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Huong LTT, Tuyet Hanh TT, Hoang LT, Can PV, Nguyen-Tien T, Quynh Anh N, Thu Trang PT, Huong NT, Hoang Minh DL, Khue LN, Hai PT, Linh NT, Anh DT, Minh HV. Secondhand Smoke and Socio-Demographic Associated Factors: Results From the Vietnam Population-Based Provincial Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2022. Tob Use Insights 2024; 17:1179173X241257683. [PMID: 38826851 PMCID: PMC11141229 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x241257683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) has detrimental effects on community health, including coronary heart diseases, stroke, lung cancer etc. This manuscript exploited data from the Vietnam Population-based Provincial Global Adult Tobacco Survey (PGATS) in 2022 to update the prevalence of adult exposure to SHS and associated socio-demographic factors. Methods: With the sample size of 71,981 adults aged 15+ throughout 30 provinces and cities in Vietnam, data was collected using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression modelling were performed. Results: In the past 30 days, 44.4% (95% CI: 44.0%-44.9%) adults aged 15+ exposed to SHS at home while 23.1% (95% CI: 22.6%-23.6%) exposed to SHS at work. Female exposure to SHS in the past 30 days was higher at homes but lower at indoor workplaces. Participants aged 15-24 were likely to have higher odds of SHS exposure in the past 30 days to other age groups. Those living in the urban areas had 1.15 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) of exposure to SHS than those in the rural areas. Current smokers tended to have 2.2 times higher odds of exposure to SHS at the indoor workplaces compared to non-smokers (95% CI: 2.05-2.37). Conclusions: The prevalence of exposure to SHS at home was still relatively high amongst the adult population. While there was a significant reduction of SHS exposure at indoor workplaces, there was a higher prevalence of women being exposed to SHS at home. The Government of Vietnam should continue to strictly implement the smoke-free environment resolution at indoor workplaces and appropriate communication campaigns to protect people, especially women from SHS exposure at homes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le Tu Hoang
- Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Can
- Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luong Ngoc Khue
- Department of Medical Service Administration, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Merritt JD, Yen PN, Thu-Anh N, Ngo CQ, Giap VV, Nhung NV, Ha BT, Thuy MT, Anh NT, An NT, Marks GB, Negin J, Velen K, Fox GJ. Smoking behaviour, tobacco sales and tobacco advertising at 40 'Smoke Free Hospitals' in Vietnam. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058003. [PMID: 37669854 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable death globally. Vietnam's 2012 Law on Prevention and Control of Tobacco Harms establishes all healthcare facilities as smoke-free environments. We aimed to evaluate the implementation of these policies within health facilities across Vietnam. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken at 40 central, provincial, district and commune healthcare facilities in four provinces of Vietnam. The presence of tobacco sales, smoke-free signage, evidence of recent tobacco use and smoking behaviours by patients and staff were observed over a 1-week period at multiple locations within each facility. Adherence with national regulations was reported using descriptive statistics. RESULTS 23 out of 40 facilities (57.5%) followed the requirements of the national smoke-free policy regarding tobacco sales, advertising and signage. Smoking was observed within health facility grounds at 26 (65%) facilities during the observation period. Indirect evidence of smoking was observed at 35 (88%) facilities. Sites where smoking was permitted (n=2) were more likely to have observed smoking behaviour (relative risk (RR) 2.16, 95% CI 1.83 to 2.56). Facilities where tobacco was sold (n=7) were more likely to have smoking behaviour observed at any of their sites (RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.93 to 2.51). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of current smoke-free hospital regulations remains incomplete, with widespread evidence of smoking observed at three levels of the Vietnamese healthcare facilities. Further interventions are required to establish the reputation of Vietnamese healthcare facilities as smoke-free environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua David Merritt
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pham Ngoc Yen
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu-Anh
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chau Quy Ngo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Van Giap
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Respiratory Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Bui Thi Ha
- Vietnam Steering Commitee on Smoking and Health (VINACOSH), Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ma Thu Thuy
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Anh
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nguyen Thuy An
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy Barrington Marks
- South Western Sydney School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joel Negin
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kavindhran Velen
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Greg James Fox
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
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Jia X, Wang R, Qiu X, Huang Y, Wang Y, Jia X, Li S, Wu Y, Qi F. Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking employees in the workplace: A cross-sectional study in Qingdao, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263801. [PMID: 36006979 PMCID: PMC9409524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to describe secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smoking employees in the workplace, and identify factors related to SHS exposure in Qingdao. Methods The study participants covered key non-smoking places stipulated in the “Qingdao City Smoking Control Regulations,” which included three categories: restaurants, bars, and office buildings. Airborne nicotine concentration in the workplace and saliva cotinine concentration of employees were measured. The questionnaire included employees’ demographic factors, smoke-free measures in the workplace, employers’ tobacco hazard knowledge, and attitudes towards smoke-free policy. Results A total of 222 non-smoking employees and 46 non-smoking employers were included in the study. The median concentrations of airborne nicotine and salivary cotinine were 0.389 μg/m3 and 0.575 ng/mL, respectively. Educational status, average number of workplace smokers per day, exposure time to SHS in the workplace, and whether smoking and non-smoking areas were divided significantly related to airborne nicotine concentration. Age, educational status, exposure time to SHS in the workplace, tobacco control training and publicity, and whether the employers support the “Qingdao Tobacco Control Regulation” were significantly related to salivary cotinine concentration. Conclusions Despite the implementation of the “Qingdao Smoking Control Regulations” in 2013, the workplace remains an important location for SHS exposure. Interventions such as raising workers’ awareness of the risks associated with SHS exposure through health education and developing smoking prevention and cessation programs to reduce SHS exposure in the workplace are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Jia
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Qiu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiqing Huang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Jia
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanpeng Li
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Duc TQ, Anh LTK, Chi VTQ, Huong NTT, Quang PN. Second-Hand Smoking Prevalence in Vietnamese Population Aged 15 and older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221086653. [PMID: 35387146 PMCID: PMC8978541 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221086653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Second-hand smoking (SHS) is associated with many health problems. However, its prevalence in the community population aged 15 years and older in Vietnam is unknown. Objectives: To quantify the prevalence of SHS in Vietnamese communities aged 15 and above. Methods: This is a meta-analysis that reviewed studies of the prevalence of SHS in Vietnam published in MEDLINE, Scopus, Pubmed and the WHO library database between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. MedCalc was used to perform all the analyses, and publication bias was determined using funnel plots and Egger regression asymmetry tests. Q-test and I2 statistic were used to identify heterogeneity across studies. Results: There were 7 articles that met our inclusion criteria 2 surveys at the national level, 3 Cross-sectional studies and 2 Case-control studies) involving 184 921 participants. According to the meta-analysis, the overall random-effects pooled prevalence of SHS was 54.6% (95% CIs: 44.900-64.154) with a high level of heterogeneity ( P = .0001, Q = 2245.60, I2 = 99.73%). It is noteworthy that the pooled prevalence of SHS rose throughout the course of the survey years. Our research found no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: Vietnam has ratified the implementation the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, there are still a large number of people who are adversely impacted by SHS. Given the tremendous cost that SHS imposes on health systems, our results underscore the critical need for the Vietnamese government to expedite an implementation of a set of stronger tobacco control practices, thus reducing the incidence of smoking-related illnesses and fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Quang Duc
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Phan Ngoc Quang
- The Center Service For Technology Science of Medi-Phar, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
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Kulkarni SV, Xangsayarath P, Douangvichith D, Siengsounthone L, Phandouangsy K, Tran LTH, Le PH, Bui TC. Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Results From the 2015 National Adult Tobacco Survey. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:1604436. [PMID: 35035350 PMCID: PMC8758564 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure causes >600,000 deaths annually worldwide, however, information regarding SHS exposure in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PRD) is limited; we report SHS exposure prevalence at home, inside workplaces, and indoor public spaces in Lao PDR. Methods: Data were from the 2015 Lao National Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative sample of 7,562 participants aged ≥15 years recruited through a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling approach. Results: 88.3% (83.9% of non-smokers) reported SHS exposure at home and 63.0% (54.0% of non-smokers) at workplaces. Among non-smokers, women had greater exposure at home than men (86.6 vs. 77.0%). Lower education levels were associated with exposure at home or the workplace. 99.2% reported SHS exposure at any public place; specifically for restaurants/food stores 57.7%, government offices 56.2%, public transport 31.6%, and health care facilities 11.7%. Conclusion: SHS exposure at home and workplace in Lao PDR is among the highest in South-East Asia. Comprehensive smoke-free policies at government-owned workplaces and facilities, stricter enforcement of these smoke-free policies, and strategies to encourage smoke-free environments at homes and in public places are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Vishwas Kulkarni
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Latsamy Siengsounthone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health of Lao PDR, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Khatthanaphone Phandouangsy
- Secretary of the National Tobacco Control Taskforce, Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion, Ministry of Health of Lao PDR, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - Phuc Hong Le
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic Community Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thanh Cong Bui
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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