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Larsen MR, Ottsen T, Holmen Olofsson ET, Spangenberg J. Numerical Modeling of the Mixing of Highly Viscous Polymer Suspensions in Partially Filled Sigma Blade Mixers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081938. [PMID: 37112085 PMCID: PMC10146645 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a non-isothermal, non-Newtonian Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for the mixing of a highly viscous polymer suspension in a partially filled sigma blade mixer. The model accounts for viscous heating and the free surface of the suspension. The rheological model is found by calibration with experimental temperature measurements. Subsequently, the model is exploited to study the effect of applying heat both before and during mixing on the suspension's mixing quality. Two mixing indexes are used to evaluate the mixing condition, namely, the Ica Manas-Zlaczower dispersive index and Kramer's distributive index. Some fluctuations are observed in the predictions of the dispersive mixing index, which could be associated with the free surface of the suspension, thus indicating that this index might not be ideal for partially filled mixers. The Kramer index results are stable and indicate that the particles in the suspension can be well distributed. Interestingly, the results highlight that the speed at which the suspension becomes well distributed is almost independent of applying heat both before and during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roland Larsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Dansac A/S, 3480 Fredensborg, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Tomas Holmen Olofsson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jon Spangenberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Nyande BW, Mathew Thomas K, Lakerveld R. CFD Analysis of a Kenics Static Mixer with a Low Pressure Drop under Laminar Flow Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baggie W. Nyande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kiran Mathew Thomas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Ferrás LL, Fernandes C, Semyonov D, Nóbrega JM, Covas JA. Dispersion of Graphite Nanoplates in Polypropylene by Melt Mixing: The Effects of Hydrodynamic Stresses and Residence Time. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010102. [PMID: 33383790 PMCID: PMC7795305 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work combines experimental and numerical (computational fluid dynamics) data to better understand the kinetics of the dispersion of graphite nanoplates in a polypropylene melt, using a mixing device that consists of a series of stacked rings with an equal outer diameter and alternating larger and smaller inner diameters, thereby creating a series of converging/diverging flows. Numerical simulation of the flow assuming both inelastic and viscoelastic responses predicted the velocity, streamlines, flow type and shear and normal stress fields for the mixer. Experimental and computed data were combined to determine the trade-off between the local degree of dispersion of the PP/GnP nanocomposite, measured as area ratio, and the absolute average value of the hydrodynamic stresses multiplied by the local cumulative residence time. A strong quasi-linear relationship between the evolution of dispersion measured experimentally and the computational data was obtained. Theory was used to interpret experimental data, and the results obtained confirmed the hypotheses previously put forward by various authors that the dispersion of solid agglomerates requires not only sufficiently high hydrodynamic stresses, but also that these act during sufficient time. Based on these considerations, it was estimated that the cohesive strength of the GnP agglomerates is in the range of 5–50 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Lima Ferrás
- Centre of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Célio Fernandes
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.F.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Denis Semyonov
- Coolbrook, Pieni Roobertinkatu 9, 00130 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - João Miguel Nóbrega
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.F.); (J.M.N.)
| | - José António Covas
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (C.F.); (J.M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-510-320
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Deshmukh S, Burbine S, Keaney E, Banerjee SS, Panwar A, Peters C, Herndon M, Rockosi D, Mead J, Barry C. Extrusion of highly filled flexible polymer sheet. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Deshmukh
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephen Burbine
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Erin Keaney
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Artee Panwar
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | | | - Joey Mead
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Carol Barry
- Nanomanufacturing Center University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
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Resmeriță AM, Coroaba A, Darie R, Doroftei F, Spiridon I, Simionescu BC, Navard P. Erosion as a possible mechanism for the decrease of size of plastic pieces floating in oceans. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:387-395. [PMID: 29475675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A sea water wave tank fitted in an artificial UV light weathering chamber was built to study the behaviour of polypropylene (PP) injected pieces in close ocean-like conditions. In air, the same pieces sees a degradation in the bulk with a decrease of mechanical properties, a little change of crystal properties and nearly no change of surface chemistry. Weathering in the sea water wave tank shows only a surface changes, with no effect on crystals or mechanical properties with loss of small pieces of matter in the sub-micron range and a change of surface chemistry. This suggests an erosion dispersion mechanism. Such mechanism could explain why no particle smaller than about one millimeter is found when collecting plastic debris at sea: there are much smaller, eroded from plastic surfaces by a mechano-chemical process similar to the erosion mechanism found in the dispersion of agglomerate under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Resmeriță
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Raluca Darie
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Iuliana Spiridon
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan C Simionescu
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Patrick Navard
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF(1) - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Zhong J, Isayev AI. Ultrasonically assisted compounding of CNT with polypropylenes of different molecular weights. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shafieizadegan-Esfahani A, Abdollahi M, Katbab A. Effects of compounding procedure on morphology development, melt rheology, and mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced dynamically vulcanized EPDM/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizates. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M.M. Abdollahi
- Chemical Engineering Department; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - A.A. Katbab
- Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Department; Amirkabir University; Tehran Iran
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Huang Z, Qu J, Geng J, Zhai S, Jia S, Chen H. Total Strain of Newtonian Fluids in a Vane Extruder. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.861309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhong J, Isayev AI, Huang K. Influence of ultrasonic treatment in PP/CNT composites using masterbatch dilution method. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Law YY, Feke DL, Manas-Zloczower I. Method for probing the microstructure of particle beds using infiltration behavior. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sanchez Fellay L, Vanni M. The effect of flow configuration on hydrodynamic stresses and dispersion of low density rigid aggregates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oxfall H, Rondin J, Bouquey M, Muller R, Rigdahl M, Rychwalski RW. Elongational flow mixing for manufacturing of graphite nanoplatelet/polystyrene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bava L, Feke DL, Manas-Zloczower I, Rowan SJ. Model for the hydrodynamic dispersion of agglomerates incorporating thermoresponsive additives. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2011.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A phenomenological model for the hydrodynamic dispersion of silica agglomerates modified with a thermoresponsive hydrogel (poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, PNIPAM) is presented. The model well describes experimental observations of the dependence of the dispersion behavior on the presence of additives (water and PNIPAM hydrogels) and applied hydrodynamic stress. Most importantly, the thermosensitivity of the dispersion process is captured by characterizing the agglomerate structure and cohesive force at two different temperatures (above and below the hydrogel transition temperature). The transition in dispersion mechanism between rupture-like and erosion-like regimes with system temperature can also be accommodated within the model.
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Kasaliwal GR, Pegel S, Göldel A, Pötschke P, Heinrich G. Analysis of agglomerate dispersion mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes during melt mixing in polycarbonate. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Estimation of stresses required for exfoliation of clay particles in polymer nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hornsby PR. Rheology, Compounding and Processing of Filled Thermoplastics. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69220-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Boyle JF, Manas-Zloczower I, Feke DL. Hydrodynamic analysis of the mechanisms of agglomerate dispersion. POWDER TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Berzin F, Vergnes B, Lafleur PG, Grmela M. A theoretical approach to solid filler dispersion in a twin-screw extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Potente H, Kretschmer K, Flecke J. A physical-mathematical model for the dispersion process in continuous mixers. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yao CH, Manas-Zloczower I. Influence of design on dispersive mixing performance in an axial discharge continuous mixer?LCMAX 40. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang W, Manas-Zloczower I. Temporal distributions: The basis for the development of mixing indexes for scale-up of polymer processing equipment. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bravo VL, Hrymak AN, Wright JD. Study of particle trajectories, residence times and flow behavior in kneading discs of intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruders. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rwei SP. Distributive mixing in a single-screw extruder?evaluation in the flow direction. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Improving pigment dispersing in powder coatings with block copolymer dispersants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02733785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rauline D, Le Blévec JM, Bousquet J, Tanguy P. A Comparative Assessment of the Performance of the Kenics and SMX Static Mixers. Chem Eng Res Des 2000. [DOI: 10.1205/026387600527284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rauline D, Tanguy PA, Le Blévec JM, Bousquet J. Numerical investigation of the performance of several static mixers. CAN J CHEM ENG 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450760325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li T, Manas-Zloczower I. Flow field analysis of an intermeshing counterrotating twin screw extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760340703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Horwatt SW, Feke DL, Manas-Zloczower I. The influence of structural heterogeneities on the cohesivity and breakup of agglomerates in simple shear flow. POWDER TECHNOL 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-5910(92)88017-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang HH, Manas-Zloczower I. Flow field analysis of the kneading disc region in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. POLYM ENG SCI 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760321903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horwatt SW, Manas-Zloczower, Feke D. Dispersion behavior of heterogeneous agglomerates at supercritical stresses. Chem Eng Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(92)80303-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rwei SP, Manas-Zloczower I, Feke DL. Observation of carbon black agglomerate dispersion in simple shear flows. POLYM ENG SCI 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760301202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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