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Makota O, Yankovych HB, Bondarchuk O, Saldan I, Melnyk I. Sphere-shaped ZnO photocatalyst synthesis for enhanced degradation of the Quinolone antibiotic, Ofloxacin, under UV irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33619-w. [PMID: 38772993 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The sphere-shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalyst was synthesized by the homogeneous precipitation method, using Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O as a zinc precursor and NH4OH as a precipitating agent. The morphology and crystal structure of the prepared ZnO sample were studied by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, XPS, zeta potential measurements, and a low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique. The optical characteristics of ZnO were determined by UV - Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. ZnO photocatalyst performance of up to 100% within 210 min was observed in the photodegradation of the ofloxacin antibiotic under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The effect of antibiotic concentration, heavy metal ions, and water sources on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO demonstrated both the potential of its application under different conditions, and a good adaptability of this photocatalyst. The photodegradation reaction correlated well with the first-order kinetics model, with a rate constant of 0.0173 min-1. The reusability of the photocatalyst was verified after three cycles of use. Admittedly, photogenerated electrons and holes played a key role in removal of the antibiotic. This work showed the suitability of prepared ZnO for antibiotic removal, and its potential use for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Makota
- Department of Physical and Physico-Chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Stepana Bandery 12, 79013, Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Halyna Bodnar Yankovych
- Department of Physical and Physico-Chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Oleksandr Bondarchuk
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga S/N, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ivan Saldan
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Department of Physical and Physico-Chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Alam MN, Kumar V, Jeong SU, Park SS. Enhancing Rubber Vulcanization Cure Kinetics: Lowering Vulcanization Temperature by Addition of MgO as Co-Cure Activator in ZnO-Based Cure Activator Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:876. [PMID: 38611134 PMCID: PMC11013655 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vulcanization is a chemical modification of rubber that requires a considerable amount of thermal energy. To save thermal energy, the kinetics of rubber vulcanization should be improved. In this article, the curing properties of rubber vulcanization are thoroughly investigated using the moving die rheometer (MDR) technique. To enhance the kinetics in different stages of ZnO-based sulfur vulcanization systems, small amounts of MgO were added. The results revealed that the small amount of 1 to 2 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) of MgO in the controlled 5 phr ZnO-based curing systems can significantly improve the curing kinetics. For example, the optimum curing time of 1 phr MgO added to the 5 phr ZnO-containing semi-efficient vulcanization system at different temperatures was more than half that of the controlled 5 phr ZnO-only compound. While maintaining a similar rate of vulcanization, the vulcanization temperature can be reduced by up to 20 °C by using MgO as a co-cure activator, which exhibits similar or better rheometric mechanical properties compared to the controlled compounds. With the addition of MgO as a co-cure activator, the vulcanization reactions become very fast, enabling vulcanization to be completed, even at the boiling point of water (100 °C) with an affordable curing time (<1 h). By reducing the vulcanization temperature, the scorch safety time can be enhanced in the ZnO/MgO-based binary cure activator-containing vulcanizates. Overall, MgO could be a potential candidate as a co-cure activator with ZnO for the vulcanization of rubber, offering better economical and eco-friendly methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Najib Alam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Vineet Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Seok U Jeong
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Shin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
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3
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Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235289. [PMID: 36501682 PMCID: PMC9737580 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide performs as the best cure activator in sulfur-based vulcanization of rubber, but it is regarded as a highly toxic material for aquatic organisms. Hence, the toxic cure activator should be replaced by a non-toxic one. Still, there is no suitable alternative industrially. However, binary activators combining ZnO and another metal oxide such as MgO can largely reduce the level of ZnO with some improved benefits in the vulcanization of rubber as investigated in this research. Curing, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were investigated to find out the suitability of MgO in the vulcanization of rubber. Curing studies reveal that significant reductions in the optimum curing times are found by using MgO as a co-cure activator. Especially, the rate of vulcanization with conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams) ZnO can be enhanced by more than double, going from 0.3 Nm/min to 0.85 Nm/min by the use of a 3:2 ratio of MgO to ZnO cure activator system that should have high industrial importance. Mechanical and thermal properties investigations suggest that MgO as a co-cure activator used at 60% can provide 7.5% higher M100 (modulus at 100% strain) (0.58 MPa from 0.54 MPa), 20% higher tensile strength (23.7 MPa from 19.5 MPa), 15% higher elongation at break (1455% from 1270%), 68% higher fracture toughness (126 MJ/m3 from 75 MJ/m3), and comparable thermal stability than conventionally using 100 % ZnO. Especially, MgO as a co-cure activator could be very useful for improving the fracture toughness in rubber compounds compared to ZnO as a single-site curing activator. The significant improvements in the curing and mechanical properties suggest that MgO and ZnO undergo chemical interactions during vulcanization. Such rubber compounds can be useful in advanced tough and stretchable applications.
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Sreethu TK, Das M, Parathodika AR, Bhattacharya AB, Naskar K. Understanding the role of
ZnO
as activator in
SBR
vulcanizates: Performance evaluation with active, nano, and functionalized
ZnO. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mithun Das
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | | | - Asit Baran Bhattacharya
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
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5
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Boopasiri S, Thaptong P, Sae‐Oui P, Siriwong C. Fabrication of zinc oxide‐coated microcrystalline cellulose and its application in truck tire tread compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supparoek Boopasiri
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH‐CIC), Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Puchong Thaptong
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae‐Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH‐CIC), Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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6
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Boopasiri S, Sae‐Oui P, Siriwong C. Fabrication of microcrystalline cellulose/zinc oxide hybrid composite by hydrothermal synthesis and its application in rubber compounding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supparoek Boopasiri
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae‐Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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7
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Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Armelao L, Rancan M, Dirè S, Callone E, Donetti R, Susanna A, Scotti R. Design of a Zn Single-Site Curing Activator for a More Sustainable Sulfur Cross-Link Formation in Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:10180-10192. [PMID: 34483477 PMCID: PMC8411846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a worldwide used activator for a rubber vulcanization process, which promotes fast curing kinetics and high cross-linking densities of rubber nanocomposites (NCs). However, its extended use together with leaching phenomena occurring during the production and life cycle of rubber products, especially tires, entails potential environmental risks, as ecotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Pushed by this issue, a novel activator was developed, which introduces highly dispersed and active zinc species in the vulcanization process, reducing the amount of employed ZnO and keeping high the curing efficiency. The activator is constituted by Zn(II) single sites, anchored on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the coordination with functionalizing amino silane groups. It behaves as a double-function material, acting at the same time as a rubber reinforcing filler and a curing activator. The higher availability and reactivity of the single-site Zn(II) centers toward curative agents impart faster kinetics and higher efficiency to the vulcanization process of silica/isoprene NCs, compared to conventionally used ZnO activators. Moreover, the NCs show a high cross-linking degree and improved dynamic mechanical properties, despite the remarkably lower amount of zinc employed than that normally used for rubber composites in tires. Finally, the structural stability of Zn(II) single sites during the curing reactions and in the final materials may represent a turning point toward the elimination of zinc leaching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, DSCTM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
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8
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Zinc Complexes with 1,3-Diketones as Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene-Butadiene Elastomer Filled with Carbon Black. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143804. [PMID: 34300723 PMCID: PMC8307741 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-ZnO) and zinc complexes with 1,3-diketones of different structures were applied instead of microsized zinc oxide (M-ZnO) to activate the sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The influence of vulcanization activators on the cure characteristics of rubber compounds, as well as crosslink density and functional properties of SBR vulcanizates, such as tensile properties, hardness, damping behavior, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging was explored. Applying N-ZnO allowed to reduce the content of zinc by 40% compared to M-ZnO without detrimental influence on the cure characteristic and performance of SBR composites. The activity of zinc complexes in vulcanization seems to strongly depend on their structure, i.e., availability of zinc to react with curatives. The lower the steric hindrance of the substituents and thus the better the availability of zinc ions, the greater was the activity of the zinc complex and consequently the higher the crosslink density of the vulcanizates. Zinc complexes had no detrimental effect on the time and temperature of SBR vulcanization. Despite lower crosslink density, most vulcanizates with zinc complexes demonstrated similar or improved functional properties in comparison with SBR containing M-ZnO. Most importantly, zinc complexes allowed the content of zinc in SBR compounds to be reduced by approximately 90% compared to M-ZnO.
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9
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Li Y, Wu J, Zhang Q, Dong F, Xiong Y. Novel Architecture of ZnO Nanobundles Grown on Porous Silica as High Performance Vulcanization Accelerators that Reinforce Rubber Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiangbing Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingpo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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10
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Maciejewska M, Sowińska A, Kucharska J. Organic Zinc Salts as Pro-Ecological Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101723. [PMID: 31640189 PMCID: PMC6836100 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic zinc salts and complexes were applied as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) in order to reduce the content of zinc ions in rubber compounds as compared with conventionally used zinc oxide. In this article, the effects of different organic zinc activators on the curing characteristics, crosslink densities, and mechanical properties of SBR as well as the aging resistance and thermal behavior of vulcanizates are discussed. Organic zinc salts seem to be good substitutes for zinc oxide as activators for sulfur vulcanization of SBR rubber, without detrimental effects to the vulcanization time and temperature. Moreover, vulcanizates containing organic zinc salts exhibit higher tensile strength and better damping properties than vulcanizate crosslinked with zinc oxide. The application of organic zinc activators allows the amount of zinc ions in SBR compounds to be reduced by 70–90 wt % compared to vulcanizate with zinc oxide. This is very important for ecological reasons, since zinc oxide is classified as being toxic to aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maciejewska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Sowińska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Judyta Kucharska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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11
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Yangthong H, Pichaiyut S, Wisunthorn S, Kummerlöwe C, Vennemann N, Nakason C. Role of geopolymer as a cure activator in sulfur vulcanization of epoxidized natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassarutai Yangthong
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | - Skulrat Pichaiyut
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | - Suwaluk Wisunthorn
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | - Claudia Kummerlöwe
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück 49076 Germany
| | - Norbert Vennemann
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück 49076 Germany
| | - Charoen Nakason
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
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12
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Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of sulfur vulcanization reaction in rubber industry is generally improved thanks to the combined use of accelerators (as sulphenamides), activators (inorganic oxides), and co-activators (fatty acids). The interaction among these species is responsible for the formation of intermediate metal complexes, which are able to increase the reactivity of sulfur towards the polymer and to promote the chemical cross-links between the rubber chains. The high number of species and reactions that are involved contemporarily in the process hinders the complete understanding of its mechanism despite the long history of vulcanization. In this process, ZnO is considered to be the most efficient and major employed activator and zinc-based complexes that formed during the first steps of the reaction are recognized to play a main role in determining both the kinetic and the nature of the cross-linked products. However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the rubber entails its high consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the matrix, leading to a possible zinc leaching in the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i.e., tires). Thanks to the recent recognition of ZnO ecotoxicity, especially towards the aquatic environment, these aspects gain a critical importance in view of the urgent need to reduce or possibly substitute the ZnO employed in rubber vulcanization. In this review, the reactivity of ZnO as curing activator and its role in the vulcanization mechanism are highlighted and deeply discussed. A complete overview of the recent strategies that have been proposed in the literature to improve the vulcanization efficiency by reducing the amount of zinc that is used in the process is also reported.
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Junlapong K, Suwanboon S, Khaokong C. Effects of zinc oxide particle shape on properties of a prevulcanized latex. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Gaca M, Pietrasik J, Zaborski M, Okrasa L, Boiteux G, Gain O. Effect of Zinc Oxide Modified Silica Particles on the Molecular Dynamics of Carboxylated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E645. [PMID: 30965946 PMCID: PMC6418709 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work examines the molecular dynamics of carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber crosslinked with zinc oxide modified silica particles. ZnO/SiO₂ with the wide range of ZnO concentrations were used as both a crosslinking agent and filler. A series of thermal measurements were applied to the characterization of the samples: differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. A complementary experimental technique, which is equilibrium swelling in solvents, confirms the presence of ionic crosslinks, which are created between zinc ions and the functional carboxyl groups of the rubber, within the structure of the vulcanizates. These interactions influenced not only the affinity of the vulcanizates to solvents, but also their dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties. In these investigations, the influence of concentration of ZnO on the surface of the ZnO/SiO₂ on the properties of the vulcanizates are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gaca
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marian Zaborski
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Lidia Okrasa
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Gisèle Boiteux
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, 15 Bd A. Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Olivier Gain
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, 15 Bd A. Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetom Sarkar
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
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16
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Mansurova IA, Isupova OY, Burkov AA, Alalykin AA, Kondrashov SV, Shilov IB, Kraeva EY. Functionalization of 1D carbon nanostructures by components of curing system and their influence on the properties of the vulcanizates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078016050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Interaction of cytochrome c with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 103:630-4. [PMID: 23274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pH on the interaction between horse heart ferricytochrome c (cyt c) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been studied by a small angle scattering as well as UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The observations showed that the optimal pH for the association of protein with nanoparticles is in pH range 5.0-8.0. Almost no significant change in structure and thermodynamic stability of cytochrome c after the association with 60 nm ZnO NPs was performed by UV-vis and by a circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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18
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Zawadiak J, Mrzyczek M, Piotrowski T. Synthesis and properties of aromatic 1,3-diketones and bis-(1,3-diketones) obtained from acetophenone and phtalic acids esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.2.3.289-294.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Przybyszewska M, Zaborski M. Effect of ionic liquids and surfactants on zinc oxide nanoparticle activity in crosslinking of acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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