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Marshall TS, Kenyon A, Constable PD. Comparative efficacy of stannous fluoride and copper sulfate footbath solutions for the treatment and prevention of digital dermatitis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00767-7. [PMID: 38670340 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether a novel footbath solution containing stannous fluoride (SnF2) was superior to 5% copper sulfate solution for the treatment and prevention of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cattle. Study 1 was conducted over 4 weeks in Missouri and involved 34 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with hind feet DD lesions. Cows in group SF walked through a footbath containing a proprietary formulation of SnF2 once weekly, whereas cows in group CS walked through a 5% CuSO4 footbath once daily for 5 d each week. Study 2 was conducted over 8 weeks in California and involved 40 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with hind feet DD lesions. Cows in group SF walked through a SnF2 footbath for 3 consecutive days then once a week for the following 7 weeks. Cows in group CS walked through a 5% CuSO4 footbath 3 times each week for 8 weeks. Data collection included lesion type, lesion area, locomotion score, and pain score. Digital dermatitis was actively transmitted in study 1, and lesion area and locomotion scores were lower in group SF than group CS. In contrast, DD was not actively transmitted in study 2, and lesion area and locomotion scores were similar in groups SF and CS. Stannous fluoride delayed the development of active DD lesions in study 1 compared with copper sulfate, with a lower relative risk (0.57, P < 0.001) of a hind foot developing an active DD lesion over 28 d. However, SnF2 decreased the rate that active DD lesions transitioned to M3, M4, or M0 lesions compared with 5% copper sulfate in both studies, with the relative risk of a hind foot with an active DD lesion transitioning to M3, M4, or M0 in group SF being slightly lower in study 1 (0.83, P = 0.042) and study 2 (0.90, P = 0.020) than group CS. Our findings demonstrated that walking cows through a stannous fluoride footbath once per week in a herd undergoing active transmission of infection was more effective in preventing active DD lesions, but less effective in treating active DD lesions, than walking cows through a copper sulfate footbath 4 times per week. The novel SnF2 footbath solution shows promise for controlling DD in dairy herds that want an alternative footbath solution to CuSO4 and are interested in limiting the environmental accumulation of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Marshall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Dr, Urbana IL, 61802.
| | - A Kenyon
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center. UC - Davis, University of California. 18830 Road 112, Tulare, 93274
| | - P D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Dr, Urbana IL, 61802
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Ferraro S, Rousseau M, Dufour S, Dubuc J, Roy JP, Desrochers A. Evaluation of potassium monopersulfate footbath solution for controlling digital dermatitis in lactating dairy cattle. A randomized clinical trial. Res Vet Sci 2024; 170:105180. [PMID: 38359647 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess potassium monopersulfate as a disinfectant used in footbath to control digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. We hypothesized that a potassium monopersulfate solution would control DD. A 180-day randomized negative controlled trial was conducted in a 265-Holstein free-stall facility. Throughout the trial, foot bathing was performed bi-weekly using a split (left vs. right feet) footbath: one tub filled with 1% potassium monopersulfate (treatment), the other with tap water (control). Digital dermatitis lesions were scored during trimming chute examinations of the unwashed hind heels every 90 days using the modified M-scoring system. Digital dermatitis lesions were re-categorized into four variables: 1) inactive; 2) active; 3) any; 4) inactive or absence of DD lesions. Three longitudinal outcomes were characterized: risks of 1) developing a DD lesion; 2) reactivating an inactive DD lesion; 3) development of an inactive or the absence of the DD lesion. A generalized linear model was used to compare the variables and longitudinal outcomes between treated and control groups. Prevalence of active DD lesions increased from 12.5% to 39.9% between days 0 and 90. This significant increase in prevalence justified the discontinuation of the study on day 90 for ethical reasons. There was no statistical difference between treated and control groups for the first outcome (RR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.7), the second outcome (RR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.62,-1.7); or the third outcome (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.37, 2.1). A 1% potassium monopersulfate footbath solution appears ineffective to control DD in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ferraro
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Marjolaine Rousseau
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Chen YH, Chen YM, Tu PA, Yeh YH, Lee KH, Hsu JT. Efficacy of quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant or chelated copper-zinc footbath solution in the treatment of digital dermatitis on one research dairy farm in Taiwan. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:608-617. [PMID: 37700614 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Footbaths can be used to manage digital dermatitis (DD), a common cause of lameness in dairy cattle. Copper sulfate and chelated copper-zinc (CZS) solutions in footbaths are potentially harmful to the environment. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if a quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant (QASD) footbath is as effective as a chelated CZS solution in controlling DD in dairy cows. ANIMALS Fifty-one lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, with DD status based on the M-stage scoring system and locomotion score balanced between treatment groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS The groups were treated with a 1% QASD or a 2.5% chelated CZS. Footbaths were performed once per week for 15 weeks. Logistic regression was used to analyse clinical improvement. All cows received appropriate medical treatment for DD and other hoof diseases. RESULTS Clinical improvement rates were 67% in the QASD group and 38% in the CZS group (p = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds (95% confidence interval) for clinical improvement rate in the CZS group were 0.30 (0.095-0.948) times that of the QASD group (p = 0.04). The M0 score in the QASD and CZS groups increased significantly (p < 0.05) at the end of the 15 week study period. In the QASD group, the proportion of M2, M3 and M4 scores were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Over a 15 week period, QASD for footbathing was associated with a lower prevalence of active DD lesions than when using CZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Miaoli Animal Care and Health Office, Miaoli City, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Tu
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yeh
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Tay Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Vanhoudt A, Jacobs C, Caron M, Barkema HW, Nielen M, van Werven T, Orsel K. Broad-spectrum infrared thermography for detection of M2 digital dermatitis lesions on hind feet of standing dairy cattle. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280098. [PMID: 36649294 PMCID: PMC9844892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-effort, reliable diagnostics of digital dermatitis (DD) are needed, especially for lesions warranting treatment, regardless of milking system or hygienic condition of the feet. The primary aim of this study was to test the association of infrared thermography (IRT) from unwashed hind feet with painful M2 lesions under farm conditions, with lesion detection as ultimate goal. Secondary objectives were to determine the association between IRT from washed feet and M2 lesions, and between IRT from unwashed and washed feet and the presence of any DD lesion. A total of 641 hind feet were given an M-score and IRT images of the plantar pastern were captured. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were done with DD status as dependent variable and maximum infrared temperature (IRTmax), lower leg cleanliness score and locomotion score as independent variables, and farm as fixed effect. To further our understanding of IRTmax within DD status, we divided IRTmax into two groups over the median value of IRTmax in the datasets of unwashed and washed feet, respectively, and repeated the multivariable logistic regression analyses. Higher IRTmax from unwashed hind feet were associated with M2 lesions or DD lesions, in comparison with feet without an M2 lesion or without DD, adjusted odds ratio 1.6 (95% CI 1.2-2.2) and 1.1 (95% CI 1.1-1.2), respectively. Washing of the feet resulted in similar associations. Dichotomization of IRTmax substantially enlarged the 95% CI for the association with feet with M2 lesions indicating that the association becomes less reliable. This makes it unlikely that IRTmax alone can be used for automated detection of feet with an M2 lesion. However, IRTmax can have a role in identifying feet at-risk for compromised foot health that need further examination, and could therefore function as a tool aiding in the automated monitoring of foot health on dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Vanhoudt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Casey Jacobs
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maaike Caron
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tine van Werven
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Farm Animal Practice, Utrecht University, Harmelen, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jacobs C, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Prevalence of digital dermatitis in young stock in Alberta, Canada, using pen walks. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9234-9244. [PMID: 28865852 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious bacterial foot lesion prevalent in dairy cattle worldwide, reduces both animal welfare and production. This disease was recently identified in replacement dairy heifers, with implications including increased risk of DD and decreased milk production in first lactation, poor reproductive performance, and altered hoof conformation. Therefore, a simple and effective method is needed to identify DD in young stock and to determine risk factors for DD in this group so that effective control strategies can be implemented. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine prevalence of DD in young stock (based on pen walks); and (2) identify potential risk factors for DD in young stock. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 28 dairy farms in Alberta, Canada; pen walks were used to identify DD (present/absent) on the hind feet of group-housed, young dairy stock. A subset of 583 young stock on 5 farms were selected for chute inspection of feet to determine the accuracy of pen walks for DD detection. Pen walks as a means of identifying DD lesions on the hind feet in young stock had sensitivity and specificity at the animal level of 65 and 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 94 and 83%, respectively, at a prevalence of 37%. At the foot level, pen walks had sensitivity and specificity of 62 and 98%, respectively, with positive and negative predictive values of 92 and 88%, respectively, at a prevalence of 26%. Pen walks identified DD in 79 [2.9%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.3-3.6%] of 2,815 young stock on 11 (39%; 95% CI: 22-59%) of 28 farms, with all 79 DD-positive young stock ≥309 d of age. Apparent within-herd prevalence estimates ranged from 0 to 9.3%, with a mean of 1.4%. True within-herd prevalence of DD in young stock, calculated using the sensitivity and specificity of the pen walks, ranged from 0 to 12.6%, with a mean of 1.4%. On the 11 DD-positive farms, the proportion of young stock >12 mo of age with DD lesions was 9.9% (95% CI: 7.8-12.0%). Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess associations with potential risk factors for DD lesions, including age, leg cleanliness, and lactating herd DD prevalence. Presence of DD in young stock increased as their age increased and was associated with increased prevalence of DD in the lactating herd. Pen walks can be used to identify specific young stock with DD or groups where management practices can be implemented to prevent disease proliferation and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobs
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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