1
|
Javed A, Ajmal M, Hanif NQ, Akram A. Effects of inoculation of corn silage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on silage fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, mycoflora and aflatoxin production. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37647099 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2252154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, fresh whole corn plants along with half milk kernels line were treated with live and hydrolysed yeast with different concentrations before ensiling and kept in airtight bags and then into mini silos in order to achieve anaerobic conditions for proper fermentation. The buckets were opened after different time intervals to characterise the material, quick acidification, dry matter recovery, and aerobic stability of silage respectively. Moreover, mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination were also analysed. The overall result reported that the silage quality was improved by the application of live and hydrolysed yeast. The best result was reported by the application of live yeast (T2: 10 g/kg) which significantly improved the fermentative, proximate, and digestibility parameters and reduced the mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination. Our results present promising new options for the use of natural compounds that may help to improve silage quality and reduce aflatoxin contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anum Javed
- Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
| | - Nafeesa Qudsia Hanif
- AgriPak Labs, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- University Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology (UIBB) - PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wagali P, Pelech I, Sabastian C, Ben Ari J, Tagari H, Mabjeesh SJ. The Effect of Microbial Inoculum and Urea Supplements on Nutritive Value, Amino Acids Profile, Aerobic Stability and Digestibility of Wheat and Corn Silages. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2197. [PMID: 37443995 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat and corn silages are widely used as ruminant feed in Israel due to their availability and cost-effectiveness. To ensure long-term preservation without compromising nutritional quality, effective methods must be employed. The inclusion of additives during harvest and ensiling can enhance efficiency and address preservation challenges. In the current study, the effects of microbial inoculum (MI) and urea on the chemical composition, amino acid profiles, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of wheat and corn silages were investigated. Samples of wheat and corn were subjected to four treatments: control, MI, urea and a combination of MI + urea. The treatments were ensiled in anaerobic conditions and opened after 1, 7, 14 or 28 days. The results showed that additives improved the quality parameters of wheat and corn silages. The inclusion of MI produced the most aerobically stable silages. The inclusion of urea in silages decreased aerobic stability. Additives improved in vitro cell wall carbohydrates' digestibility in both silages and was the best when MI was combined with urea. These results imply that additives could be incorporated in silages to enhance their nutritional value, aerobic stability and digestibility. Nonetheless, increased CP content with additives was not accompanied with a parallel increase in amino acids' content in corn silage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wagali
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ira Pelech
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Chris Sabastian
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Julius Ben Ari
- The Laboratory for the Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography, Interdepartmental Analytical Unit (ZABAM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Haim Tagari
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sameer J Mabjeesh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parnian-Khajehdizaj F, Noel SJ, Johansen M, Weisbjerg MR, Hellwing ALF, Højberg O, Hall MB, Lund P. Methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbiota in Holstein heifers fed 14 different grass or clover silages as the sole feed. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4072-4091. [PMID: 37028960 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the variation in enteric methane production and associated gas exchange parameters, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiome when a range of silages based on different forage types (grass or clover), and different species within the 2 types, were fed as the sole feed to heifers. Three grass species (perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and tall fescue) and 2 clover species (red clover and white clover) were included. Perennial ryegrass was harvested at 2 maturity stages in the primary growth, white clover was harvested once in the primary growth, and 4 cuts of festulolium and tall fescue and 3 cuts of red clover were harvested during the growing season, giving 14 different silage batches in total. Sixteen Holstein heifers 16 to 21 mo old and 2 to 5 mo in pregnancy were fed the silages ad libitum as the sole feed in an incomplete crossover design. Each silage was fed to 4 heifers, except for the 2 perennial ryegrass silages, which were fed to 8 heifers; in total 64 observations. The CH4 production was measured for 3 d in respiration chambers. Heifers fed clover silages had higher dry matter intake (DMI) compared with heifers fed grass silages, and heifers fed tall fescue silages had the numerically the lowest DMI. Compared with grass silages, feeding clover silages led to higher crude protein digestibility but lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Rumen pH was higher in heifers fed clover silages compared with those fed grass silages. Based on composition analysis, the rumen microbiota of the heifers clustered clearly according to forage type and species. More specifically, 7 of the 34 dominating rumen bacterial genus-level groups showed higher relative abundances for the clover silages, whereas 7 genus-level groups showed higher abundances for the grass silages. Methane yield was higher for heifers fed grass silages than for those fed clover silages when methane production was related to dry matter and digestible organic matter intake, whereas the opposite was seen when related to NDF digestion. The gross energy lost as methane (CH4 conversion factor, %) reduced from 7.5% to 6.7%, equivalent to an 11% reduction. The present study gives the outlines for choosing the optimal forage type and forage species with respect to nutrient digestibility and enteric methane emission in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Parnian-Khajehdizaj
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, PO Box 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - S J Noel
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - O Højberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M B Hall
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dominance of bacillus sp. alter microbiological and nutritional quality and improve aerobic stability of the corn silage. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Franco M, Tapio I, Rinne M. Preservation characteristics and bacterial communities of crimped ensiled barley grains modulated by moisture content and additive application. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1092062. [PMID: 36620026 PMCID: PMC9812522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1092062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about the relationships between preservation characteristics and main bacterial communities of fermented feeds can guide decision making during feed preservation and silage additive development. The objective was to evaluate fermentation quality, aerobic stability, microbial quality and bacterial profile of crimped barley grains ensiled under three moisture contents (MC): 228 (low MC), 287 (medium MC) and 345 (high MC) g/kg fresh matter; and using four additive treatments: 1. Control (CONT), 2. Formic and propionic acid-based additive (FPA), 3. Inoculation with homofermentative and heterofermentative strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and 4. Salt-based additive (SALT). There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) of incremental MC on pH where greater decline happened from low (5.81) to medium (4.83) MC than from medium to high (4.28) MC, while lactic acid concentration and aerobic stability increased in a linear manner (p < 0.05). Ammonia-N and acetic acid concentrations increased quadratically (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of MC. The effects of additives depended on MC so that improvements in preservation characteristics in response to LAB and SALT were observed at medium and high MC, while FPA was effective at all MC levels. A minor shift was observed in bacterial ecology from raw material towards low MC samples, with Erwiniaceae sp., Enterobacterales spp. and Pseudomonas dominating the fermentation. A major change occurred in medium and high MC materials, where Fructilactobacillus dominated the fermentation in CONT, FPA and SALT silages. LAB-treated silages at medium and high MC resulted in a distinguished pattern with dominance of Lentilactobacillus followed by Lactiplantibacillus. Most abundant communities in the samples, such as Fructilactobacillus, Erwiniaceae sp., Enterobacterales spp. and Pseudomonas, were correlated with several fermentation characteristics. Our results showed that crimped barley grains could be successfully ensiled under various MC and additive treatments. Low MC feeds had higher risk to be aerobically unstable while high MC resulted in more extensive fermentation, with potentially poor fermentation quality. The suitable additive depends on the raw material characteristics as LAB and SALT require relatively high MC to be effective, while FPA showed consistent improvements over all MC levels used in the current study. Awareness of the MC of grain prior to ensiling allows to identify the risks to preservation quality and provides information for choosing an effective additive.
Collapse
|
6
|
Exploring the Epiphytic Microbial Community Structure of Forage Crops: Their Adaptation and Contribution to the Fermentation Quality of Forage Sorghum during Ensiling. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090428. [PMID: 36134971 PMCID: PMC9495736 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of epiphytic microbiota from different forages on the fermentation characteristics and microbial community structure of forage sorghum silage were investigated. The gamma irradiated sterilized forage sorghum was treated through sterile water, epiphytic microbiota of forage sorghum (FSm), Sudan grass (SDm), Napier grass (NPm), and maize (MZm). NPm and SDm inoculated silages showed similar pH value and lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) contents at day 3 and 60 of ensiling. The final silage of FSm and MZm showed lower (p < 0.05) pH and AA content and a higher LA content compared to the NPm and SDm silages. Bacterial species from the Weisella genus were predominantly present in FSm, NPm, and SDm, while Lactococcus dominated the MZm silage during early ensiling. Lactobacillus was predominant in all inoculated terminal silages. Overall, the four inoculated microbiota decreased the pH value of silage and were dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB); however, the NPm and SDm treatments resulted in comparatively higher AA contents which could have an inhibitory effect on the secondary fermentation developed by the yeast and enhanced the aerobic stability of forage sorghum silage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang W, Yang X, Li J, Dong Z, Zhao J, Shao T, Yuan X. Effects of hexanoic acid on microbial communities, fermentation, and hygienic quality of corn silages infested with toxigenic fungi. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3522-3534. [PMID: 34841530 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to reveal the effects of hexanoic acid on the microbial communities, fermentation, and the hygienic quality of corn silages with or without fungal infection. Fungal-infested (FI) and non-infested (NFI) whole-crop corn samples were separately ensiled without (control, CON) or with hexanoic acid (Hex, 90% purity) at 0.2 g·kg-1 fresh weight (FW). RESULT The addition of Hex accelerated the pH decline during the first 5 days of ensiling regardless of fungal infestation. The lactic acid (LA) concentration in Hex silages was lower than that in CON during 45 days of ensiling; however the FI-Hex silage had the highest LA concentration among treatments on day 90. The Hex silage showed lower aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations than CON for FI silages. On day 5, the addition of Hex decreased the relative abundance of Klebsiella, Pantoea, and Enterobacter compared with CON, regardless of fungal infestation. This inhibitory effect lasted until day 90 for NFI silages but disappeared for FI silages on day 90. The fungal infestation resulted in the accumulation of Candida (34.05%) and Wickerhamomyces (19.46%). Hex decreased the relative abundance of Asperigillus, Issatchenkia, and Penicillium for NFI silages on day 5; however, its inhibitory effects were not observed in FI silages on day 5. CONCLUSION Fungal infestation was associated with poor fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silage. Adding Hex accelerated the pH decline and maintained the antifungal activity until 90 days of ensiling, attenuating adverse effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and preventing the accumulation of mycotoxins in corn silages. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gallo A, Fancello F, Ghilardelli F, Zara S, Spanghero M. Effects of several commercial or pure lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation and mycotoxin levels in high-moisture corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
9
|
Sadhasivam S, Marshi R, Barda O, Zakin V, Britzi M, Gamliel A, Sionov E. Ensiling process and pomegranate peel extract as a natural additive in potential prevention of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in silage. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1557-1565. [PMID: 35936058 PMCID: PMC9347003 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted on six animal feed centers in Israel where fungal and mycotoxin presence was examined in maize and wheat silages. Fumonisin mycotoxins FB1 and FB2 were present in every maize silage sample analyzed. Interestingly, no correlation was found between the occurrence of specific mycotoxins and the presence of the fungal species that might produce them in maize and wheat silages. We further investigated the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on Fusarium infection and fumonisin biosynthesis in laboratory-prepared maize silage. PPE had an inhibitory effect on FB1 and FB2 biosynthesis by Fusarium proliferatum, which resulted in up to 90 % reduction of fumonisin production in silage samples compared to untreated controls. This finding was supported by qRT-PCR analysis, showing downregulation of key genes involved in the fumonisin-biosynthesis pathway under PPE treatment. Our results present promising new options for the use of natural compounds that may help reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination in agricultural foodstuff, and potentially replace traditionally used synthetic chemicals. The mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and B2 were detected in all analyzed maize silage samples. No correlation was found between mycotoxins and their fungal sources in silages. Treatment with PPE demonstrated strong anti-mycotoxigenic activity in silages samples.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mu L, Xie Z, Hu L, Chen G, Zhang Z. Lactobacillus plantarum and molasses alter dynamic chemical composition, microbial community, and aerobic stability of mixed (amaranth and rice straw) silage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5225-5235. [PMID: 33611793 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to determine how molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum affect chemical composition, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and the microbial community of an ensiled mixture of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriaus, AF) and rice straw. Treatments were control (C, no addition), L. plantarum (L; 2 × 105 cfu g-1 fresh weight), molasses (M; 40 g kg-1 fresh matter), and their combination (LM). All treatments were ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 30 days. RESULTS All additives improved fermentation quality with greater lactic acid (LA), acetic acid, and lower pH than C silage over the ensiling period. The LM silage combination optimized fermentability, manifested as greater LA contents and a more rapid pH reduction during the first 7 days of ensiling than L or M silages. After 30 days of ensiling, inoculant L. plantarum increased Lactobacillus abundance and reduced bacterial diversity and Enterobacteriaceae abundance compared with silage treated with molasses. Molasses addition reduced the relative concentration of structural carbohydrates (neutral and acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose) after 30 days of ensiling. Finally, there was spoilage after 2 days and 4 days of aerobic exposure in C and LM silages respectively, whereas L silage had not spoiled after 4 days. CONCLUSIONS Although the combination of L. plantarum and molasses further optimized fermentation characteristics, L silage had better aerobic stability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Mu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Z Xie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - L Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - G Chen
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
So S, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Effect of sugarcane bagasse as industrial by-products treated with Lactobacillus casei TH14, cellulase and molasses on feed utilization, ruminal ecology and milk production of mid-lactating Holstein Friesian cows. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4481-4489. [PMID: 33454981 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus casei TH14, cellulase, and molasses combination fermented sugarcane bagasse (SB) as an exclusive roughage source in the total mixed ration (TMR) for mid-lactation 75% crossbred Holstein cows on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal ecology, milk yield and milk composition. Four multiparous mid-lactation crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian and 25% Thai native breed) dairy cows of 439 ± 16 kg body weight, 215 ± 5 days in milk and average milk yield 10 ± 2 kg d-1 were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The unfermented SB (SB-TMR), SB fermented with cellulase and molasses (CM-TMR), SB fermented with L. casei TH14 and molasses (LM-TMR), and SB fermented with L. casei TH14, cellulase and molasses (LCM-TMR) were used as dietary treatments. RESULTS CM-TMR, LM-TMR and LCM-TMR significantly (P < 0.01) increased dry matter and fiber digestibility, gross energy and metabolizable energy intake (P < 0.05), blood glucose, total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05), propionic acid and milk yield, but decreased ammonia, acetic acid, acetic:propionic ratio and methane production (P < 0.05) when compared with the SB-TMR. Compared with fermented SB treatments, LCM-TMR had lower (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia and greater blood glucose (P < 0.01); LCM-TMR showed (P < 0.05) greater volatile fatty acids, propionic acid, milk yield and total solids, and lower acetic:propionic ratio (P < 0.01); methane, protozoa and somatic cell count were found to be lowest in LCM-TMR. CONCLUSION Combination of L. casei TH14 and additives (LCM-TMR) effectively enhanced feed use, rumen ecology and milk production of Holstein Friesian cows. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarong So
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dual sensor measurement shows that temperature outperforms pH as an early sign of aerobic deterioration in maize silage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8686. [PMID: 33888808 PMCID: PMC8062529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality silage containing abundant lactic acid is a critical component of ruminant diets in many parts of the world. Silage deterioration, a result of aerobic metabolism (including utilization of lactic acid) during storage and feed-out, reduces the nutritional quality of the silage, and its acceptance by animals. In this study, we introduce a novel non-disruptive dual-sensor method that provides near real-time information on silage aerobic stability, and demonstrates for the first time that in situ silage temperature (Tsi) and pH are both associated with preservation of lactic acid. Aerobic deterioration was evaluated using two sources of maize silage, one treated with a biological additive, at incubation temperatures of 23 and 33 °C. Results showed a time delay between the rise of Tsi and that of pH following aerobic exposure at both incubation temperatures. A 11 to 25% loss of lactic acid occurred when Tsi reached 2 °C above ambient. In contrast, by the time the silage pH had exceeded its initial value by 0.5 units, over 60% of the lactic acid had been metabolized. Although pH is often used as a primary indicator of aerobic deterioration of maize silage, it is clear that Tsi was a more sensitive early indicator. However, the extent of the pH increase was an effective indicator of advanced spoilage and loss of lactic acid due to aerobic metabolism for maize silage.
Collapse
|
13
|
Arriola KG, Oliveira AS, Jiang Y, Kim D, Silva HM, Kim SC, Amaro FX, Ogunade IM, Sultana H, Pech Cervantes AA, Ferraretto LF, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without other bacteria, on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7653-7670. [PMID: 33814134 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of 158 peer-reviewed articles was conducted to examine effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB)-based inoculants (LBB) that did or did not include homolactic or obligate heterolactic bacteria on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. A complementary meta-analysis of 12 articles examined LBB inoculation effects on dairy cow performance. Raw mean differences between inoculant and control treatment means weighted by inverse variance were compared with a hierarchical effects model that included robust variance estimation. Meta-regression and subgrouping analysis were used to identify effects of covariates including forage type, application rate (≤104, 105, 106, or ≥ 107 cfu/g as fed), bacteria type (LB vs. LB plus other bacteria), enzyme inclusion, ensiling duration, and silo type (laboratory or farm scale). Inoculation with LBB increased acetate (62%), 1, 2 propanediol (364%) and propionate (30%) concentration and aerobic stability (73.8%) and reduced lactate concentration (7.2%), yeast counts (7-fold) and mold counts (3-fold). Feeding inoculated silage did not affect milk yield, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows. However, forage type, inoculant composition, and dose effects on silage quality measures were evident. Inoculation with LBB increased aerobic stability of all silages except tropical grasses. Adding obligate homolactic or facultative heterolactic bacteria to LB prevented the small increase in DM losses caused by LB alone. The 105 and 106 cfu/g rates were most effective at minimizing DM losses while aerobic stability was only increased with 105, 106, and ≥ 107 cfu/g rates. Inoculation with LBB increased acetate concentration, reduced yeast counts and improved aerobic stability but did not improve dairy cow performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - André S Oliveira
- Dairy Cattle Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Donghyeon Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Henrique M Silva
- Dairy Cattle Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Sam Churl Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences), Gyeongsang National University, 52828 South Korea
| | - Felipe X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Ibukun M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Halima Sultana
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Andres A Pech Cervantes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Diwakar Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Adegbola T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nazar M, Wang S, Zhao J, Dong Z, Li J, Kaka NA, Shao T. Abundance and diversity of epiphytic microbiota on forage crops and their fermentation characteristic during the ensiling of sterile sudan grass. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:27. [PMID: 33433734 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous epiphytic microbiota inoculation on the fermentation quality and microbial community of sudan grass silage. Gamma irradiated sudan grass was ensiled with distilled water (STR), epiphytic microbiota of sudan grass (SUDm), forage sorghum (FSm), napier grass (NAPm) and whole crop corn (WCCm). The FSm inoculated silage have significantly lower lactic acid (LA) concentration and higher pH during early ensiling, while LA concentration gradually and significantly increased with the progression of ensiling and have lower pH in relation to other treatments for terminal silage. Inoculation of NAPm resulted in lower LA and higher acetic acid (AA) concentrations, higher pH, ammonia-N and dry matter losses for terminal silage, followed by SUDm silage. Inoculations of WCCm significantly increased LA production and pH decline during early ensiling and have higher LA and pH then NAPm and SUDm silages during final ensiling. The early fermentation of SUDm silage was dominated by genus of Pediococcus. The genera of Lactobacillus were predominant in WCCm and NAPm silages during 3 days of ensiling, while Weissella dominated initial microbial community of FS silage. The terminal silage of NAPm was dominated by Enterobacter and Rosenbergiella, while Enterobacter and Lactobacillus dominated terminal SUDm silage. The final silage of FSm was dominated by Lactobacillus, Weissella and Pediococcus, while Lactobacillus and Acetobacter dominated terminal WCCm silages. The results demonstrated that among the four forages the epiphytic microbiota from forage sorghum positively influenced the microbial community and fermentability of sudan grass silage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Nazar
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Niaz Ali Kaka
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferrero F, Tabacco E, Piano S, Casale M, Borreani G. Temperature during conservation in laboratory silos affects fermentation profile and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus hilgardii, and their combination. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1696-1713. [PMID: 33309357 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment temperature and its effect on the temperature of silage is very important for the fermentation and subsequent quality of a silage. Obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inocula, because of their ability to inhibit yeasts, have been developed to prevent the aerobic deterioration of silages. The temperature during silage conservation may also play an important role in the fermentation profile of silages. This study has evaluated the effect of temperature, during the conservation of whole crop corn silage, untreated or treated with different LAB inocula, on the fermentation profile and on the aerobic stability of the silage. Corn was harvested at 42% dry matter and either not treated (control) or treated with Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (LB) at 300,000 cfu/g fresh matter (FM); Lactobacillus hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at 150,000 cfu/g FM (LH150); L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at 300,000 cfu/g FM (LH300); or LB+LH at 150,000 cfu/g FM each. In an attempt to experimentally simulate temperature fluctuations in the mass or at the periphery of a silage bunker, corn was conserved in laboratory silos at a constant temperature (20 ± 1°C; MASS) or at lower and variable outdoor temperatures (PERIPH; ranging from 0.5 to 19°C), and the silos were opened after 15, 30, and 100 d of conservation. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol contents increased in all the silages over the conservation period. The lactic acid content was higher (+10%) in the silages kept at a constant temperature than those conserved at the lower and variable outdoor temperatures. The acetic acid was higher in the treated silages than in the control ones conserved at a constant temperature for 100 d. Moreover, 1,2-propanediol was only detected in the treated silages after at least 30 d at a constant temperature, whereas only traces were detected in the LB+LH treatment for the other temperature conditions. The yeast count decreased during conservation at a slower rate in PERIPH than in MASS and on average reached 2.96 and 4.71 log cfu/g for MASS and PERIPH, respectively, after 100 d of conservation. The highest aerobic stability values were observed for LH300 (191 h) in the MASS silage after 100 d of conservation, whereas the highest aerobic stability was observed in LB+LH (150 h) in the PERIPH silages. After 7 d of air exposure, a pH higher than 4.5 and a higher yeast than 8.0 log cfu/g were detected in all the silages opened after 15 and 30 d of conservation. A pH value close to that of silo opening was detected in the LB, LH150, and LH300 silages conserved under MASS conditions after 100 d, whereas LB+LH was the most effective under PERIPH conditions. The temperature and its fluctuation during conservation of silage in laboratory silos influenced the fermentation, which in turn had an effect on the quality of silage and on the extent of the effect of LAB inocula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrero
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ernesto Tabacco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Serenella Piano
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Manuela Casale
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giorgio Borreani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang FG, Cheng HJ, Liu D, Wei C, An WJ, Wang YF, Sun HT, Song EL. Treatment of Whole-Plant Corn Silage With Lactic Acid Bacteria and Organic Acid Enhances Quality by Elevating Acid Content, Reducing pH, and Inhibiting Undesirable Microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593088. [PMID: 33343533 PMCID: PMC7746776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the variation in microbial community and fermentation characteristics of whole-plant corn silage after treatment with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and organic acids. The fresh corn forages were treated with a combination of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum (106 CFU/g fresh material) or a 7:1:2 ratio of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid (6 mL/g fresh material) followed by 45 or 90 days of ensiling. Silages treated with LAB showed increased lactic acid content and decreased pH after 45 days. Although treatment with LAB or organic acids decreased the common and unique operational taxonomic units, indicating a reduction in microbial diversity, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was elevated after 45 and 90 days compared with control, which was more distinct in the organic acid groups. Moreover, we found higher levels of acetic acid and increased abundance of Acetobacter in silages treated with organic acids whereas undesirable microorganisms such as Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacter were reduced. In summary, the quality of corn silages was improved by LAB or organic acid treatment in which LAB more effectively enhanced lactic acid content and reduced pH while organic acid inhibited the growth of undesirable microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Gui Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Jian Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Shandong Provincial General Station of Animal Husbandry, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Juan An
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - En-Liang Song
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mu L, Xie Z, Hu L, Chen G, Zhang Z. Cellulase interacts with Lactobacillus plantarum to affect chemical composition, bacterial communities, and aerobic stability in mixed silage of high-moisture amaranth and rice straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123772. [PMID: 32653750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or cellulase on fermentation, aerobic stability and bacterial community of mixed high-moisture amaranth (AF) and rice straw (RS) silage. The mixtures were treated with no addition (C), L. plantarum (L), cellulase (F) and their combination (LF). Additives increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and reduced the abundances of Weissella, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, decreased pH, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and increased lactic acid concentration as compared to C silage over the ensiling period. The LF silage had the highest lactic acid concentration among all silages over the 7 d of ensiling and also the lowest abundance of Enterobacteriaceae over 30 d of ensiling. Aerobic spoilage occurred in C and LF silages after 2 d of aerobic exposure, whereas the L and F silages remained stable > 4 d. In conclusion, silage treated with LF showed best silage quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhan Xie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Longxing Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Preserving Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111957. [PMID: 33114191 PMCID: PMC7690820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Seaweeds are underutilized resources worldwide that could be used in both the food and the feed markets. However, seaweeds decompose quickly mainly due to their high water content and therefore cost and energy effective preservation methods must be explored. Silage is a low-energy input method to preserve forage crops widely used worldwide, but the ensilability of seaweeds has been little investigated. In this study, we assessed different procedures to ensile Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima, including the washing and pre-wilting of the seaweeds before ensiling and the addition of formic acid. The chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of the obtained silages were determined to investigate their potential use as ruminant feed. Seaweeds did not undergo the typical silage fermentation, characterized by high production of lactic acid, as usually observed for terrestrial crops, and silage characteristics were variable depending on the seaweed species. All silages with formic acid as silage additive had pH values below the recommended value of 4.0, whereas those without formic acid had pH values greater than 4.50. The addition of formic acid also increased the ruminal degradability of the silages. More studies are needed to identify optimal ensiling conditions for seaweeds. Abstract The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.
Collapse
|
19
|
Drouin P, Ferrero F. Testing selectivity of bacterial and fungal culture media compared to original silage samples using next generation sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106088. [PMID: 33091456 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plate counts using selective culture media is still the most frequently used method for the enumeration of the different microbial groups that colonize silage, including lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds. Since different culture media have specific composition, they may allow the growth of specific populations. To date, no study has used next generation sequencing technology to compare the selective capacity of these different culture media although this approach could provide comprehensive insight into the relevance of using one culture medium over another. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon were performed to compare the selectivity of different culture media used in silage microbiology. Corn silage, grass-alfalfa silage and total mixed ration extracts were plated on five selective media for lactic acid bacteria, incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and on eight selective media for yeast and molds to compare their selectivity. Ensiling provided a pre-selection environment for specific microorganisms over forage and reduced the number of observed OTUs: only 12 OTUs of bacteria were observed in corn silage sampled in the center of a bunker silo, while the mean number of OTUs identified in samples taken closer to the side of the silo, influenced by higher oxygen and humidity level, increased to 79. Still, MRS and Rogosa plates had less than 12 different OTUs in the center and 24 at the side, mainly Lactobacillaceae, Acetobacteraceae, and Leuconostocaceae. Incubating the plates under anaerobic conditions was selective against Acetobacteraceae. MRS supplemented with acetic acid increased selectivity of lactic acid bacteria. When plated on culture media specific for yeast and molds, from 17 to 68 different OTUs were observed in corn silage. Mixed grass-alfalfa silage and total mixed ration samples usually had more observed OTUs and the diversity profile of the corresponding culture media was similar to that of the original samples. For yeasts and molds, Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar revealed a diversity profile close to the that of the corn silage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Drouin
- Lallemand Specialities Inc., Milwaukee, WI 53218, USA.
| | - Francesco Ferrero
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carvalho-Estrada PDA, Fernandes J, da Silva ÉB, Tizioto P, Paziani SDF, Duarte AP, Coutinho LL, Verdi MCQ, Nussio LG. Effects of hybrid, kernel maturity, and storage period on the bacterial community in high-moisture and rehydrated corn grain silages. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Ding Z, Bai J, Xu D, Li F, Zhang Y, Guo X. Microbial Community Dynamics and Natural Fermentation Profiles of Ensiled Alpine Grass Elymus nutans Prepared From Different Regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:855. [PMID: 32477296 PMCID: PMC7235320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed deficiency during the long cold period of a year is one of the major problems that the traditional year-round animal grazing system has faced on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) since ancient time. Therefore, ensiling the grasses from grassland could be a desirable feeding regime to preserve high quality forage and to alleviate the seasonal unbalanced feed supply problem on this plateau. The present study was designed to investigate dynamics of bacterial community and natural fermentation quality of ensiled Elymus nutans collected from grasslands in four different areas with different elevations [Tianzhu County (TZ), 2965 m; Golog Prefecture (GL), 3763 m; Damxung County (DX), 4228 m, and Nagqu Prefecture (NQ), 4752 m] on the QTP. The bacterial community was characterized by using the PacBio single molecule with real-time sequencing technology (SMRT). The harvested fresh E. nutans grasses were ensiled in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags for 14, 30, 60, and 90 days. Obvious differences in the epiphytic bacterial community of the fresh E. nutans samples from the four areas were observed, which resulted in various bacterial community dynamics and fermentation qualities of ensiled E. nutans. Higher fermentation quality was observed in silage samples from Nagqu than in those from the other areas (P < 0.05). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) involved in fermentation of E. nutans from low altitude areas consisted of Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus sp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus coryniformis, whereas major LAB species involved in the fermentation of E. nutans silage from high altitudes included L. mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus sp. Correlation analysis between bacterial composition and fermentation quality of E. nutans silages made from the four different areas in the QTP indicated that the LAB species responsible for silage fermentation in different areas were totally different, which was mainly due to the different epiphytic bacterial compositions in fresh E. nutans before ensiling. The present results provide important information on revealing the bacterial communities and fermentation quality of ensiled E. nutans, and on future screening of LAB isolates for making high quality silage in order to alleviate feed shortage of the traditional year-round grazing system on the QTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuhou Li
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo L, Yao D, Li D, Lin Y, Bureenok S, Ni K, Yang F. Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Rumen Fluid and Feces of Dairy Cows on Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community, and in vitro Digestibility of Alfalfa Silage. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2998. [PMID: 31998275 PMCID: PMC6962301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the rumen fluid and feces of dairy cows, and evaluate their effects on silage quality of alfalfa after 30 or 60 days of ensiling. One hundred and four LAB strains were isolated from rumen fluid and feces of six dairy cows, of which four strains (Lactobacillus plantarum F1, L. plantarum F50, Lactobacillus salivarius L100, and Lactobacillus fermentum L120) and one commercial inoculant (GFG) isolated from forage were employed for further study. The silages treated with F1 had the lowest (P < 0.05) pH value and the highest (P < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) content in all treatments. Besides, higher (P < 0.05) in vitro digestibility was also observed in F1-treated silage after 60 days of ensiling. The microbial analysis showed that the Lactobacillus abundance in the F1-treated silages increased to 60.32%, higher than other treatments (5.12–47.64%). Our research indicated that strain F1 could be an alternative silage inoculant, and dairy cows could be a source for obtaining excellent LAB for ensiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linna Guo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Yao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Lin
- Beijing Sure Academy of Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Smerjai Bureenok
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kuikui Ni
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang D, Zhao C, Liu S, Zhang T, Yao J, Cao Y. Effects of Piromyces sp. CN6 CGMCC 14449 on fermentation quality, nutrient composition and the in vitro degradation rate of whole crop maize silage. AMB Express 2019; 9:121. [PMID: 31359220 PMCID: PMC6663944 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the rumen fungus Piromyces sp. CN6 CGMCC 14449 as a silage additive on the fermentation quality, nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility of whole crop maize silage. Whole crop maize served as the silage material and was vacuum packed in polyethylene bags. Three ensiling treatments were applied: a control (CK), addition of a fungus (FU) at 105 thallus-forming units per gram, and addition of compound enzyme (EN) at 0.033 mg/g (containing cellulase and xylanase at activities of 90 filter paper units and 6000 IU per gram, respectively). Compared with the CK, the FU and EN treatments decreased the pH after 30 days fermentation (P <0.05). Both FU and EN treatments increased the lactate, crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate contents (P <0.05), whereas reduced the acetate, ADF and NDF contents as well as the ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio in silage after 30 days of ensilaging (P <0.05), compared with those for the CK, while no changes were found in the dry matter and dry matter recovery (P > 0.05). The fungal inoculant increased the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, NDF and ADF in silage after 30 days fermentation (P <0.05). In conclusion, the rumen fungus Piromyces sp. CN6 CGMCC 14449 can improve the quality and nutrient composition of whole crop maize silage and increase the crude fibre digestibility.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nascimento Agarussi MC, Gomes Pereira O, Paula RAD, Silva VPD, Santos Roseira JP, Fonseca E Silva F. Novel lactic acid bacteria strains as inoculants on alfalfa silage fermentation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8007. [PMID: 31142784 PMCID: PMC6541639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of new strains of lactic acid bacteria on alfalfa silage fermentation were evaluated. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design (with three replicates) based on a 6 × 6 factorial assay with 6 inoculants (I): Control (CTRL), Commercial inoculant (CI), Lactobacillus pentosus 14.7SE (LPE), Lactobacillus plantarum 3.7E (LP), Pediococcus pentosaceus 14.15SE (PP), and Lactobacillus plantarum 3.7E + Pediococcus pentosaceus 14.15SE (LP + PP), and six fermentation periods (P): 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Alfalfa was wilted for 6 h in the field, which increased the dry matter content to 368 g/kg as fed. The CP and yeast population decreased during the fermentation process. Silage inoculated with the PP strain had the lowest pH values beginning at 14 d of fermentation and the lowest acetic acid concentration on the last day of fermentation. New strains more efficiently regulated enterobacteria and mold populations at days 56 and 28, respectively. Silages inoculated with the PP strain had a higher coefficient of in vitro dry matter digestibility than LP silages. All of the tested novel strains resulted in positive effects on at least one chemical property of the silage during the fermentation process. However, the adding of P. pentosaceus can be indicated as the better for silage quality considering the tested treatments in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Odilon Gomes Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Vicosa, Viçosa, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kato J, Odate T, Kim YH, Ichijo T, Sato S. Effects of feeding management on disease incidence and blood metabolites in dairy herds in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:958-967. [PMID: 31142681 PMCID: PMC6656801 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify the effect of feeding management on disease incidence and blood metabolite levels in dairy herds in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. A generalized
linear model approach was used to identify the risk factors for ketosis and displaced abomasum (DA) in dairy herds (n=30), and metabolic profile test (MPT) results were compared to verify
the involvement of the factors. Consequently, the proportion of corn silage (CS) with ≥30% of dry matter (DM) fed to cows during the lactation period was confirmed as the most reliable risk
factor for ketosis, while no risk factor was identified for DA. Meanwhile, the incidence rates of ketosis and DA were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the herds that were
fed CS (n=20) than in those fed a non-CS diet (n=10). When the MPT results of the herds fed with CS containing ≥30% of DM (HCS group, n=4; 76 cows), with CS containing <30% of DM (LCS
group, n=14; 285 cows), and a non-CS diet (NCS group, n=12; 236 cows) were compared, the HCS group showed higher beta-hydroxybutyric and lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations for until 49
days after parturition. Overall, feeding cows with CS diets containing over 30% of DM might increase their risk of developing negative energy and protein balances, thereby resulting in
increasing incidences of ketosis in the Iwate Prefecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junro Kato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Iwate Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Oshu, Iwate 023-0023, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Odate
- Iwate Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Oshu, Iwate 023-0023, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4034-4059. [PMID: 29685276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C Martinez-Tuppia
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - O C M Queiroz
- Chr Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - F Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guan H, Yan Y, Li X, Li X, Shuai Y, Feng G, Ran Q, Cai Y, Li Y, Zhang X. Microbial communities and natural fermentation of corn silages prepared with farm bunker-silo in Southwest China. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 265:282-290. [PMID: 29908496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the variation of microbial communities, their achieved fermentation quality, and the association between microbial diversity and environmental factors after ensiling of 96 samples prepared with bunker-silo in Southwest China. Most of natural corn silages achieved good fermentation, e.g., low pH value (<4.2) and high levels of lactic acid (36.26-79.83 mg/g DM). Weissella species were the dominant epiphytic bacteria in raw material, while Lactobacillus and Acetobacter species were prevalent in silages. Natural Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species produced more lactic acid during ensiling, while the production of acetic acid was highly positively correlated with both Acetobacter and Bradyrhizobium species. Rainfall and humidity affected community of epiphytic bacteria on the corn material, and the temperature affected richness of bacterial species during ensiling. The results confirmed that microbial community of silages in hot and humid area is unique and climatic factors ultimately affect the fermentation quality through influencing microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shuai
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qifan Ran
- Institute of Grass Science, ChongQing Academy of Animal Husbandry, ChongQing, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Ying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blajman JE, Páez RB, Vinderola CG, Lingua MS, Signorini ML. A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria for corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1655-1669. [PMID: 30142700 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This meta-analysis aims to assess the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation on fermentation parameters, microbiological composition and aerobic stability of corn silage. METHODS AND RESULTS Databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus) were searched from 1980 to 2017. The criteria for inclusion were: randomized and controlled experiments using corn silage and published in peer-reviewed journals. The meta-analysis showed that LAB supplementation increased pH, acetate and propionate concentrations, and decreased acid detergent fibre, water-soluble carbohydrates and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3 -N) compared to controls in the pooled raw mean difference random effect model. In addition, inoculation reduced counts of yeasts and moulds, increased LAB counts and markedly improved aerobic stability in corn silage. However, results indicated that the effect of inoculants may differ depending on the administration of homofermentative or heterofermentative LAB. CONCLUSIONS For the development of functional bacterial inoculants, both types of LAB should be used. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to compare the application of homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB for corn silage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Blajman
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - R B Páez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - C G Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M S Lingua
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M L Signorini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Borreani G, Tabacco E, Schmidt R, Holmes B, Muck R. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3952-3979. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Kung L, Shaver R, Grant R, Schmidt R. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4020-4033. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Muck R, Nadeau E, McAllister T, Contreras-Govea F, Santos M, Kung L. Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3980-4000. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Dos Anjos GVS, Gonçalves LC, Rodrigues JAS, Keller KM, Coelho MM, Michel PHF, Ottoni D, Jayme DG. Effect of re-ensiling on the quality of sorghum silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6047-6054. [PMID: 29605326 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The commercialization of silage in many countries, including Brazil, has increased in recent years. Re-ensiling of previously ensiled forage occurs when silage is relocated from one farm to another, where it will be compacted and sealed again. During this process, silage is exposed to oxygen before being ensiled, which may affect its quality. We exposed sorghum silage to air during the anaerobic storage phase to simulate the transportation of silages between farms. Experimental treatments included silage exposed to air for 0 or 12 h, with or without the use of an inoculant containing a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and the propionic bacteria Propionibacterium acidipropionici (1 × 106 cfu/g of forage; Biomax corn, Lallemand, Saint-Simon, France), totaling 4 treatments: conventional silage, conventional silage with inoculant use, re-ensilage after exposure to air, and re-ensilage after exposure to air with use of an inoculant. The sorghum was stored in experimental silos containing about 9.0 kg of fresh forage per replicate. Treatments were tested in a factorial 2 × 2 design with 5 replicates each. Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentative characteristics, losses (due to gas, effluents, and total dry matter), microorganism counts, and aerobic stability of sorghum silage were evaluated. Dry matter content of sorghum before ensiling was 273.12 g/kg. The 12-h re-ensiling process increased the effluent loss of the silage when compared with conventional silage (456.42 vs. 201.19 g/kg of FM, respectively). In addition, re-ensiled silages presented lower concentrations of lactic acid and higher concentrations of propionic acid than the silages that had not been opened during storage. The aerobic stability of silage was not affected by the re-ensiling process and the use of inoculant. The use of inoculant increased the pH and loss of dry matter of the silages (4.23 vs. 3.98 and 14.05 vs. 7.82%, respectively) and therefore did not provide any benefits in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V S Dos Anjos
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - L C Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - J A S Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA-Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - K M Keller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M M Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - P H F Michel
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D Ottoni
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D G Jayme
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ogunade I, Jiang Y, Pech Cervantes A, Kim D, Oliveira A, Vyas D, Weinberg Z, Jeong K, Adesogan A. Bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa silage as analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing: Effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2048-2059. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Effects of feeding sugar beets, ensiled with or without an additive, on the performance of dairy cows. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Johansen M, Søegaard K, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8861-8880. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Effects of inoculants Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus parafarraginis on the fermentation characteristics and microbial communities of corn stover silage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13614. [PMID: 29051616 PMCID: PMC5648770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve silage quality of crop forages, bacterial inoculants are often employed. In this study, Lactobacillus brevis SDMCC050297 and Lactobacillus parafarraginis SDMCC050300 were used as inoculants to corn stover in lab silos for ensiling. At the initial stage of ensiling, the pH value of the inoculated silages reduced more drastically, and the inoculated silages had higher lactic acid and acetic acid contents. After 20 days of ensiling, a reduction in lactic acid content coupled with an increase in acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol contents was observed in inoculated silages. Furthermore, both the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the abundance of order Lactobacillales in inoculated silages were higher than those of controls in the whole process. Meanwhile, Lb. brevis predominated before day 20 and then the dominance was shifted to Lb. parafarraginis until the late stage of ensiling. In contrast, the epiphytic Lactococcus lactic and Lb. plantarum played major roles at the beginning of naturally fermented silages and then Lb. plantarum and Lb. brevis were the most abundant at the later stage. In conclusion, these two selected strains had capability of improving the silage quality and providing the reproducible ensiling process, thus having the potential as silage inoculants.
Collapse
|
37
|
Vega MF, Dieguez SN, Riccio B, Aranguren S, Giordano A, Denzoin L, Soraci AL, Tapia MO, Ross R, Apás A, González SN. Zearalenone adsorption capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from pigs. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:715-723. [PMID: 28623104 PMCID: PMC5628319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5mL MRS broth were 57.40%+3.53 and 64.46%+0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26%+0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12%+0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82%+0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María F Vega
- Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Susana N Dieguez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires CICPBA
| | - Belén Riccio
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Aranguren
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Denzoin
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L Soraci
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María O Tapia
- Laboratorio de Toxicología CIVETAN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Ross
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana Apás
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia N González
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effects of Three Different Additives and Two Different Bulk Densities on Maize Silage Characteristics, Temperature Profiles, CO2 and O2–Dynamics in Small Scale Silos during Aerobic Exposure. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Johansen M, Hellwing A, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Metabolisable protein supply to lactating dairy cows increased with increasing dry matter concentration in grass-clover silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
40
|
Lima LM, Dos Santos JP, Casagrande DR, Ávila CLS, Lara MS, Bernardes TF. Lining bunker walls with oxygen barrier film reduces nutrient losses in corn silages. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4565-4573. [PMID: 28390718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 systems for covering corn silage in bunker silos. The first system consisted of a sheet of 45-μm-thick oxygen barrier film (OB, polyethylene + ethylene-vinyl alcohol) placed along the length of the sidewall before filling. After filling, the excess film was pulled over the wall on top of the silage, and a sheet of polyethylene was placed on top. The second system involved using a standard sheet (ST) of 180-μm-thick polyethylene film. Eight commercial bunker silos were divided into 2 parts lengthwise so that one-half of the silo was covered with OB and the other half with a ST system. During the filling, 3 net bags with chopped corn were buried in the central part (halfway between the top and bottom of the silo) of the bunkers (CCOR) in 3 sections 10 m apart. After filling, 18 net bags (9 per covering system) were buried 40 cm below the top surface of the 3 sections. These bags were placed at 3 distances from the bunker walls (0 to 50 cm, 51 to 100 cm, and 101 to 150 cm). During unloading, the bags were removed from the silos to determine the dry matter (DM) losses, fermentation end products, and nutritive value. The Milk2006 spreadsheet was used to estimate milk per tonne of DM. The model included the fixed effect of treatment (7 different locations in the bunker) and the random effect of the silo. Two contrasts were tested to compare silages in the top laterals (shoulders) with that in the CCOR (CCOR vs. OB and CCOR vs. ST). Three contrasts compared the corresponding distances of the silage covered by the 2 systems (OB50 vs. ST50, OB100 vs. ST100 and OB150 vs. ST150). Variables were analyzed with the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS at the 5% level. The OB method produced well-fermented silages, which were similar to CCOR, whereas the OB system showed less lactic acid and greater pH and mold counts compared with CCOR. The ST method had 116.2 kg of milk/t less than the CCOR, as the OB system and the CCOR were similar (1,258.3 and 1,294.0 kg/t, respectively). Regarding the distances from the walls, the effects were more pronounced from 0 to 101 cm. The OB50 and OB100 silages had better quality and lower mold counts and DM losses than ST50 and ST100. The OB system reduced DM and nutrient losses at the shoulders in farm bunker corn silages compared with no sidewall plastic. The OB film should lap onto the crop for at least 200 cm so that 150 cm are covered outward from the wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - J P Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - D R Casagrande
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - C L S Ávila
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - M S Lara
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - T F Bernardes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li X, Xu W, Yang J, Zhao H, Xin H, Zhang Y. Effect of different levels of corn steep liquor addition on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of fresh rice straw silage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:345-350. [PMID: 29767130 PMCID: PMC5941058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine the proper mixing ratio of fresh rice straw to corn steep liquor (CSL) to obtain a high protein content silage feed. The following experimental silages were generated: the control (C1), composed of fresh rice straw without CSL additive, mixed with CSL in the ratios of 4:1 (C4), 3:1 (C3) and 2:1 (C2). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant was applied at the rate of 50 mL/kg (fresh basis) of forage to achieve a final application rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh matter (FM). Duplicate silos for each treatment were opened after 0, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 d for microbiological and chemical analysis. The results showed that the addition of CSL significantly increased crude protein (CP) contents, and decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of treatments after 60 d of ensiling (P < 0.05). The lactic acid contents in C4 and C3 were significantly higher than that in C1 (P < 0.05). In summary, mixing fresh rice straw with CSL at addition levels of 4:1 (C4) and 3:1 (C3) can improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of fresh rice straw silage. However, a large proportion of CSL (C3) had a negative impact on the aerobic stability of fresh rice straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinshan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Institute of New Rural Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hangshu Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Weiss K, Kroschewski B, Auerbach H. Effects of air exposure, temperature and additives on fermentation characteristics, yeast count, aerobic stability and volatile organic compounds in corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8053-8069. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Kim JS, Lee YH, Kim YI, Ahmadi F, Oh YK, Park JM, Kwak WS. Effect of microbial inoculant or molasses on fermentative quality and aerobic stability of sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:188-195. [PMID: 27240234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the first experiment, the effect of two novel Lactobacillus plantarum strains was studied on the fermentation of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) through 10d of ensiling. Based on lactic acid production and lactic acid bacteria population, L. plantarum KU5 was identified as the best strain for fermentation with a 5-L bag silo. Spent mushroom substrate was ensiled with 0.5% (v/w) L. plantarum KU5 without or with 5% molasses. Silages treated with microbial inoculant and molasses had the lowest pH and the highest fermentative odors. In a second set of experiments similar to the above 5-L silo study, the simultaneous application of L. plantarum KU5 inoculant and molasses to 80-L silos improved fermentability and aerobic stability of SMS silages. For similar treatment using ton-bag silos, aerobic stability decreased and NH3-N content increased dramatically. In conclusion, sawdust-based SMS for animal use was successfully ensiled with L. plantarum KU5 inoculant and molasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Division of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Lee
- Division of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Y I Kim
- Egreen Co. LTD, Icheon, Gyeong-Gi, Republic of Korea
| | - F Ahmadi
- Division of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Y K Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, Jeon-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - J M Park
- Egreen Co. LTD, Icheon, Gyeong-Gi, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Kwak
- Division of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ellis JL, Hindrichsen IK, Klop G, Kinley RD, Milora N, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Effects of lactic acid bacteria silage inoculation on methane emission and productivity of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7159-7174. [PMID: 27372595 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inoculants of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used to improve silage quality and prevent spoilage via increased production of lactic acid and other organic acids and a rapid decline in silage pH. The addition of LAB inoculants to silage has been associated with increases in silage digestibility, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Given the potential change in silage and rumen fermentation conditions accompanying these silage additives, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LAB silage inoculants on DMI, digestibility, milk yield, milk composition, and methane (CH4) production from dairy cows in vivo. Eight mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were grouped into 2 blocks of 4 cows (multiparous and primiparous) and used in a 4×4 double Latin square design with 21-d periods. Methane emissions were measured by indirect calorimetry. Treatments were grass silage (mainly ryegrass) with no inoculant (GS), with a long-term inoculant (applied at harvest; GS+L), with a short-term inoculant (applied 16h before feeding; GS+S), or with both long and short-term inoculants (GS+L+S). All diets consisted of grass silage and concentrate (75:25 on a dry matter basis). The long-term inoculant consisted of a 10:20:70 mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus buchneri, and the short-term inoculant was a preparation of Lc. lactis. Dry matter intake was not affected by long-term or short-term silage inoculation, nor was dietary neutral detergent fiber or fat digestibility, or N or energy balance. Milk composition (except milk urea) and fat and protein-corrected milk yield were not affected by long- or short-term silage inoculation, nor was milk microbial count. However, milk yield tended to be greater with long-term silage inoculation. Methane expressed in units of grams per day, grams per kilogram of DMI, grams per kilogram of milk, or grams per kilogram of fat and protein-corrected milk yield was not affected by long- or short-term silage inoculation. However, CH4 expressed in units of kilojoules per kilogram of metabolic body weight per day tended to be greater with long-term silage inoculation. Results of this study indicate minimal responses in animal performance to both long- and short-term inoculation of grass silage with LAB. Strain and dose differences as well as different basal silages and ensiling conditions are likely responsible for the lack of significant effects observed here, although positive effects have been observed in other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands; Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
| | | | - G Klop
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - R D Kinley
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - N Milora
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Alstrup L, Søegaard K, Weisbjerg M. Effects of maturity and harvest season of grass-clover silage and of forage-to-concentrate ratio on milk production of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:328-40. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
46
|
Nkosi B, Meeske R, Langa T, Motiang M, Modiba S, Mkhize N, Groenewald I. Effects of ensiling forage soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with or without bacterial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and nutrient digestion of the silage by Damara rams. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
47
|
Comino L, Tabacco E, Righi F, Revello-Chion A, Quarantelli A, Borreani G. Effects of an inoculant containing a Lactobacillus buchneri that produces ferulate-esterase on fermentation products, aerobic stability, and fibre digestibility of maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
48
|
Basso FC, Adesogan AT, Lara EC, Rabelo CHS, Berchielli TT, Teixeira IAMA, Siqueira GR, Reis RA. Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5640-50. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. C. Basso
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| | - A. T. Adesogan
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E. C. Lara
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| | - C. H. S. Rabelo
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| | - T. T. Berchielli
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| | - I. A. M. A. Teixeira
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| | - G. R. Siqueira
- Sao Paulo Agency for Agribusiness Technology – Alta Mogiana, Colina, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14770-000
| | - R. A. Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hafner SD, Franco RB, Kung L, Rotz CA, Mitloehner F. Potassium sorbate reduces production of ethanol and 2 esters in corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7870-8. [PMID: 25282409 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of biological and chemical silage additives on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOC; methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate) within corn silage. Recent work has shown that silage VOC can contribute to poor air quality and reduce feed intake. Silage additives may reduce VOC production in silage by inhibiting the activity of bacteria or yeasts that produce them. We produced corn silage in 18.9-L bucket silos using the following treatments: (1) control (distilled water); (2) Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, with 400,000 cfu/g of wet forage; (3) Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1, with 100,000 cfu/g; (4) a commercial buffered propionic acid-based preservative (68% propionic acid, containing ammonium and sodium propionate and acetic, benzoic, and sorbic acids) at a concentration of 1 g/kg of wet forage (0.1%); (5) a low dose of potassium sorbate at a concentration of 91 mg/kg of wet forage (0.0091%); (6) a high dose of potassium sorbate at a concentration of 1g/kg of wet forage (0.1%); and (7) a mixture of L. plantarum MTD1 (100,000 cfu/g) and a low dose of potassium sorbate (91 mg/kg). Volatile organic compound concentrations within silage were measured after ensiling and sample storage using a headspace gas chromatography method. The high dose of potassium sorbate was the only treatment that inhibited the production of multiple VOC. Compared with the control response, it reduced ethanol by 58%, ethyl acetate by 46%, and methyl acetate by 24%, but did not clearly affect production of methanol or 1-propanol. The effect of this additive on ethanol production was consistent with results from a small number of earlier studies. A low dose of this additive does not appear to be effective. Although it did reduce methanol production by 24%, it increased ethanol production by more than 2-fold and did not reduce the ethyl acetate concentration. All other treatments increased ethanol production at least 2-fold relative to the control, and L. buchneri addition also increased the 1-propanol concentration to approximately 1% of dry matter. No effects of any treatments on fiber fractions or protein were observed. However, L. buchneri addition resulted in slightly more ammonia compared with the control. If these results hold under different conditions, a high dose of potassium sorbate will be an effective treatment for reducing VOC production in and emission from silage. Regulations aimed at reducing VOC emission could be ineffective or even increase emission if they promote silage additives without recognition of different types of additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha D Hafner
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Odense M 5230, Denmark.
| | - Roberta B Franco
- Department of Land, Water and Air Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - C Alan Rotz
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, 3702 Curtin Rd., University Park, PA 16802
| | - Frank Mitloehner
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Storm IMLD, Rasmussen RR, Rasmussen PH. Occurrence of pre- and post-harvest mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in Danish maize silage. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2256-69. [PMID: 25089350 PMCID: PMC4147581 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage is a widely used feed product for cattle worldwide, which may be contaminated with mycotoxins, pre- and post-harvest. This concerns both farmers and consumers. To assess the exposure of Danish cattle to mycotoxins from maize silage, 99 samples of whole-crop maize (ensiled and un-ensiled) were analyzed for their contents of 27 mycotoxins and other secondary fungal metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method specifically targets the majority of common pre- and post-harvest fungi associated with maize silage in Denmark. Sixty-one samples contained one or more of the 27 analytes in detectable concentrations. The most common mycotoxins were zearalenone, enniatin B nivalenol and andrastin A, found in 34%, 28%, 16% and 15% of the samples, respectively. None of the samples contained mycotoxins above the EU recommended maximum concentrations for Fusarium toxins in cereal-based roughage. Thus, the present study does not indicate that Danish maize silage in general is a cause of acute single mycotoxin intoxications in cattle. However, 31 of the samples contained multiple analytes; two samples as much as seven different fungal metabolites. Feed rations with maize silage may therefore contain complex mixtures of fungal secondary metabolites with unknown biological activity. This emphasizes the need for a thorough examination of the effects of chronic exposure and possible synergistic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida M L Drejer Storm
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rie Romme Rasmussen
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Peter Have Rasmussen
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|