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Niepsch D, Clarke LJ, Jones RG, Tzoulas K, Cavan G. Lichen biomonitoring to assess spatial variability, potential sources and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and airborne metal concentrations in Manchester (UK). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:379. [PMID: 38499718 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Airborne metals and organic pollutants are linked to severe human health impacts, i.e. affecting the nervous system and being associated with cancer. Airborne metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments are derived from diverse sources, including combustion and industrial and vehicular emissions, posing a threat to air quality and subsequently human health. A lichen biomonitoring approach was used to assess spatial variability of airborne metals and PAHs, identify potential pollution sources and assess human health risks across the City of Manchester (UK). Metal concentrations recorded in lichen samples were highest within the city centre area and along the major road network, and lichen PAH profiles were dominated by 4-ring PAHs (189.82 ng g-1 in Xanthoria parietina), with 5- and 6-ring PAHs also contributing to the overall PAH profile. Cluster analysis and pollution index factor (PIF) calculations for lichen-derived metal concentrations suggested deteriorated air quality being primarily linked to vehicular emissions. Comparably, PAH diagnostic ratios identified vehicular sources as a primary cause of PAH pollution across Manchester. However, local more complex sources (e.g. industrial emissions) were further identified. Human health risk assessment found a "moderate" risk for adults and children by airborne potential harmful element (PHEs) concentrations, whereas PAH exposure in Manchester is potentially linked to 1455 (ILCR = 1.45 × 10-3) cancer cases (in 1,000,000). Findings of this study indicate that an easy-to-use lichen biomonitoring approach can aid to identify hotspots of impaired air quality and potential human health impacts by airborne metals and PAHs across an urban environment, particularly at locations that are not continuously covered by (non-)automated air quality measurement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Niepsch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Leon J Clarke
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Konstantinos Tzoulas
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Gina Cavan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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2
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Kwarteng L, Devasurendra AM, Laskaris Z, Arko-Mensah J, Amoabeng Nti AA, Takyi S, Acquah AA, Dwomoh D, Basu N, Robins T, Fobil JN, Batterman S. Occupational exposures to particulate matter and PM 2.5-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the Agbogbloshie waste recycling site in Ghana. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106971. [PMID: 34991242 PMCID: PMC8745907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) disposal and recycling activities such as burning and smelting can emit particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other pollutants that expose workers and nearby communities. At informal e-waste recycling facilities, both emission controls and protective measures for workers are absent. This study characterizes personal exposures (breathing zone) of PM and PAHs of e-waste workers at the large Agbogbloshie e-waste site in Accra, Ghana. We collected gravimetric and optical measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 using shift samples for workers and for an age- and gender-matched reference population. PM2.5 filters were analyzed for 26 PAHs using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Among e-waste workers, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 99 ± 56 and 218 ± 158 µg/m3 (median ± interquartile range, optical measurements), respectively; these levels were 78 and 57% higher, respectively, than levels measured at a fixed site that was centrally located at the waste site. In the reference community, breathing zone PM2.5 and PM10 levels were lower, 49 ± 20 and 131 ± 108 µg/m3, respectively, and the fraction of coarse PM was larger. We detected all 26 target PAHs, of which naphthalene and phenanthrene were the most abundant. PAH concentrations were weakly correlated to PM levels, but PAH abundances, representing the fraction of PAH mass to the total PM2.5 mass collected, were strongly and inversely correlated to PM levels, suggesting multiple and different sources of PAHs and PM that affected exposures. Both PM and PAH levels were elevated for workers performing burning and dismantling, and both exceeded standards or risk-based guidelines, e.g., lifetime excess cancer risks for several PAHs were in the 10-4 to 10-6 range, indicating the need to reduce emissions as well as provide respiratory protection. The study emphasizes the importance of using personal and shift samples to accurately characterize worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrencia Kwarteng
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amila M Devasurendra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zoey Laskaris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Afua A Amoabeng Nti
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sylvia Takyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustine A Acquah
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nil Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Thomas Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG13, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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He F, Liu Q, Jing M, Wan J, Huo C, Zong W, Tang J, Liu R. Toxic mechanism on phenanthrene-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and activity changes of superoxide dismutase and catalase in earthworm (Eisenia foetida): A combined molecular and cellular study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126302. [PMID: 34118541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE) is an important organic compound, which is widespread in the soil environment and exhibits potential threats to soil organisms. Toxic effects of PHE to earthworms have been extensively studied, but toxic mechanisms on PHE-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress at the molecular and cellular levels have not been reported yet. Therefore, we explored the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by PHE in earthworm coelomocytes and the interaction mechanism between PHE and the major antioxidant enzymes SOD/CAT. It was shown that high-dose PHE exposure induced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mediated lipid peroxidation, reduced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in coelomocytes, and triggered oxidative stress, thus resulted in a strong cytotoxicity at higher concentrations (0.6-1.0 mg/L). The intracellular SOD/CAT activity in cells after PHE exposure were congruent with that in molecular levels, which the activity of SOD enhanced and CAT inhibited. Spectroscopic studies showed the SOD/CAT protein skeleton and secondary structure, as well as the micro-environment of aromatic amino acids were changed after PHE binding. Molecular docking indicated PHE preferentially docked to the surface of SOD. However, the key residues Tyr 357, His 74, and Asn 147 for activity were in the binding pocket, indicating PHE more likely to dock to the active center of CAT. In addition, H-bonding and hydrophobic force were the primary driving force in the binding interaction between PHE and SOD/CAT. This study indicates that PHE can induce cytotoxicity and oxidative damage to coelomocytes and unearthes the potential effects of PHE on earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Solid Waste and Hazardous Chemicals Pollution Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, 145# Jingshi West Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Jingqiang Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Chengqian Huo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Goudarzi G, Baboli Z, Moslemnia M, Tobekhak M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Neisi A, Ghanemi K, Babaei AA, Hashemzadeh B, Ahmadi Angali K, Dobaradaran S, Ramezani Z, Hassanvand MS, Dehdari Rad H, Kayedi N. Assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risks of ambient air PM 10-bound PAHs in oil-rich cities of Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:319-330. [PMID: 34150238 PMCID: PMC8172715 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations of PM10-bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m- 3, respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m- 3, respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10- 6 and 1 × 10- 4, and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people's health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maliheh Moslemnia
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Meimanat Tobekhak
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kamal Ghanemi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bayram Hashemzadeh
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Ramezani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- School of Medical Sciences, Khoy Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Neda Kayedi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zani C, Donato F, Ceretti E, Pedrazzani R, Zerbini I, Gelatti U, Feretti D. Genotoxic Activity of Particulate Matter and In Vivo Tests in Children Exposed to Air Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105345. [PMID: 34067860 PMCID: PMC8156021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between micronuclei and DNA damage in children's buccal mucosa cells and the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the different sized fractions of particulate matter as well as the concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and metals in particulate matter. Air particulate matter was collected by high volume samplers located near the schools attended by the children on the same days of biological samplings. The mutagenic activity was assessed in different cells in in vitro tests (Ames test on bacteria and comet test on leukocytes). Our study showed weak positive correlations between (a) the mutagenicity of the PM0.5 fraction and PAHs and (b) the micronuclei test of children's buccal cells and PAHs detected in PM0.5 and PM0.5-3 fractions. A positive correlation was also found between in vitro comet test on leukocytes and PAHs in the PM3-10 fraction. No correlation was observed for metal concentrations in each PM fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Francesco Donato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717689
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 38 via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (I.Z.); (U.G.); (D.F.)
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Comparative analysis of contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to the removal of atmospheric BaP by MFDCCA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5515. [PMID: 33750883 PMCID: PMC7943829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in the atmosphere possess great carcinogenic potential to human health, and the understanding of its scavenging mechanisms has attracted considerable attention. In this work, a new quantitative method is proposed to make a comparative analysis of the long-term contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to BaP removal based on multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDCCA). According to the precipitation and global solar radiation (GSR) observations from 1998 to 2016 for two urban sites (Central/Western District and TsuenWan) in Hong Kong, the wet deposition and photodegradation of BaP are analyzed. Using MFDCCA method, long-term cross-correlation between precipitation/GSR and BaP are investigated. Moreover, the differences of multifractal features in cross-correlations of precipitation-BaP and GSR-BaP system are analyzed. Strong long-term persistence is observed in the cross-correlations for precipitation-BaP system in a one-year cycle; while cross-correlations between GSR and BaP show weak persistence over the whole timescale. Based on the meteorology in Hong Kong, this difference has been discussed. Then, contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to atmospheric BaP removal are quantified based on MFDCCA method, which are further compared between summer and winter. The comparative analysis suggests that wet deposition plays a more significant role in the removal of atmospheric BaP. Specifically, in summer, the contributions of wet deposition are twice as much as that of photodegradation for both two sites; while in winter, the contribution of photodegradation is a little higher than that of wet deposition to BaP removal. Meanwhile, for wet deposition, the contributions in summer are about ten times greater than that in winter; while for photodegradation, the difference in contributions between summer and winter are relatively smaller. Furthermore, based on sliding window technique, the temporal evolutions in the contributions of wet deposition/photodegradation to BaP removal have been presented for both two sites. On this basis, it is discovered that the comprehensive contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation peak in June, and reach their lowest levels in December for both two sites. Quantifying the contribution of meteorological factors to the removal of atmospheric BaP is help for understanding its geochemical cycle.
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Jing M, Han G, Wan J, Zhang S, Yang J, Zong W, Niu Q, Liu R. Catalase and superoxide dismutase response and the underlying molecular mechanism for naphthalene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139567. [PMID: 32479957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene, a naturally-occurring polyaromatic hydrocarbon, pose potential threats to health for its wide exposures in environment. Naphthalene could disrupt the redox equilibrium resulting in oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are considered to be the efficient defense barriers to protect organisms from negative impacts of toxicants. Limited information is available regarding the underlying molecular mechanism between antioxidant enzymes and naphthalene. In this paper, structural and functional alterations of CAT and SOD for low dose (1.6-25.6 mg/L) naphthalene exposure have been investigated at the molecular and cellular levels. The enzyme activity responses of CAT and SOD in hepatocytes for naphthalene were consistent with the molecular, in which the activity of CAT increased and the activity of SOD slightly inhibited. Spectroscopy methods and molecular docking were carried out to investigate the underlying binding mechanisms. Naphthalene exposure significantly changed the conformation of CAT with secondary structure alteration (α-helix increase) but only changed the skeleton structure of SOD without secondary structure alteration. Naphthalene could bind to CAT and SOD primarily via H-binding force accompanied with the particle size of CAT/SOD agglomerates decreasing. Naphthalene preferentially bound to the surface of CAT and SOD. Besides, naphthalene could also bind directly to the active center of CAT with the key residues Arg364 and Tyr 357 for activity. This paper provides a combined cellular and molecular strategy to research biomarker responses for toxicants exposure. Besides, this study offers detailed basic data for the comprehensive understanding of naphthalene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Penglai Jiaxin Dye Chemical Co., Ltd, 1#Jiaxin Road, Yantai, Shandong 265601, PR China
| | - Guangye Han
- Shandong Huankeyuan Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Lixia, 50# Lishan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Jingqiang Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Shansheng Zhang
- Penglai Jiaxin Dye Chemical Co., Ltd, 1#Jiaxin Road, Yantai, Shandong 265601, PR China
| | - Junhai Yang
- Penglai Jiaxin Dye Chemical Co., Ltd, 1#Jiaxin Road, Yantai, Shandong 265601, PR China
| | - WanSong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Qigui Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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The Content of Selected Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 in Urban-Industrial Area. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research concerns the measurement of daily PM10 concentrations and the assessment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The measurements were carried out in the urban-industrial area in southern Poland in the period from February to December 2019 (covering heating and non-heating seasons). The metal content of As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, V, was estimated using mass spectrometry with inductively excited plasma (ICP-MS), and that of Au and Mg using atomic emission spectrometry with induced plasma (ICP-OES). Analysis of selected PAHs (Naph, Acy, Ace, Fl, Phen, An, Fluo, Pyr, BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, DahA, BghiP) was performed using a gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The share of the analyzed metals in PM10 concentrations was ~1.37% in the entire measurement period, ~1.09% in the heating season and ~1.55% in the non-heating one. High concentrations of aluminum and chromium, observed over the measurement period, indicate the presence of strong anthropogenic sources of both metals. In the case of PAHs in PM10, the average total share of the analyzed was ~1.25%, while this share slightly increased in the heating season (average: ~2.19%) compared to non-heating (average: ~0.63%).
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Larrea Valdivia AE, Reyes Larico JA, Salcedo Peña J, Wannaz ED. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in PM 2.5 and PM 10 in a region of Arequipa, Peru. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3065-3075. [PMID: 31838685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10, as well as those of the PAHs bound to these particles, were quantified at four sites in the region of Arequipa, Peru, during the year 2018. These samples were collected with high volume samplers, and the concentrations of the PAHs were quantified by liquid chromatography (HPLC). The values found for PM2.5 and PM10 at all the sampling sites in Arequipa exceeded the norms established in Peru (50 μg m-3 annual average value for PM10 and 25 μg m-3 annual average value for PM2.5), with the industrial site presenting the highest values of particulate matter (PM10 max = 235.1 μg m-3; PM2.5 max = 218.4 μg m-3). With respect to seasonality, in the cold season (winter), the concentration of particles was higher compared to the other seasons. Concerning the PAHs, it was found that these had the highest concentrations at the industrial site, followed by the site with high vehicular traffic, with both these sites differing significantly from the rural sites. In addition, at the industrial and high traffic sites, there was a predominance of PAHs with 5 and 6 rings, whereas at the rural sites, PAHs with fewer rings predominated. Finally, the calculated values of lifetime lung cancer risk also revealed a difference between sites with marked emission sources, where irrigation was considered moderate, and the rural sites, where irrigation was considered low. This demonstrated that people living at sites with mobile sources and/or industries had a higher cancer risk compared to the inhabitants of rural sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana E Larrea Valdivia
- Centro de Investigación de contaminantes ambientales (CICA) y Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación LABINVSERV, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Perú.
| | - Juan A Reyes Larico
- Centro de Investigación de contaminantes ambientales (CICA) y Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación LABINVSERV, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Jimena Salcedo Peña
- Centro de Investigación de contaminantes ambientales (CICA) y Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación LABINVSERV, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Eduardo D Wannaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Torres P, Ferreira J, Monteiro A, Costa S, Pereira MC, Madureira J, Mendes A, Teixeira JP. Air pollution: A public health approach for Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1041-1053. [PMID: 30189521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At the global level, several epidemiological studies have conclusively pointed out the associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and acute health effects, and long-term exposure with adverse health effects such as premature mortality from severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This study intended to characterize exposures and their adverse health effects. Three independent sets of vectors were analyzed on a nationwide level and annual basis: air pollutant emissions, ambient air concentrations and health indicators of the period 2009 to 2015. The emissions analysis, for the studied pollutants, pointed out the main findings: (i) Lisbon Metropolitan Area presents the most problematic region with regard to the emissions of all the pollutants under study; (ii) the regions of the Alentejo and Algarve showed reduced emissions of the studied pollutants compared to other parts of the country; (iii) Northern regions PM10 concentrations decreased during the two years in analysis. Regarding the analysis of air quality, it was concluded that: (i) regarding ozone, concentration shown a decreasing trend throughout the country; (ii) nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, concentrations demonstrated an increasing trend in most of the northern part of the country; (iii) the regions of Alentejo and Lisbon Metropolitan Area showed increasing trends for sulfur dioxide and fine particles for the evaluated period. Decreasing trends in mortality associated with cardiovascular and respiratory causes are found mainly in the Alentejo and Algarve regions. In comparison, the North, Central regions, as well as, Lisbon Metropolitan Area exhibited higher mortality values related to this health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Torres
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira
- CESAM & Dept of Environment and Planning (CESAM), Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Monteiro
- CESAM & Dept of Environment and Planning (CESAM), Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, no 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, no 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, no 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, no 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
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Dimitriou K, Kassomenos P. Aerosol contributions at an urban background site in Eastern Mediterranean - Potential source regions of PAHs in PM 10 mass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:563-571. [PMID: 28454029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, two backward air mass trajectory-based models (Potential Source Contribution Function [PSCF] and Concentration Weighted Trajectory [CWT]) were combined, aiming to identify sources and factors defining the load of PM in the city of Limassol (Cyprus). The study also focused on the determination of atmospheric pathways enriching the aerosol phase of four carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), Benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), in PM10 mass. The analysis was performed on a 0.5°·0.5° resolution grid for the two-year period 2011-2012. During cold seasons, regional airflows triggered the accumulation of locally produced PM2.5, while the impact of dust plumes originated from deserts in NE Africa, Syria and the Middle East, was apparent on PM2.5 and principally on PMCOARSE levels. On the contrary, within warm seasons, weaker dust PMCOARSE contributions were detected in Limassol from areas in Egypt and Libya. Raised particulate-phase PAH concentrations in Limassol were clearly related to air parcels reaching Cyprus via continental areas. The use of outdated technologies for heating and transportation in Turkey and Syria, and fire events in central Turkey, are possible sources of exogenous PAHs throughout cold and warm period respectively. The influence of clean marine air masses dropped the levels of PAH compounds in all seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavlos Kassomenos
- Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Greece
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12
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Oliveira M, Slezakova K, Fernandes A, Teixeira JP, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MDC, Morais S. Occupational exposure of firefighters to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in non-fire work environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:277-287. [PMID: 28319714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to characterize personal exposure of firefighters to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in non-fire work environments (fire stations), and assesses the respective risks. Eighteen PAHs (16 considered by USEPA as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were monitored in breathing zones of workers at five Portuguese fire stations during a normal shift. The obtained levels of PAHs fulfilled all existent occupational exposure limits as well as air quality guidelines with total concentrations (ΣPAHs) in range of 46.8-155ngm-3. Light compounds (2-3 rings) were the most predominant congeners (74-96% of ΣPAHs) whereas PAHs with 5-6 rings accounted 3-9% of ΣPAHs. Fuel and biomass combustions, vehicular traffic emissions, and use of lubricant oils were identified as the main sources of PAHs exposure at the studied fire corporations. Incremental lifetime cancer risks were below the recommend USEPA guideline of 10-6 and thus negligible for all the studied subjects, but WHO health-based guideline level of 10-5 was exceeded (9-44 times) at all fire corporations. These results thus show that even during non-fire situations firefighters are exposed to PAHs at levels that may promote some adverse health outcomes; therefore the respective occupational exposures to these compounds should be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Avenida D. Afonso V, 5300-121, Bragança, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Nagy AS, Szabó J. Characterization of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Győr, Hungary. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1326950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szabó Nagy
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
| | - János Szabó
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
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Oliveira M, Slezakova K, Madureira J, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Delerue-Matos C, Morais S, do Carmo Pereira M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primary school environments: Levels and potential risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1156-1167. [PMID: 27693148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority air pollutants that strongly affect human health, information concerning the indoor exposures is still limited. This study characterized PAH levels in primary schools and evaluated risk for the respective students (aged 8-10years) in comparison with school personnel. During January-April 2014, eighteen particulate-bound (PM2.5) PAHs (16 USEPA priority compounds, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, benzo[j]fluoranthene) were collected (indoors and outdoors) at ten primary urban schools in Portugal. Total mean concentrations (ΣPAHs) ranged 2.8-54ngm-3 in indoor air, whereas corresponding outdoor levels were 7.1-48ngm-3. Indoor/outdoor ratios of lighter congeners (2-3 aromatic rings) demonstrated a contribution from indoor origin while heavier PAHs (4-6 aromatic rings) originated mostly from infiltration of ambient air indoors; traffic (both from diesel and gasoline fuelled vehicles) was the predominant source of indoor PAHs. Total cancer risk of 8-10years old children exceeded (up to 22 times) USEPA recommended guideline of 10-6, and 7-87 times WHO health-based threshold of 10-5. Risk due to indoor exposure in schools was 2-10 times higher than outdoors, mainly because of the higher amount of time that students spent indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oliveira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- Institute of Science and Innovation on Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation on Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Cattaneo A, Fermo P, Urso P, Perrone MG, Piazzalunga A, Tarlassi J, Carrer P, Cavallo DM. Particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources and determinants in residential homes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:16-25. [PMID: 27543903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor environments can be particularly relevant because people spend most of their time inside buildings, especially in homes. This study aimed to investigate the most important particle-bound PAH sources and exposure determinants in PM2.5 samples collected in 19 homes located in northern Italy. Complementary information about ion content in PM10 was also collected in 12 of these homes. Three methods were used for the identification of PAH sources and determinants: diagnostic ratios with principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses (PCA and HCA), chemical mass balance (CMB) and linear mixed models (LMMs). This combined and tiered approach allowed the infiltration of outdoor PAHs into indoor environments to be identified as the most important source in winter, with a relevant role played by biomass burning and traffic exhausts to be identified as a general source of PAHs in both seasons. Tobacco smoke exhibited an important impact on PAH levels in smokers' homes, whereas in the whole sample, cooking food and natural gas sources played a minor or negligible role. Nitrate, sulfate and ammonium were the main inorganic constituents of indoor PM10 owing to the secondary formation of ammonium sulfates and nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 22100, Como, Italy.
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Urso
- Biomedical and Clinical Science Department "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Piazzalunga
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Jessica Tarlassi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Biomedical and Clinical Science Department "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - Domenico Maria Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 22100, Como, Italy
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Zhou Y, Sun H, Xie J, Song Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhou T, Rong Y, Wu T, Yuan J, Chen W. Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Altered Lung Function in Wuhan, China. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:835-46. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2279oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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17
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Analysis of PAHs Associated with Particulate Matter PM2.5 in Two Places at the City of Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Rogula-Kozłowska W. Traffic-generated changes in the chemical characteristics of size-segregated urban aerosols. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:493-502. [PMID: 25164171 PMCID: PMC4156971 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The road traffic impact on the concentrations of 13 fractions of particulate matter (PM) and their components was assessed. PM was sampled at two points in Katowice (southern Poland), a background point beyond the effects of road traffic, and a near-highway traffic point. The samples were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon, 8 water-soluble ions, 24 elements, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The traffic emissions (mainly particles from car exhaust) enriched the ultrafine, submicron, and fine PM particles with elemental carbon. The traffic-caused re-suspension of the road and soil dust affecting the concentrations and chemical composition of the coarse PM fraction. However, for each PM fraction, the carcinogenic equivalent ratios, assumed as a measure of the hazard from 16 PAHs in this paper, were similar at the two sampling points. The traffic emissions from the highway appeared to have a weaker influence on the concentrations and chemical composition of PM in a typical urban area of southern Poland than elsewhere in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland,
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Slezakova K, Castro D, Delerue-Matos C, Morais S, Pereira MDC. Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4492-4501. [PMID: 24337991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m(-3) in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m(-3) in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68-200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
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20
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Slezakova K, Pires JCM, Castro D, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Delerue-Matos C, Morais S, Pereira MC. PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: carcinogenic risks and sources identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3932-3945. [PMID: 23184127 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize air pollution and the associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) at an urban site, to identify possible emission sources of PAHs using several statistical methodologies, and to analyze the influence of other air pollutants and meteorological variables on PAH concentrations.The air quality and meteorological data were collected in Oporto, the second largest city of Portugal. Eighteen PAHs (the 16 PAHs considered by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were collected daily for 24 h in air (gas phase and in particles) during 40 consecutive days in November and December 2008 by constant low-flow samplers and using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters for particulate (PM10 and PM2.5 bound) PAHs and pre-cleaned polyurethane foam plugs for gaseous compounds. The other monitored air pollutants were SO2, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3; the meteorological variables were temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total precipitation, and solar radiation. Benzo[a]pyrene reached a mean concentration of 2.02 ng m(-3), surpassing the EU annual limit value. The target carcinogenic risks were equal than the health-based guideline level set by USEPA (10(-6)) at the studied site, with the cancer risks of eight PAHs reaching senior levels of 9.98 × 10(-7) in PM10 and 1.06 × 10(-6) in air. The applied statistical methods, correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were in agreement in the grouping of the PAHs. The groups were formed according to their chemical structure (number of rings), phase distribution, and emission sources. PAH diagnostic ratios were also calculated to evaluate the main emission sources. Diesel vehicular emissions were the major source of PAHs at the studied site. Besides that source, emissions from residential heating and oil refinery were identified to contribute to PAH levels at the respective area. Additionally, principal component regression indicated that SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and solar radiation had positive correlation with PAHs concentrations, while O3, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Slezakova
- LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Oporto, Portugal
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21
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Traversi D, Schilirò T, Degan R, Pignata C, Alessandria L, Gilli G. Involvement of nitro-compounds in the mutagenicity of urban Pm2.5 and Pm10 in Turin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 726:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Slezakova K, Castro D, Begonha A, Delerue-Matos C, Alvim-Ferraz MDC, Morais S, Pereira MDC. Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Oliveira C, Martins N, Tavares J, Pio C, Cerqueira M, Matos M, Silva H, Oliveira C, Camões F. Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1588-1596. [PMID: 21281956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols of four aerodynamic size ranges were collected using high volume cascade impactors in an extremely busy roadway tunnel in Lisbon (Portugal). Dust deposited on the tunnel walls and guardrails was also collected. Average particle mass concentrations in the tunnel atmosphere were more than 30times higher than in the outside urban background air, revealing its origins almost exclusively from fresh vehicle emissions. Most of the aerosol mass was concentrated in submicrometer fractions (65%), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were even more concentrated in the finer particles with an average of 84% of total PAH present in sizes smaller than 0.49μm. The most abundant PAH were methylated phenanthrenes, fluoranthene and pyrene. About 46% of the total PAH mass was attributed to lower molecular weight compounds (two and three rings), suggesting a strong influence of diesel vehicle emissions on the production of local particulate PAH. The application of diagnostic ratios confirmed the relevance of this source of PAH in the tunnel ambient air. Deposited dust presented PAH profiles similar to the coarser aerosol size range, in agreement with the predominant origin of coarser aerosol particles from soil dust resuspension and vehicle wear products.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Oliveira
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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