Modeling and optimizing in vitro percentage and speed callus induction of carrot via Multilayer Perceptron-Single point discrete GA and radial basis function

Background

Callus induction is the first step in optimizing plant regeneration. Fit embryogenesis and shooting rely on callus induction. In addition, using artificial intelligence models in combination with an algorithm can be helpful in the optimization of in vitro culture. The present study aimed to evaluate the percentage and speed of callus induction optimization in carrot with a Multilayer Perceptron-Single point discrete genetic algorithm (GA).

Materials and methods

In this study, the outputs included callus induction percentage and speed, while inputs were different types and concentrations of plant growth regulator (0. 5, 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.3, 0.2, 0.5 mg/l BAP, 1, 0.2 mg/l Kin, and 2 mg/l NAA), different explants (shoot, root, leaf, and nodal), a different concentration compound of MS medium (1 × MS, 4× MS, and 8× MS) and time of sampling. The data were obtained in the laboratory, and multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF), two well-known ANNs, were employed to model. Then, GA was used for optimization, and sensitivity analysis was performed to indicate the inputs’ importance.

Results

The results showed that MLP had better prediction efficiency than RBF. Based on the results, R2 in training and testing data was 95 and 95% for the percentage of callus induction, while it was 94 and 95% for the speed of callus induction, respectively. In addition, a concentration compound of MS had high sensitivity, while times of sampling had low sensitivity. Based on the MLP-Single point discrete GA, the best results were obtained for shoot explants, 1× MS media, and 0.5 mg/l 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg/l BAP. Further, a non-significant difference was observed between the test result and predicted MLP.

Conclusions

Generally, MLP-Single point discrete GA is considered a potent tool for predicting treatment and fit model results used in plant tissue culture and selecting the best medium for callus induction.

The Influence of Phytohormones on the Efficiency of Callus Formation, Its Morphologically Properties and Content of Bioactive Compounds in In Vitro Cultures of Daucus carota L

The significance of cultivar colour (orange and yellow), the application of MgO during field cultivation and chosen phytohormones in the callus cultivation medium are investigated in the present study, with respect to the antioxidative properties of the obtained callus. Callus cultivation are examined as an alternative method for the production of plant antioxidant compounds. Cultivar choice was most significant for callus production and the synthesis of health-promoting metabolites. The best combination, with respect to the induction efficacy and antioxidant properties measured as a synthetic value by Multidimensional Comparative Analysis (MCA), was found in the callus of cultivar ‘Flacoro’, cultivated without MgO fertilization and on a medium with kinetin (KIN) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (MCA-value 0.465). The worst performance was found for cultivar ‘Yello Mello’, independent of the applied phythormones (averaged MCA-value 0.839) and for the cultivar ‘Flacoro’ fertilized with MgO and independent of growth hormones (averaged MCA-value 0.810).

Totipotency of Daucus carota L. Somatic Cells Microencapsulated Using Spray Drying Technology

The carrot is considered a model system in plant cell culture. Spray drying represents a widely used technology to preserve microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeasts. In germplasm conservation, the most used methods are freeze drying and cryopreservation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of spray drying on the viability and totipotency of somatic carrot cells. Leaf, root and stem explants were evaluated to induce callus with 2 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Calli obtained from the stem were cultivated in a liquid medium with 1 mg/L of 2,4-D. Cell suspensions were spray dried with maltodextrin-gum Arabic and maltodextrin-xanthan gum mixtures, two outlet air temperatures (50 and 60 °C) and 120 °C inlet air temperature. Results showed that carrot cells were viable after spray drying, and this viability remained for six months at 8 °C. The totipotency of the microencapsulated cells was proven. Cells that were not spray dried regenerated 24.6 plantlets, while the spray dried cells regenerated 19 plantlets for each gram of rehydrated powder. Thus, spray drying allowed researchers to obtain viable and totipotent cells. This work is the first manuscript that reported the spray drying of plant somatic cells.

Effect of tillage, biochar, poultry manure and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, and their mixture on soil properties, growth and carrot (Daucus carota L.) yield under tropical conditions

Tillage, biochar, poultry manure, NPK fertilizer and their combined application could improve soil quality, sustainability and carrot productivity. The effects of two tillage treatments: conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) each combined with 30 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar (B), 10 Mg ha⁻¹ poultry manure (PM), 300 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, 150 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer +15 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar +5 Mg ha⁻¹ poultry manure and a control (no biochar/poultry manure/NPK fertilizer) on soil properties, growth and carrot yield were investigated. The research was carried out for two consecutive growing seasons (2018 and 2019) at Owo in the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria on a sandy loam. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in a factorial combination of ten treatments and replicated three times. Reduced tillage had relatively lower soil bulk density, penetration resistance, dispersion ratio and temperature, and had significantly higher (p = 0.05) soil aggregate stability, mean weight diameter, porosity and water content than conventional tillage and these resulted in higher soil pH, organic C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg, growth and fresh root yield of carrot compared with conventional tillage. Reduced tillage increased fresh carrot root yield by 2.3 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.6 Mg ha⁻¹ for the first and second growing seasons, respectively, compared with conventional tillage, which corresponded to a 11.1% increment for both years. Application of biochar alone, poultry manure alone and complementary application of NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure decreased soil bulk density, penetration resistance, dispersion ratio and temperature and increased soil water content, porosity, aggregate stability and mean weight diameter whereas NPK fertilizer did not improve these soil physical properties. Biochar alone, poultry manure alone, NPK fertilizer alone and combined application of NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure increased soil total N, available P, and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg concentrations compared with the control. Application of biochar alone improved soil pH, OC, K, Ca and Mg better than the NPK fertilizer. Poultry manure improved soil pH, OC, N, K, Ca and Mg better than the NPK fertilizer. Combined application of NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure at sub-optimal rates gave higher soil N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations, higher plant, number of leaves, root length, root diameter and fresh carrot root yield compared with NPK fertilizer or biochar or poultry manure alone. Compared with control, NPK fertilizer alone, biochar alone, poultry manure alone and mixture of NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure increased fresh carrot root yield by 43, 24, 46 and 76%, respectively. Reduced tillage in combination with NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure gave the highest fresh carrot root yield. The results indicated that reduced tillage in combination with NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure prove to be an effective and sustainable management strategy for improving soil quality and carrot yield than conventional tillage in combination with NPK fertilizer, biochar and poultry manure.

Micropropagation, myristicin production enhancement, and comparative GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extracts of different organs of Daucus pumilus (Gouan), family Apiaceae

Aim:

This work aimed to study the somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of endangered Daucus pumilus (Gouan) for the conservation of this plant and improving the production of secondary metabolites of medicinal value.

Materials and Methods:

The callus formation and in vitro propagation of D. pumilus (Gouan) by using a different combination of naphthalene acetic acid and benzylaminopurine were established. Various embryogenic stages were tracked using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The volatile constituents of the n-hexane extracts of D. pumilus (Gouan) that extracted by ultrasonic-assisted technique were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results and Discussion:

Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of endangered D. pumilus (Gouan) were established for the first time. Myristicin and elemicin were successfully increased during micropropagation to 70.89% and 2.19%, respectively. Furthermore, the induction of compounds such as 6-methoxymellein, eugenin, methyl behenate, and 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene was also detected.

Conclusion:

Commercially, this protocol decreases the dependence on wild medicinal plants, enhances the manufacturing of valuable phytochemicals to meet the great demands of the pharmaceutical industries, and acts as a mean for genetic transformation of this plant.

Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors

Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) are not only a useful array of natural products but also an important part of plant defense system against pathogenic attacks and environmental stresses. With remarkable biological activities, plant SMs are increasingly used as medicine ingredients and food additives for therapeutic, aromatic and culinary purposes. Various genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental factors can influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs. According to the literature reports, for example, SMs accumulation is strongly dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity, and for most plants, a change in an individual factor may alter the content of SMs even if other factors remain constant. Here, we review with emphasis how each of single factors to affect the accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, and conduct a comparative analysis of relevant natural products in the stressed and unstressed plants. Expectantly, this documentary review will outline a general picture of environmental factors responsible for fluctuation in plant SMs, provide a practical way to obtain consistent quality and high quantity of bioactive compounds in vegetation, and present some suggestions for future research and development.

Two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Daucus carota L

Two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids containing an interesting epoxy unit, daucuside (1) and daucusol (2) were isolated from the fruits of Daucus carota L. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of MS, NMR spectroscopic analyses coupled with chemical degradation and they were also evaluated for the cytotoxic effects against two human gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823 and AGS.

A new sesquiterpene from the fruits of Daucus carota L

Phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Daucus carota L. resulted in the isolation of a new sesquiterpene named as daucucarotol (1). Its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments, coupled with MS studies. To our knowledge, compound 1 is the first example for a natural eudesmane sesquiterpene with a hydroxymethyl group located at a methine carbon rather than a usual quaternary carbon in the two fused six-membered ring systems.