- Department of Paediatric Opthalmology, RamKumar Mahavir Prasad Kedia Eye Hospital, Parwanipur, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kant Gupta
- Department of Glaucoma, RamKumar Mahavir Prasad Kedia Eye Hospital, Parwanipur, Birgunj, Nepal
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MacKenzie GE, Morgan IG, Baraas RC, Little JA, Congdon N, Chan VF, Moore B, Bundy D. Recognizing Eye Health as an Integral Part of Children's School Health Throughout the World. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:3-5. [PMID: 35044338 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme E MacKenzie
- Riemann Limited, London, United Kingdom
- Clearly Initiatives, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway
| | - Julie-Anne Little
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Ulverscroft Chair for Global Eye Health, Department School of Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Orbis International, Lenexa, Kansas, US
| | - Ving Fai Chan
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science, Centre for Public Health, Royal Victoria Hospital, United Kingdom
- School of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bruce Moore
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, US
| | - Donald Bundy
- Global Research Consortium for School Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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Németh J, Tapasztó B, Aclimandos WA, Kestelyn P, Jonas JB, De Faber JTHN, Januleviciene I, Grzybowski A, Nagy ZZ, Pärssinen O, Guggenheim JA, Allen PM, Baraas RC, Saunders KJ, Flitcroft DI, Gray LS, Polling JR, Haarman AEG, Tideman JWL, Wolffsohn JS, Wahl S, Mulder JA, Smirnova IY, Formenti M, Radhakrishnan H, Resnikoff S. Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:853-883. [PMID: 33673740 PMCID: PMC8369912 DOI: 10.1177/1120672121998960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Németh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Tapasztó
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Gerontology Research Centre and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision Science research, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Daniel Ian Flitcroft
- Temple Street Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland (CERI) Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien EG Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Willem L Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Stuart Wolffsohn
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeroen A Mulder
- Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marino Formenti
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Serge Resnikoff
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Althomali TA. Relative Proportion Of Different Types Of Refractive Errors In Subjects Seeking Laser Vision Correction. Open Ophthalmol J 2018; 12:53-62. [PMID: 29872484 PMCID: PMC5958297 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101812010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Refractive errors are a form of optical defect affecting more than 2.3 billion people worldwide. As refractive errors are a major contributor of mild to moderate vision impairment, assessment of their relative proportion would be helpful in the strategic planning of health programs. Purpose: To determine the pattern of the relative proportion of types of refractive errors among the adult candidates seeking laser assisted refractive correction in a private clinic setting in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The clinical charts of 687 patients (1374 eyes) with mean age 27.6 ± 7.5 years who desired laser vision correction and underwent a pre-LASIK work-up were reviewed retrospectively. Refractive errors were classified as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was applied to define refractive errors. Outcome Measures: Distribution percentage of different types of refractive errors; myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Results: The mean spherical equivalent for 1374 eyes was -3.11 ± 2.88 D. Of the total 1374 eyes, 91.8% (n = 1262) eyes had myopia, 4.7% (n = 65) eyes had hyperopia and 3.4% (n = 47) had emmetropia with astigmatism. Distribution percentage of astigmatism (cylinder error of ≥ 0.50 D) was 78.5% (1078/1374 eyes); of which % 69.1% (994/1374) had low to moderate astigmatism and 9.4% (129/1374) had high astigmatism. Conclusion and Relevance: Of the adult candidates seeking laser refractive correction in a private setting in Saudi Arabia, myopia represented greatest burden with more than 90% myopic eyes, compared to hyperopia in nearly 5% eyes. Astigmatism was present in more than 78% eyes.
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Pärssinen O, Kauppinen M, Viljanen A. The progression of myopia from its onset at age 8-12 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on myopic progression. A 23-year follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:730-9. [PMID: 24674576 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine myopic progression and factors connected with myopic progression. METHODS Myopic schoolchildren, with no previous spectacles, 119 boys and 121 girls, were recruited during 1983-1984 to a randomized 3-year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia with a subsequent 20-year follow-up. Participants' mean age at Baseline was 10.9, ranging from 8.7 to 12.8 years. An ophthalmological examination was carried out annually for 3 years and twice thereafter at ca. 10-year intervals. Additional refraction values were received from prescriptions issued by different ophthalmologists and opticians. Altogether, 1915 refraction values were available. Reading distance and accommodation were measured at each control visit. Data on parents' myopia, daily time spent on reading and close work, outdoor activities and watching television were gathered with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS Using bifocals (+1.75 add) or reading without glasses or accommodation stimulus during the 3-year period in childhood did not correlate with adulthood refraction. Short reading distance in childhood predicted higher adulthood myopia among females. The factors predicting faster myopic progression were parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities at childhood. Time spent on reading and close work in childhood was related to myopic progression during the first 3 years but did not predict adulthood myopia. Myopia throughout follow-up was higher among those who watched television <3 hr daily than those who spent more time watching television. Mean myopic progression 8 years after age 20-24 was -0.45 D ± 0.71 (SD), and in 45% of cases, progression was ≥0.5 D. CONCLUSIONS In nearly half of the cases, myopia beginning at school continued to progress into adulthood. Higher adulthood myopia was mainly related to parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Central Hospital of Central Finland; Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Markku Kauppinen
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Anne Viljanen
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
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