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Pokharel A, Falua KJ, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Nikkhah Dafchahi M, Tabil LG, Meda V, Acharya B. Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:996. [PMID: 38611254 PMCID: PMC11013793 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to enhance value addition to agricultural byproducts to produce composites by the solution casting technique. It is well known that PLA is moisture-sensitive and deforms at high temperatures, which limits its use in some applications. When blending with plant-based fibers, the weak point is the poor filler-matrix interface. For this reason, surface modification was carried out on hemp and flax fibers via acetylation and alkaline treatments. The fibers were milled to obtain two particle sizes of <75 μm and 149-210 μm and were blended with poly (lactic) acid at different loadings (0, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) to form a composite film The films were characterized for their spectroscopy, physical, and mechanical properties. All the film specimens showed C-O/O-H groups and the π-π interaction in untreated flax fillers showed lignin phenolic rings in the films. It was noticed that the maximum degradation temperature occurred at 362.5 °C. The highest WVPs for untreated, alkali-treated, and acetylation-treated composites were 20 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), 7.0 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), and 22 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), respectively. Increasing the filler content caused an increase in the color difference of the composite film compared with that of the neat PLA. Alkali-treated PLA/flax composites showed significant improvement in their tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus at a 2.5 or 5% filler loading. An increase in the filler loadings caused a significant increase in the moisture absorbed, whereas the water contact angle decreased with an increasing filler concentration. Flax- and hemp-induced PLA-based composite films with 5 wt.% loadings showed a more stable compromise in all the examined properties and are expected to provide unique industrial applications with satisfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.P.); (K.J.F.); (A.B.-G.); (M.N.D.); (L.G.T.); (V.M.)
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2
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Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composite reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotube and titanium dioxide hybrid fillers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Khalifa M, Anandhan S, Wuzella G, Lammer H, Mahendran AR. Thermoplastic polyurethane composites reinforced with renewable and sustainable fillers – a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1768544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khalifa
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Wood K plus , Altenberger strasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
| | - S. Anandhan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology , India
| | - Günter Wuzella
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Wood K plus , Altenberger strasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Herfried Lammer
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Wood K plus , Altenberger strasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
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Salem TF, Tirkes S, Akar AO, Tayfun U. Enhancement of mechanical, thermal and water uptake performance of TPU/jute fiber green composites via chemical treatments on fiber surface. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChopped jute fiber (JF) surfaces were modified using alkaline, silane and eco-grade epoxy resin. Surface characteristics of jute fibers were confirmed by FTIR and EDX analyses. JF filled polyurethane elastomer (TPU) composites were prepared via extrusion process. The effect of surface modifications of JF on mechanical, thermo-mechanical, melt-flow, water uptake and morphological properties of TPU-based eco-composites were investigated by tensile and hardness tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), melt flow index (MFI) test, water absorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. Mechanical test results showed that silane and epoxy treated JF additions led to increase in tensile strength, modulus and hardness of TPU. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of TPU rose up to higher values after JF inclusions regardless of treatment type. Si-JF filled TPU exhibited the lowest water absorption among composites. Surface treated JFs displayed homogeneous dispersion into TPU and their surface were covered by TPU according to SEM micro-photographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuffaha Fathe Salem
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Atilim University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seha Tirkes
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Atilim University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alinda Oyku Akar
- Esan Eczacıbası Industrial Raw Materials Co., 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Tayfun
- Inovasens Ltd., Izmir Technopark, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
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Ilyas R, Sapuan S. The Preparation Methods and Processing of Natural Fibre Bio-polymer Composites. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:1068-1070. [DOI: 10.2174/157017941608200120105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Ilyas
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Effects of Hybridized Organically Modified Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of K-Carrageenan Bio-Nanocomposite. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111547. [PMID: 31683602 PMCID: PMC6915427 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, hybrid k-carrageenan bio-nanocomposite films were fabricated by using two types of nanofillers, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Hybrid bio-nanocomposite films were made by casting techniques employing 4 wt% of CNCs, OMMT, and hybridized CNCs/OMMT in a 1:1 ratio. The rheological and morphological properties and thermal stability of all composites were investigated using rotational rheometry, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the hybrid CNC/OMMT bio-nanocomposite exhibited significantly improved properties as compared to those for the bio-nanocomposites with single fillers due to the nanosize and homogenous nanofiller dispersion in the matrix. Rheological analysis of the hybrid bio-nanocomposite showed higher dynamic shear storage modulus and complex viscosity values when compared to those for the bio-nanocomposite with individual fillers. The TEM analysis of the hybridized CNC/OMMT bio-nanocomposite revealed that more particles were packed together in the CNC network, which restricted the matrix mobility. The heat resistance and thermal stability bio-nanocomposite k-carrageenan film enhanced rapidly with the addition of hybridized CNCs/OMMT to 275 °C. The hybridized CNCs/OMMT exhibited synergistic effects due to the good affinity through interfacial interactions, resulting in the improvement of the material properties.
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7
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Performance tendency and morphological investigations of lignocellulosic tea/polyurethane bio-composite materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Ishak M, Zainudin E. Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:186-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Pang AL, Ismail H, Abu Bakar A. Eco-friendly coupling agent-treated kenaf/linear low-density polyethylene/poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Teo SC, Lan DNU, Teh PL, Tran LQN. Mechanical behavior of palm oil–based composite foam and its sandwich structure with a flax–epoxy composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Cheng Teo
- School of Materials EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Taman MuhibahJejawi 202600Arau Perlis Malaysia
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech)A*STAR, 71Nanyang Drive638075 Singapore
| | - Du Ngoc Uy Lan
- School of Materials EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Taman MuhibahJejawi 202600Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Pei Leng Teh
- School of Materials EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Taman MuhibahJejawi 202600Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Le Quan Ngoc Tran
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech)A*STAR, 71Nanyang Drive638075 Singapore
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Shuhimi FF, Abdollah MFB, Kalam MA, Masjuki HH, Mustafa A, Mat Kamal SE, Amiruddin H. Effect of operating parameters and chemical treatment on the tribological performance of natural fiber composites: A review. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2015.1119226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fairuz Fazillah Shuhimi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - M. A. Kalam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H. H. Masjuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashafi’e Mustafa
- Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Sushella Edayu Mat Kamal
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Hilmi Amiruddin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
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Szolnoki B, Bocz K, Sóti PL, Bodzay B, Zimonyi E, Toldy A, Morlin B, Bujnowicz K, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Marosi G. Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Woven Kenaf/Polymer Composites Produced Using a Vacuum Infusion Technique. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/894565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, due to renewable issues, environmental concerns, and the financial problems of synthetic fibres, the development of high-performance engineering products made from natural resources is increasing all over the world. Lately, kenaf fibre has been used among many different types of natural resources in various shapes. Unidirectional long fibres or randomly oriented short fibre shapes are the most common type of kenaf fibres that have been investigated in previous works. This work characterises and evaluates the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of plain woven kenaf fabric and its composites with three types of thermoset resin at 0°/90° and 45°/−45° orientation, in order to assess their suitability as lignocellulosic reinforced polymer composites. A vacuum infusion manufacturing technique was used to prepare the specimens with fibre weight content of 35% ± 2%. Eight specimens were prepared for each test, and five replications were adopted. A total of 78 samples were tested in this study. The results show that the composites with 0°/90° had the highest tensile, flexural strengths, and modulus. The morphological properties of composite samples were analysed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and these clearly demonstrated the better interfacial adhesion between the woven kenaf and the epoxy matrix.
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Chen M, Xu Y, Chen X, Ma Y, He W, Yu J, Zhang Z. Thermal stability and combustion behavior of flame-retardant polypropylene with thermoplastic polyurethane-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313517910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, thermoplastic polyurethane-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MTAPP) is prepared and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MTAPP and APP are added onto polypropylene (PP) as a novel intumescent flame-retardant system to improve the flame retardancy of PP. The flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the flame-retardant PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), TGA, and mechanical properties tests. The results show that MTAPP exhibits better flame retardancy and thermal stability than that of the APP in the flame-retardant PP composites. The LOI value of the PP/MTAPP composite at the same loading level is higher than that of PP/APP composite. The dripping of MTAPP system disappears compared with APP system from UL-94 test. The results of the CCT also indicate that MTAPP is an effective flame retardant in PP. The improvement may be attributed to the better charring capacity of MTAPP from TGA. Additionally, the mechanical properties of MTAPP are better than those of APP in PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidi He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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