1
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Liu M, Imiete IE, Staropoli M, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Scolan E, Thomann JS. Hydrophobized MFC as Reinforcing Additive in Industrial Silica/SBR Tire Tread Compound. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3937. [PMID: 37835985 PMCID: PMC10574928 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica is used as reinforcing filler in the tire industry. Owing to the intensive process of silica production and its high density, substitution with lightweight bio-based micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC) is expected to provide lightweight, sustainable, and highly reinforced tire composite. MFC was modified with oleoyl chloride, and the degree of substitution (DS) was maintained between 0.2 and 0.9. Subsequently, the morphology and crystallinity of the modified MFC were studied and found to be significantly dependent on the DS. The advantages associated with the use of the modified MFC in synergy with silica for the reinforcement of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposite was investigated in comparison with silica/SBR compound. The structural changes occasioned by the DS values influenced the processability, curing kinetics, modulus-rolling resistance tradeoff, and tensile properties of the resultant rubber compounds. We found that the compound made with modified MFC at a DS of 0.67 (MFC16) resulted to the highest reinforcement, with a 350% increase in storage modulus, 180% increase in Young`s modulus, and 15% increase in tensile strength compared to the referenced silica-filled compounds. Our studies show that MFC in combination with silica can be used to reinforce SBR compound for tire tread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Iikpoemugh Elo Imiete
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg (GIC*L), Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Benoît Duez
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg (GIC*L), Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Scolan
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
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2
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Bélanger N, Prasher S, Dumont MJ. Tailoring biochar production for use as a reinforcing bio-based filler in rubber composites: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bélanger
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Shiv Prasher
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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3
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Tom M, Thomas S, Seantier B, Grohens Y, Mohamed PK, Haponiuk JT, Kim J. APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.22.77013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Awareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and low cost. Green alternatives for conventional fillers in elastomer reinforcing have gained considerable interest to curb the risk of fillers from nonrenewable sources. The differences in properties of nanocellulose and elastomers render attractiveness in the search for synergistic properties resulting from their combination. This review addresses the isolation techniques for nanocellulose and challenges in its incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Surface modifications for solving incompatibility between filler and matrices are discussed. Processing of nanocomposites, various characterization techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential applications of nanocellulose elastomer composites are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanta Tom
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sabu Thomas
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 17011
| | - Bastien Seantier
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Yves Grohens
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - P. K. Mohamed
- 4 Global R&D Centre, Asia, Apollo Tyres Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 602105
| | - Józef T. Haponiuk
- 5 Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland 80-233
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea 22212
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4
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Jiang W, Cheng Z, Wang J, Gu J. Modified nanocrystalline cellulose partially replaced carbon black to reinforce natural rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zhuohuang Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Ju Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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5
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Sethulekshmi AS, Saritha A, Joseph K. A comprehensive review on the recent advancements in natural rubber nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:819-842. [PMID: 34838576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is an eminent sustainable material and is the only agricultural product among various rubbers. Use of nanofillers in NR matrix as a reinforcing agent has gained huge attention because they offer excellent matrix-filler interaction upon forming a good dispersion in the NR matrix. Nanoscale dispersion of fillers lead to greater interfacial interactions between NR and fillers compared to microfillers, which in turn lead to a conspicuous reinforcing effect. Addition of various nanofillers into NR matrix improves not only the mechanical properties but also the electrical, thermal and antimicrobial properties to an extreme level. The current review describes the reinforcing ability of various nanofillers such as clay, graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), titanium dioxide (TiO2), chitin, cellulose, barium titanate (BaTiO3) and lignin in NR matrix. Moreover, reinforcement of various hybrid nanofillers in NR is also discussed in a comprehensive manner. The review also includes the historical trajectory of rubber nanocomposites and a comprehensive account on the factors affecting the properties of the NR nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sethulekshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala PO, Kerala, India
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6
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Surface Modified Nanocellulose and Its Reinforcement in Natural Rubber Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193241. [PMID: 34641056 PMCID: PMC8512685 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is of significant economic importance owing to its excellent resilience, elasticity, abrasion and impact resistance. Despite that, natural rubber has been identified with some drawbacks such as low modulus and strength and therefore opens up the opportunity for adding a reinforcing agent. Apart from the conventional fillers such as silica, carbon black and lignocellulosic fibers, nanocellulose is also one of the ideal candidates. Nanocellulose is a promising filler with many excellent properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, reactive surface, low density, high specific surface area, high tensile and elastic modulus. However, it has some limitations in hydrophobicity, solubility and compatibility and therefore it is very difficult to achieve good dispersion and interfacial properties with the natural rubber matrix. Surface modification is often carried out to enhance the interfacial compatibilities between nanocellulose and natural rubber and to alleviate difficulties in dispersing them in polar solvents or polymers. This paper aims to highlight the different surface modification methods employed by several researchers in modifying nanocellulose and its reinforcement effects in the natural rubber matrix. The mechanism of the different surface medication methods has been discussed. The review also lists out the conventional filler that had been used as reinforcing agent for natural rubber. The challenges and future prospective has also been concluded in the last part of this review.
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8
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Yasin S, Hussain M, Zheng Q, Song Y. Effects of ionic liquid on cellulosic nanofiller filled natural rubber bionanocomposites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 591:409-417. [PMID: 33631528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosic nanofillers are sustainable replacements of synthetic fillers while the agglomeration limits their potentials in high-performance rubber bionanocomposites. Herein, we investigate the effects of ionic liquid (IL) on cellulose nanocrystal and cellulose nanofibril filled natural rubber (NR) compounds and vulcanizates. The results indicate that IL improves the dispersion of cellulosic nanofillers, crosslinking density of NR matrix and mechanical strength of the vulcanizates. Invesigations of viscoelastic rheological behaviors show amplitude of Payne effect faints in compounds and raises relatively in vulcanizates with the increment of cellulosic nanofillers and IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Yasin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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9
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Osaka N, Ochi T, Ono F, Okada K. Preparation and Mechanical, Thermal and Oil-resistance Properties of Acrylic Rubber Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1845498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takumi Ochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ono
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki, Japan
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10
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Yasin S, Hussain M, Zheng Q, Song Y. Large amplitude oscillatory rheology of silica and cellulose nanocrystals filled natural rubber compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:602-610. [PMID: 33162040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles reinforce rubbers and enhance Payne effect for the compounds experiencing large amplitude oscillatory shear deformation. Herein the effects of silica and cellulose nanocrystals on the Payne effect of natural rubber compounds are investigated by stress decomposition methods for clarifying the elastic and viscous nonlinearities varying with filler content and composition. The Payne effect is in general characterized by intercycle strain softening and shear thinning behaviors and intracycle hardening and thinning behaviors at high strain (strain rate) amplitudes while the filler influences the behaviors markedly at intermediate strain (rate) amplitudes. Especially, the addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the silica filled compounds improves the elastic nonlinearity and greatly weakens the viscous nonlinearity, providing a perspective on understanding the Payne effect for manufacturing high-performance rubber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Yasin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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11
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Jiang W, Shen P, Yi J, Li L, Wu C, Gu J. Surface modification of nanocrystalline cellulose and its application in natural rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Peiyao Shen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jinglin Yi
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Chaojia Wu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Ju Gu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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12
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Jiang C, Bo J, Xiao X, Zhang S, Wang Z, Yan G, Wu Y, Wong C, He H. Converting waste lignin into nano-biochar as a renewable substitute of carbon black for reinforcing styrene-butadiene rubber. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:732-742. [PMID: 31805446 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste lignin was commonly burnt or discharged into river in the past. However, in this study, lignin has been converted into high value-added nano-biochar as a renewable reinforcing filler of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) by a simple high-temperature carbonization treatment. Herein, the physicochemical change in lignin before and after carbonization was investigated. It was found that lignin-derived biochar (LB) consisted of vesicle-like primary nanoparticles which were closely packed to form "high-structure" irregular fragments with a high specific surface area (83.41 m2/g). When incorporating LB into SBR, the tensile properties of LB/SBR composites were significantly improved. At the filler loading of 40 phr, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the rubber composite were improved up to 7.1-folds and 2.4-folds of pristine SBR, respectively. Compared to commercial carbon black (CB) N330, the LB showed a similar reinforcing effect on SBR. However, the analysis on the morphology, stress-strain behavior and dynamic mechanical behavior suggested distinct reinforcing mechanisms for LB- and CB-filled rubber composites, due to the difference in the surface properties and structural characteristic of fillers. This work showed the application potential of LB as a renewable substitute of CB in rubber industry and brought environmental and economic benefits for the disposal of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Jinyu Bo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiefei Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zuhao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guoping Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yanguang Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chingping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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13
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Borapak W, Chueangchayaphan N, Pichaiyut S, Chueangchayaphan W. Natural rubber‐graft‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of silica‐filled natural rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warisara Borapak
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | - Narong Chueangchayaphan
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | | | - Wannarat Chueangchayaphan
- Faculty of Science and Industrial TechnologyPrince of Songkla University Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
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14
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Tao H, Dufresne A, Lin N. Double-Network Formation and Mechanical Enhancement of Reducing End-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals to the Thermoplastic Elastomer Based on Click Reaction and Bulk Cross-Linking. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Tao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (* Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes),
LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
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15
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Hydroxymethylation-Modified Lignin and Its Effectiveness as a Filler in Rubber Composites. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kraft lignin was modified by using hydroxymethylation to enhance the compatibility between rubber based on a blend of natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber (NR/BR) and lignin. To confirm this modification, the resultant hydroxymethylated kraft lignin (HMKL) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was then incorporated into rubber composites and compared with unmodified rubber. All rubber composites were investigated in terms of rheology, mechanical properties, aging, thermal properties, and morphology. The results show that the HMKL influenced the mechanical properties (tensile properties, hardness, and compression set) of NR/BR composites compared to unmodified lignin. Further evidence also revealed better dispersion and good interaction between the HMKL and the rubber matrix. Based on its performance in NR/BR composites, hydroxymethylated lignin can be used as a filler in the rubber industry.
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16
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Younas M, Noreen A, Sharif A, Majeed A, Hassan A, Tabasum S, Mohammadi A, Zia KM. A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of CNC with natural and synthetic polymers with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:591-626. [PMID: 30447361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is world's most abundant, renewable and recyclable polysaccharide on earth. Cellulose is composed of both amorphous and crystalline regions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are extracted from crystalline region of cellulose. The most attractive feature of CNC is that it can be used as nanofiller to reinforce several synthetic and natural polymers. In this article, a comprehensive overview of modification of several natural and synthetic polymers using CNCs as reinforcer in respective polymer matrix is given. The immense activities of CNCs are successfully utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and to broaden the field of application of respective polymer. All the technical scientific issues have been discussed highlighting the recent advancement in biomedical and packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Majeed
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abida Hassan
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
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17
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Sun J, Liang Y, Liu X, Liu Y. Effects of Replacement of Part of the Silica Reinforcement with Hybrid Modified Microcrystalline Cellulose on the Properties of their Rubber Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2018.1452490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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18
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Dufresne A. Cellulose nanomaterials as green nanoreinforcements for polymer nanocomposites. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170040. [PMID: 29277738 PMCID: PMC5746555 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected and attractive properties can be observed when decreasing the size of a material down to the nanoscale. Cellulose is no exception to the rule. In addition, the highly reactive surface of cellulose resulting from the high density of hydroxyl groups is exacerbated at this scale. Different forms of cellulose nanomaterials, resulting from a top-down deconstruction strategy (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils) or bottom-up strategy (bacterial cellulose), are potentially useful for a large number of industrial applications. These include the paper and cardboard industry, use as reinforcing filler in polymer nanocomposites, the basis for low-density foams, additives in adhesives and paints, as well as a wide variety of filtration, electronic, food, hygiene, cosmetic and medical products. This paper focuses on the use of cellulose nanomaterials as a filler for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Impressive mechanical properties can be obtained for these materials. They obviously depend on the type of nanomaterial used, but the crucial point is the processing technique. The emphasis is on the melt processing of such nanocomposite materials, which has not yet been properly resolved and remains a challenge.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Dufresne
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Liang Y, Liu X, Wang L, Sun J. The fabrication of microcrystalline cellulose-nanoZnO hybrid composites and their application in rubber compounds. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:324-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Nagalakshmaiah M, Nechyporchuk O, El Kissi N, Dufresne A. Melt extrusion of polystyrene reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals modified using poly[(styrene)- co -(2-ethylhexyl acrylate)] latex particles. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Chen J, Wu D, Tam KC, Pan K, Zheng Z. Effect of surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal on nonisothermal crystallization of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1821-1829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Sun J, Liu X, Liang Y, Wang L, Liu Y. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose-nanoSiO2hybrid materials and their application in tire tread compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; PO Box 73 Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi Province Naning 530004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; PO Box 73 Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; PO Box 73 Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; PO Box 73 Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics; Qingdao University of Science & Technology; PO Box 73 Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
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23
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Xu C, Chen J, Wu D, Chen Y, Lv Q, Wang M. Polylactide/acetylated nanocrystalline cellulose composites prepared by a continuous route: A phase interface-property relation study. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Mariano M, El Kissi N, Dufresne A. Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced oxidized natural rubber nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:174-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Nagalakshmaiah M, Pignon F, El Kissi N, Dufresne A. Surface adsorption of triblock copolymer (PEO–PPO–PEO) on cellulose nanocrystals and their melt extrusion with polyethylene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have gained a lot of interest in recent years in the field of composites due to their unique mechanical properties and also because cellulose is the most abundant and renewable polymer in nature.
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26
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Nagalakshmaiah M, El Kissi N, Mortha G, Dufresne A. Structural investigation of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from chili leftover and their reinforcement in cariflex-IR rubber latex. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 136:945-54. [PMID: 26572433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and chemical composition of chili fibres were investigated. Unusual low lignin content was found when compared to other annual plants. High aspect ratio cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared from these fibres by an acid hydrolysis treatment. CNCs extracted from chili leftover were characterized using FT-IR, AFM, TGA and XRD to access their functional, structural, thermal and crystallinity properties, respectively. The length and diameter of the chili leftover CNC were 90-180 nm and 4-6 nm, respectively, resulting in an average aspect ratio of 26. This high aspect ratio ensures percolation at low filler content which in turn results in high thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. These CNCs were used to prepare nanocomposite films using the highly marketing commercial latex called Cariflex-Isoprene (IR) by casting/evaporation in order to investigate their reinforcing effect. The mechanical properties of nanocomposite films were investigated in both the linear and nonlinear range by DMA and tensile test, respectively, and their morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malladi Nagalakshmaiah
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia El Kissi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gérard Mortha
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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27
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Yu P, He H, Jiang C, Jia Y, Wang D, Yao X, Jia D, Luo Y. Enhanced oil resistance and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber/lignin composites modified by epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Demin Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
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28
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Evaluation of Performance of Natural Rubber Composites with Different Sizes of Waste Tyre Rubber (WTR) and Precipitated Silica on C–M–M. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-015-1616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Zhang C, Dan Y, Peng J, Turng LS, Sabo R, Clemons C. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals from Southern Pine. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Peng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53715
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ronald Sabo
- Forest Products Laboratory; USDA Forest Service; Madison Wisconsin 53726
| | - Craig Clemons
- Forest Products Laboratory; USDA Forest Service; Madison Wisconsin 53726
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31
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Effect of nanocrystalline cellulose on the curing characteristics and aging resistance properties of carbon black reinforced natural rubber. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-013-1340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Lin N, Dufresne A. Physical and/or Chemical Compatibilization of Extruded Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced Polystyrene Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lin
- The International School of Paper,
Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP), CS10065, 38402 Saint Martin
d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Alain Dufresne
- The International School of Paper,
Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP), CS10065, 38402 Saint Martin
d’Hères Cedex, France
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33
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Dufresne A. Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Challenge. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals can be prepared by acid hydrolysis of the biomass. Due to their nanoscale dimensions and intrinsic physicochemical properties, these nanoparticles are promising renewable biomaterials. The high mechanical properties and reinforcing capability of these nanoparticles make them attractive for the processing of high performance nanocomposites. The main problem is related to the homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles within the polymeric matrix. Because cellulose nanocrystals are obtained as aqueous suspensions, water is the preferred processing medium. However, new strategies are envisaged to broaden the polymeric matrices that can be reinforced with these nanoparticles and avoid the liquid medium processing way. This paper reviews the different processing techniques of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced polymer nanocomposites focusing on the challenging melt processing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dufresne
- The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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34
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Preparation and properties of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber/cellulose nanocrystals composites. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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