Effects of supplementing yeast culture to diets differing in starch content on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows

Effects of yeast and dried kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa [Korth] Havil.) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats.

METHODS

Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL.

RESULTS

The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH4 was reduced.

Probiotics in milk replacer affect the microbiome of the lung in neonatal dairy calves

Introduction

Probiotics have been investigated for their many health benefits and impact on the microbiota of the gut. Recent data have also supported a gut-lung axis regarding the bacterial populations (microbiomes) of the two locations; however, little research has been performed to determine the effects of oral probiotics on the microbiome of the bovine respiratory tract. We hypothesized that probiotic treatment would result in changes in the lung microbiome as measured in lung lavage fluid. Our overall goal was to characterize bacterial populations in the lungs of calves fed probiotics in milk replacer and dry rations from birth to weaning.

Methods

A group of 20 dairy calves was split into two treatment groups: probiotic (TRT; N = 10, milk replacer +5 g/d probiotics; Bovamine Dairy, Chr. Hansen, Inc., Milwaukee, WI) and control (CON; N = 10, milk replacer only). On day 0, birth weight was obtained, and calves were provided colostrum as per the dairy SOP. On day 2, probiotics were added to the milk replacer of the treated group and then included in their dry ration. Lung lavages were performed on day 52 on five random calves selected from each treatment group. DNA was extracted from lavage fluid, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene hypervariable regions 1-3 were amplified by PCR and sequenced using next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) for the identification of the bacterial taxa present. Taxa were classified into both operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and amplicon sequence variants (ASVs).

Results

Overall, the evaluation of these samples revealed that the bacterial genera identified in the lung lavage samples of probiotic-fed calves as compared to the control calves were significantly different based on the OTU dataset (p < 0.05) and approached significance for the ASV dataset (p < 0.06). Additionally, when comparing the diversity of taxa in lung lavage samples to nasal and tonsil samples, taxa diversity of lung samples was significantly lower (p < 0.05).

Discussion

In conclusion, analysis of the respiratory microbiome in lung lavage samples after probiotic treatment provides insight into the distribution of bacterial populations in response to oral probiotics and demonstrates that oral probiotics affect more than the gut microbiome.

Effect of Yeast Culture on Reproductive Performance, Gut Microbiota, and Milk Composition in Primiparous Sows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of yeast culture (YC) on reproductive performance, gut microbiota, and milk composition in primiparous sows. A total of 60 primiparous sows were randomly assigned to the control group (CON) and YC group (0.5% YC during gestation and 0.8% YC during lactation) consisting of 30 replicates, with one sow in each. The results showed that dietary YC supplementation increased the piglet birth weight and backfat thickness at 28 d of lactation (p < 0.05). Dietary YC supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy and calcium during lactation, the content of acetic acid and propionic acid at 110 d of gestation, and the content of acetic acid and butyric acid at 28 d of lactation in feces (p < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary YC supplementation decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05), and increased the abundance of Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, dietary YC supplementation increased the fat and lactose content of the colostrum (p < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis showed that YC increased 26 different metabolites in the colostrum. Among them were mainly pantothenic acid, proline, isoleucine, phenylalanine, acylcarnitine, and other metabolites. In conclusion, these results suggested that dietary YC supplementation improves reproductive performance and gut health and increases the nutrient content in the colostrum of primiparous sows.

Lactation performance, milk fat output, and nutrient digestibility responses to the addition of liquid molasses or yeast culture in dairy cows fed super-conditioned corn

Increased diet fermentability may decrease ruminal pH and fiber digestibility, and increase the flow of trans fatty acids (FA) to the lower tract ultimately leading to milk fat depression. We recently showed that feeding super-conditioned corn, a new method of corn processing (95°C for 6 min in super-conditioner) for ruminants has potential to the reduction in milk fat yield caused by changes in ruminal pH and increased trans FA in milk fat. Supplementing yeast culture (YC) and replacing starch with sugar sources in diet can counteract the negative effects of high fermentable diets by improving ruminal pH and milk fat output. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding beet liquid molasses (LM) and YC on intake and total-tract digestibility of nutrients, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation, milk FA profile, and plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified FA, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and urea N in early-lactation dairy cows fed high-starch diets containing super-conditioned corn. Twelve primiparous and 18 multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± SD; 67 ± 12 d in milk and 42 ± 2.1 kg of milk at the beginning of the experiment) were blocked by parity, pre-experimental milk yield, and DIM. Cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 14 d as covariate period and 37 d for the experimental period. The following dietary treatments were fed as total mixed rations: (1) control diet (CTRL = no YC or LM supplementation), (2) LM supplementation at 5% of the diet dry matter (MOL diet), and (3) CTRL supplemented with 10 g/d of YC (YST diet). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Intake of nutrients and apparent total-tract digestibility of crude protein and starch did not change across treatments. In contrast, cows fed the YST diet had the greatest apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber. Compared with the CTRL diet, yield of 4% FCM increased by 2.4 and 1.8 kg in cows fed MOL or YST, respectively. The ruminal molar proportions of acetate and butyrate increased in cows fed the YST or MOL diets, respectively, but the proportion of ruminal propionate was not affected by treatments. Milk fat concentration increased by supplementing both LM and YC and the milk yield of total trans-18:1 dropped by 45% and 18% relative to CTRL with MOL or YST diets, respectively. While the MOL diet increased the milk proportion and yield of de novo FA, no treatment effects were observed for the proportion and yield of preformed FA in the milk fat. Apart from β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in plasma, which was greatest in cows fed MOL, remaining blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Overall, MOL and YST diets increased 4% FCM and milk fat concentration and reduced the proportion of total trans-18:1 FA in milk fat in cows fed a concentrate based on super-conditioned corn. These responses were associated with increased ruminal pH and the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate with feeding the MOL and YST diets.

Invited review: Rumen modifiers in today's dairy rations

Our aim was to review feed additives that have a potential ruminal mechanism of action when fed to dairy cattle. We discuss how additives can influence ruminal fermentation stoichiometry through electron transfer mechanisms, particularly the production and usage of dihydrogen. Lactate accumulation should be avoided, especially when acidogenic conditions suppress ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility or lead to subclinical acidosis. Yeast products and other probiotics are purported to influence lactate uptake, but growing evidence also supports that yeast products influence expression of gut epithelial genes promoting barrier function and resulting inflammatory responses by the host to various stresses. We also have summarized methane-suppressing additives for potential usage in dairy rations. We focused on those with potential to decrease methane production without decreasing fiber digestibility or milk production. We identified some mitigating factors that need to be addressed more fully in future research. Growth factors such as branched-chain volatile fatty acids also are part of crucial cross-feeding among groups of microbes, particularly to optimize fiber digestibility in the rumen. Our developments of mechanisms of action for various rumen-active modifiers should help nutrition advisors anticipate when a benefit in field conditions is more likely.

Effect of yeast culture supplementation on blood characteristics, body development, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities in geese

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of yeast culture (YC) supplementation on blood characteristics, body size, carcass characteristics, organ weights, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities. Five groups of geese were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: the basal diet (control) and basal diets plus 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 4.0% YC. Compared with the controls, YC supplementation at 0.5% and 1.0% increased the serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLO) and decreased the uric acid and creatine kinase (CK) contents (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% and 4.0% increased the CK, growth hormone, catalase and glutathione reductase contents, and relative proventriculus weights, and decreased the TP, ALB, and GLO contents, relative liver, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and thymus weights (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% improved fossil bone length, breast muscle percentage, jejunal villus height, ileal and jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratios, pepsin, lipase, amylase and pancreatic trypsin activities, and decreased abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, YC inclusion increased the body slope length (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), breast width (quadratic, p = 0.02), ileal (linear, p = 0.04; quadratic, p = 0.01) and duodenal villus height (cubic, p = 0.04), and decreased the relative gizzard (quadratic, p = 0.04) and thymus (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02; cubic, p = 0.02) weights, liver (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), and serum (linear, p = 0.006; quadratic, p = 0.03) malondialdehyde contents, and jejunal crypt depth (quadratic, p = 0.03). The findings indicated that the YC supplementation had a positive effect on the growth and development of geese, with 2% YC being the most effective.

Effects of phytonutrients and yeast culture supplementation on lactational performance and nutrient use efficiency in dairy cows

Yeast culture and phytonutrients are dietary supplements with distinct modes of action, and they may have additive effects on the performance of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a preparation of phytonutrients and a yeast culture from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on lactational performance, total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary nitrogen losses, energy metabolism markers, and blood cells in dairy cows. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein cows (10 primiparous and 26 multiparous) were used in an 8-wk randomized complete block design experiment with a 2-wk covariate period, 2 wk for adaptation to the diets, and a 4-wk experimental period for data and samples collection. Following a 2-wk covariate period, cows were blocked by days in milk, parity, and milk yield and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (12 cows per treatment): basal diet supplemented with 14 g/cow per day yeast culture (YC; S. cerevisiae), basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g/cow per day phytonutrients (PN; 5.5% cinnamaldehyde, 9.5% eugenol, and 3.5% capsicum oleoresin), or basal diet supplemented with a combination of YC and PN (YCPN). Treatments were top-dressed once daily on the total mixed ration at time of feeding. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed efficiency were not affected by treatments. Milk composition and energy-corrected milk yield were also not affected by supplementation of YC, PN, and YCPN. There were no differences in intake or total-tract digestibility of dietary nutrients among treatments. Compared with YC, the PN and YCPN treatments tended to decrease the proportion of short-chain fatty acids in milk fat. There was an additive effect of YC and PN supplementation on urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) excretion relative to total nitrogen intake. Cows fed a diet supplemented with YCPN had lower UUN excretion than cows in YC and tended to have lower UUN excretion compared with PN. Blood monocytes count and percentage were decreased in cows fed PN and YCPN diets compared with YC. Treatments did not affect concentrations of blood β-hydroxybutyrate and total fatty acids. Overall, lactational performance, digestibility of nutrients, energy metabolism markers, and blood cells were not affected by YC, PN, or YCPN supplementation. A combination of PN and YC had an additive effect on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows.

Impact of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product during an intestinal barrier challenge in lactating Holstein cows on ileal microbiota and markers of tissue structure and immunity

Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) during periods of metabolic stress is beneficial to the health of dairy cows partially through its effect on the gut microbiota. Whether SCFP alters the ileal microbiota in lactating cows during intestinal challenges induced by feed restriction (FR) is not known. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to assess if feeding SCFP during FR to induce gut barrier dysfunction alters microbiota profiles in the ileum. The mRNA abundance of key genes associated with tissue structures and immunity was also detected. Multiparous cows (97.1 ± 7.6 days in milk (DIM); n = 7 per treatment) fed a control diet or the control plus 19 g/d NutriTek for 9 wk were subjected to an FR challenge for 5 d, during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. All cows were slaughtered at the end of FR. DNA extracted from ileal digesta was subjected to PacBio Full-Length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High-quality amplicon sequence analyses were performed with Targeted Amplicon Diversity Analysis and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Functional analysis was performed and analyzed using PICRUSt and STAMP. Feeding SCFP did not (P > 0.05) alter dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk components during FR. In addition, SCFP supplementation tended (P = 0.07) to increase the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bifidobacterium animalis. Compared with controls, feeding SCFP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales (P = 0.03). Gluconokinase, oligosaccharide reducing-end xylanase, and 3-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase were among the enzymes overrepresented (P < 0.05) in response to feeding SCFP. Cows fed SCFP had a lower representation of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis I (early cobalt insertion) and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis III (P < 0.05). Subsets of the Firmicutes genus, Bacteroidota phylum, and Treponema genus were correlated with the mRNA abundance of genes associated with ileal integrity (GCNT3, GALNT5, B3GNT3, FN1, ITGA2, LAMB2) and inflammation (AOX1, GPX8, CXCL12, CXCL14, CCL4, SAA3). Our data indicated that the moderate FR induced dysfunction of the ileal microbiome, but feeding SCFP increased the abundance of some beneficial gut probiotic bacteria and other species related to tissue structures and immunity.

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture Promotes the Performance of Fattening Sheep by Enhancing Nutrients Digestibility and Rumen Development

Paraprobiotics are potential agents for improving animal health and performance. This experiment investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture (YC) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen development and microbiome of fattening sheep. Ninety male Hu sheep weighed 38 ± 1.47 kg were randomly assigned to three treatments: CON diet (basal diet), LYC diet (basal diet supplied with 10 and 20 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively), and HYC diet (basal diet supplied with 20 and 40 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively). Treatments (LYC or HYC) were sprinkled on the feed surface according to the required dosage before feeding the basal diet to each sheep throughout the trial. The trial included early (60 days) and later (30 days) fattening periods. The results showed that average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (p < 0.05) in the LYC group compared with CON in later and whole stages. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC compared with CON. The retained N, the utilization efficiency of N and the biological value of N were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC compared with CON and HYC. Rumen NH3-N was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC. The papillary height of the rumen was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC when compared with CON and HYC, whereas rumen wall thickness and muscular layer thickness were higher (p < 0.05) in HYC compared with CON and LYC. The dressing percentage of LYC and HYC was higher (p < 0.05) compared with CON. The diversity, richness and structure of rumen microbiota showed no significant difference (p > 0.05); however, still observed remarkable increases in the relative abundance of several specific genera including Succiniclasticum and Fibrobacter with increasing doses of yeast culture. In addition, at the ASV level, ASV83, ASV123 (Succiniclasticum), and ASV148, ASV250 (Fibrobacter) were increased in YC groups. In conclusion, we confirmed that the supplementation of YC in diet could improve the growth and slaughter performance of fattening Hu sheep through improving nutrient digestion, especially nitrogen utilization, rumen microbial environment and the development of rumen epithelium, which proves the benefits of paraprobiotics in animal production.

Effects of Autolyzed Yeast Supplementation in a High-Starch Diet on Rumen Health, Apparent Digestibility, and Production Variables of Lactating Holstein Cows

Fifteen multiparous rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to one of five treatments in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were low-starch (LS) (22.8 ± 1% of dry matter; DM) without autolyzed yeast (AY; LS0, control), high-starch (HS) (31.2 ± 4% of DM) without AY (HS0), and HS with either 15 g (HS15), 30 g (HS30), or 45 g (HS45) of AY supplementation. Cows in HS0 had increased (p < 0.03) dry matter intake (DMI; 24.9 kg/d) and energy-corrected milk (ECM; 34.4 kg/d) compared to cows in LS0 (19.9 and 31.3 kg/d, respectively). There was a tendency for a quadratic treatment effect for feed efficiency (ECM/DMI, p = 0.07) and crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility (AD) (p = 0.09). Cows in HS45 tended (p = 0.09) to have increased DMI (25.6 kg/d) compared to cows in HS0 (24.9 kg/d). Cows in HS0 had greater (p < 0.04) milk protein nitrogen (N; 166 g/d) and microbial N production (161 g/d) than those in LS0 (140 and 138 g/d, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of AY tended to improve DMI, feed efficiency, and CP AD when cows were fed the HS diet.

Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and probiotic in finely ground starters to improve calf performance

The present study investigated the effects of adding wheat straw treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and a probiotic supplement to finely ground starters on growth performance, rumen fermentation, behavior, digestibility, and health of dairy calves. A total of 48 Holstein dairy calves (39.8 ± 1.67 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to one of 4 nutritional treatments (n = 12 calves per treatment). The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two diets with or without EFE-treated wheat straw (2 g/day/calf) and diets with or without probiotics (2 g/day/calf). All calves were weaned on day 63 and remained in the study until day 84. The addition of EFE to wheat straw had no effect on starter feed intake, increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and recumbency, but decreased average daily gain (ADG) after weaning (240 g/d). The addition of probiotics to the diet had no effect on starter feed intake, improved feed efficiency, ADG (150 g/d), final weight (11.3 kg), and NDF digestibility, and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen. The addition of probiotics to starter feed for calves could improve their growth.

Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites, and Immune Response in Geese

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary yeast culture (YC) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and immune functions in geese. One-day-old Sichuan white geese (n = 300) were randomly divided into five groups containing 0 (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% of YC in the diet for 70 days. In general, the dietary supplementation of YC significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in which the 1.0% or 2.0% levels were better and significantly reduced the average daily feed intake at the 2.0% level (p < 0.05). YC supplementation increased digestibility of P (quadratic, p = 0.01) and gross energy (quadratic, p = 0.04) from days 23 to 27 and crude protein from days 23 to 27 and days 64 to 68 (quadratic, p ≤ 0.05), with the 2.0% level being the most effective. Serum metabolites were significantly affected by dietary YC (p < 0.05). Supplemental YC increased IL-2 on day 28 (linear, p = 0.01; quadratic, p = 0.04) and lysozyme on day 70 (quadratic, p = 0.04) and decreased complement C4 on day 70 (linear, p = 0.05). Interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α genes were mostly up-regulated after YC supplementation, and interferon-γ and interleukin-2 gene expression levels were significantly increased at the 2.0% level (p < 0.05). Taken together, dietary YC supplementation improved growth performance and affected nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and immune function in geese, which was optimized at the 2% YC level in the present study.

Influence of reducing starch in the diets with similar protein and energy contents on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, behaviour and blood metabolites in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows

Background

It is not clearly known whether parity can affect the outcomes of starch reduction in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

Introduction

A 2 × 2 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effects of reducing starch in the diets with similar protein and energy contents on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, behaviour and blood metabolites in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) dairy cows.

Methods

Twenty PP cows (DIM = 37 ± 10; 40 ± 5 kg/day of milk; mean ± SD) and 20 MP cows (DIM = 37 ± 9; 48 ± 5 kg/day of milk) were used in present study. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two levels of starch (high vs. low) and two parity categories (PP vs. MP): (1) high‐starch diet (29.2% ± 0.70) and PP cows (HS‐PP); (2) low‐starch diet (22.3% ± 0.52) and PP cows (LS‐PP); (3) high‐starch diet and MP cows (HS‐MP) and (4) low‐starch diet and MP cows (LS‐MP). All diets were formulated to be similar in crude protein (16.1 % of dry matter) and NEL (1.60 Mcal/kg of dry matter) contents. The amount of metabolise protein was 2688 g/day in high‐starch diet and 2728 g/day in low‐starch diet. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive periods and included 4 weeks for adaptation and 3 weeks for data collection.

Results

Dry matter intake and the yield of milk true protein and lactose increased but milk fat: protein ratio and nutrient digestibility decreased for cows fed the HS diets compared with the LS diets. The ruminal proportion of propionate was greater but acetate, the acetate to propionate ratio and sorting against long particles (19 and 8 mm) were lower for cows fed the HS diets than the LS diets. Multiparous cows had a greater nutrient intake and milk yield, longer rumination meal length, greater BW, but lower plasma total antioxidant capacity, non‐esterified fatty acids, faeces pH compared with PP cows. An interaction between parity and the dietary level of starch was detected on feed efficiency measured as FCM yield/DMI in the way that only within PP cows low‐starch diet was more efficient than HS diets. We found another interaction effect of parity × starch on back fat thickens (BFT) change in the way that only within PP cows BFT change was greater for HS compared with LS diet.

Conclusion

Overall, regardless of the benefit derived from feeding a reduced‐starch diet by partially replacing grains with sugar beet pulp in the diets on nutrient digestibility, a reduced‐starch diet may be used more efficiently in PP than in MP cows but at expense of body reserves (i.e. BFT) loses.

Dietary Supplementation of Yeast Culture Into Pelleted Total Mixed Rations Improves the Growth Performance of Fattening Lambs

There is a growing interest in the use of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture (YC) for the enhancement of growth performance and general animal health. Grain-based pelleted total mixed rations (TMR) are emerging in intensive sheep farming systems, but it is uncertain if the process of pelleting results in YC becoming ineffective. This study aimed to examine the effects of YC supplemented to pelleted TMR at two proportions of corn in the diet on animal performance, feed digestion, blood parameters, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in fattening lambs. A 2 × 2 factorial design was adopted with two experimental factors and two levels in each factor, resulting in four treatments: (1) low proportion of corn in the diet (LC; 350 g corn/kg diet) without YC, (2) LC with YC (5 g/kg diet), (3) high proportion of corn in the diet (HC; 600 g corn/kg diet) without YC, and (4) HC with YC. Fifty-six 3-month-old male F2 hybrids of thin-tailed sheep and Northeast fine-wool sheep with a liveweight of 19.9 ± 2.7 kg were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups with an equal number of animals in each group. The results showed that live yeast cells could not survive during pelleting, and thus, any biological effects of the YC were the result of feeding dead yeast and the metabolites of yeast fermentation rather than live yeast cells. The supplementation of YC resulted in 31.1 g/day more average daily gain regardless of the proportion of corn in the diet with unchanged feed intake during the 56-day growth measurement period. The digestibility of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre was increased, but the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein was not affected by YC. The supplementation of YC altered the rumen bacterial population and species, but the most abundant phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria remained unchanged. This study indicates that YC products can be supplemented to pelleted TMR for improved lamb growth performance, although live yeast cells are inactive after pelleting. The improved performance could be attributed to improved fibre digestibility.

Screening of live yeast and yeast derivatives for their impact of strain and dose on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial profiles with varying media pH levels in high-forage beef cattle diet

BACKGROUND

Yeast products showed beneficial effects with respect to stabilizing ruminal pH, stimulating ruminal fermentation and improving production efficiency. Batch cultures were conducted to evaluate the effects of yeast products on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics of high-forage substrate. The study was a two media pH (5.8 and 6.5) × five yeasts (three live yeasts, LY: LY1, LY2, LY3; two yeast derivatives, YD: YD4, YD5) × four dosages factorial arrangement, with monensin (Mon) assigned as a positive control.

RESULTS

Greater (P < 0.01) GP, DMD, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) and copy numbers of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were observed at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.8. The GP kinetics, DMD, VFA concentration, A:P and NH₃ -N concentration differed (P < 0.05) among yeasts but varied with media pH or yeast dosages. Increasing doses of LY3 linearly increased DMD (P < 0.04) and VFA concentration (P < 0.001) at media pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P < 0.02) increased with increased addition of YD4 (pH 6.5) and YD5 (pH 5.8) and the ratio of A:P linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with the addition of YD4 or YD5 at pH 5.8. Overall greater (P < 0.05) GP, A:P (pH 5.8) and DMD (pH 6.5) were observed with yeast products than with Mon.

CONCLUSION

LY3 appeared to be an interesting candidate for improving rumen digestibility and fermentation efficiency, particularly at low media pH. YD4 or YD5 improved fermentation efficiency and can be potentially fed as an alternative to Mon. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of feeding live yeast at 2 dosages on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows under heat stress

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding different amounts of supplemental live yeast (LY) on performance and digestion of cows under heat stress. Sixty Holstein cows, 27 multiparous and 33 primiparous, were blocked by parity and milk yield in the first 20 d in milk (DIM) and randomly assigned to receive 0, 0.5, or 1.0 g/d of LY, resulting in daily intakes of 0, 14.2, and 37.6 billion cells, respectively, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-1077 from 30 to 107 DIM. Cows were milked twice daily, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily, and milk components, body weight, and body condition were measured weekly. Blood was sampled weekly and plasma analyzed for concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, urea N, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and acid-soluble protein. Digestibility of nutrients was measured in the last 2 wk of the experiment. Ruminal fluid was collected on 2 consecutive days 6 h after the morning feeding for measurements of pH, concentrations of short chain fatty acids, and NH₃-N. Feeding behavior was observed for 48 h on experiment d 21 and 63. The mean ambient temperature was 26.8°C, humidity was 83.2%, and the temperature and humidity index ranged from 73 to 81. Treatment did not affect rectal temperature (38.9 ± 0.04°C) or DMI but increased yield of energy-corrected milk (ECM; 35.2 vs. 36.1 vs. 37.2 kg/d for 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/d, respectively) and efficiency of conversion of DM into ECM (1.70, 1.79, and 1.83 for 0, 0.5, and 1 g/d, respectively). Feeding LY increased digestibility of crude protein (65.1 vs. 68.8 vs. 70.4%) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 47.5 vs. 49.2 vs. 55.2%), and concentration of acetate (64.7 vs. 69.1 vs. 72.2 mM), which resulted in increased concentration of total short chain fatty acids in ruminal fluid (110.3 vs. 117.7 vs. 121.4 mM). Mean ruminal pH increased (5.99 vs. 6.03 vs. 6.26), and proportion of cows with pH <5.8 decreased linearly (42.9 vs. 34.9 vs. 7.7%) with increasing inclusion of LY. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins decreased with increasing amount of LY. Some aspects of feeding behavior were altered by LY, and meal size reduced quadratically (3.2, 3.5, and 2.9 kg of DM, respectively), whereas interval between rumination bouts tended to reduce linearly (122, 96.5, and 90.7 min, respectively) with increasing dose of LY. Chewing time per kilogram of NDF tended to increase linearly (71.6, 71.3, and 81.6 min/kg, respectively) with increasing dose of LY. The estimated net energy for lactation of the diet increased 5.2%, from 1.72 Mcal/kg of DM for 0 g of LY to 1.81 Mcal/kg for 1 g of LY. Feeding 1 g of LY/d to cows under heat stress increased yield of ECM and efficiency of feed conversion into ECM, improved diet digestibility, and increased ruminal fluid pH; these responses might be related either to direct effects of LY on ruminal microbial activity or to changes in feeding behavior that improved digestion of cows in heat stress.

Short communication: Production performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows fed diets with and without addition of a live-yeast supplement

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a live-yeast product when feeding relatively high-forage diets to high-producing cows in mid lactation. Eight primiparous [607 ± 43 kg of body weight (BW) and 130 ± 16 d in milk (DIM) at the beginning of the experiment] and 16 multiparous (706 ± 63 kg of BW and 137 ± 22 DIM at the beginning of the experiment) Holstein cows were blocked by parity and DIM, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets (control vs. yeast) for a 12-wk period according to a randomized complete block design. The formulated diets contained 50.4% corn silage, 10.4% alfalfa hay, and 39.2% concentrate. The yeast diet was formulated to provide approximately 5.4 × 10¹¹ cfu/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BeneSacc; Global Nutritech Biotechnology LLC, Richmond, VA). Total-tract nutrient digestibility was estimated using 240-h undigested neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as an internal marker. Supplementing live yeast to lactating dairy cows did not affect dry matter intake (25.0 kg/d), milk yield (38.6 kg/d), milk fat concentration (4.78%), milk fat yield (1.83 kg/d), milk protein concentration (3.09%), milk protein yield (1.18 kg/d), milk lactose concentration (4.79%), milk lactose yield (1.84 kg/d), BW gain (-0.05 kg/d), or body condition score gain (0.16 units). The digestibility of dry matter was greater for the control treatment than for the yeast treatment (69.3 and 67.1%, respectively), but the digestibilities of crude protein (61.5%), NDF (40.5%), and starch (98.6%) were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of live yeast did not affect production performance or nutrient digestibility of high-producing cows in mid lactation. The reasons for the lack of effect are not clear, but an evaluation of interactions between yeast and rumen buffer supplementation is warranted.

Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets?

Probiotics are most frequently derived from the natural microbiota of healthy animals. These bacteria and their metabolic products are viewed as nutritional tools for promoting animal health and productivity, disease prevention and therapy, and food safety in an era defined by increasingly widespread antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In contemporary livestock production, antimicrobial usage is indispensable for animal welfare, and employed to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Given the importance of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine, their effective replacement with direct-fed microbials or probiotics could help reduce antimicrobial use, perhaps restoring or extending the usefulness of these precious drugs against serious infections. Thus, probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics' successes are modest, conditional, strain-dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on feed intake parameters, lactation performance, and metabolism of transition dairy cattle

The transition period in dairy cattle is characterized by many stressors, including an abrupt diet change, but yeast product supplementation can alter the rumen environment to increase dairy cattle productivity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) was fed from -29 ± 5 to 42 d relative to calving (RTC) to evaluate the effects on feed intake, milk production, and metabolism. Treatments were control (n = 30) or SCFP (n = 34) incorporated into a total mixed ration. Cows were individually fed 3×/d prepartum and 2×/d postpartum. Blood samples were collected once during each of the following time points RTC: d -28 to -24 (wk -4), d -14 to -10 (wk -2), d 3 to 7 (wk 1), d 12 to 16 (wk 2), and d 31 to 35 (wk 5). Liver biopsies were taken once between d -19 and d -12 (wk -3) and at 14 d in milk. Cows were milked 2×/d, and samples were taken 2 d/wk for composition analysis. Dry matter intake did not differ by treatment, but SCFP increased meals per day and decreased time between meals. Body weight (measured at enrollment, d 0, and d 42 RTC) and body condition score (scored weekly) were not affected by treatment. Milk, energy-corrected milk, and fat-corrected milk yields did not differ by treatment. Milk fat concentration was greater for SCFP, with significant differences in wk 4 and 5. Milk lactose concentration tended to be greater for the control and milk urea nitrogen tended to be lesser for the control, but there were no treatment effects on milk protein concentration or somatic cell count. Assuming equal digestibility, energy balance deficit was greater for SCFP than for the control (-6.15 vs. -4.34 ± 0.74 Mcal/d), with significant differences in wk 4 and 5. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, and insulin did not differ with treatment, but cholesterol was greater for SCFP. Liver triglyceride increased and liver cholesterol decreased with time. Liver triglyceride did not differ by treatment, but liver cholesterol tended to be lesser in SCFP. Relative mRNA abundance of cholesterol-related genes (SREBF2, HMGCS1, HMGCR, MTTP, SPOB100, APOA1), FGF21, and CPT1A did not differ by treatment, but PCK1 tended to be greater for SCFP. The ketogenic transcript HMGCS2 was greater for SCFP, which aligns with SCFP increasing incidence of subclinical ketosis; however, BDH did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, SCFP supplementation increased meals per day with less time between meals, increased milk fat concentration, altered cholesterol metabolism, and increased incidence of subclinical ketosis, but early-lactation milk yield and metabolism were generally unaffected.

Production performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows fed low-forage diets with and without the addition of a live-yeast supplement

We aimed to evaluate the use of a live-yeast product as a means to attenuate plausible nutritional disturbances when feeding relatively low-forage diets containing rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (i.e., wheat) to high-producing cows in early to mid lactation. Eight primiparous [mean ± SD; 569 ± 35 kg of body weight (BW) and 80 ± 29 d in milk (DIM) at the beginning of the experiment] and 16 multiparous (665 ± 67 kg of BW and 64 ± 10 DIM at the beginning of the experiment) Holstein cows were blocked by parity and DIM, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets (control vs. yeast) for a 12-wk-long period according to randomized complete block design. The formulated diets contained 36.7% corn silage, 8.3% alfalfa hay, and 55% concentrate. The yeast diet was formulated to provide approximately 5.4 × 10¹¹ cfu/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BeneSacc; Global Nutritech Biotechnology LLC, Richmond, VA). Total-tract nutrient digestibility was estimated using 240-h undigested neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as an internal marker. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk component concentrations and yields were analyzed using repeated measures. The statistical model for these variables included the effects of block, treatment, the block by treatment interaction, week, the treatment by week interaction, and the random residual error. The statistical model for analyzing BW gain, body condition score gain, and dry matter and nutrient digestibilities included the effects of block, treatment, and the random residual error. Supplementing live yeast to lactating dairy cows did not affect dry matter intake (26.0 kg/d), milk yield (48.1 kg/d), milk fat concentration (3.61%), milk fat yield (1.72 kg/d), milk protein concentration (2.96%), milk protein yield (1.43 kg/d), milk lactose concentration (4.84%), milk lactose yield (2.35 kg/d), milk urea nitrogen (7.99 mg/dL), body weight gain (0.62 kg/d), and body condition score gain (0.02 units; all averages of the 2 treatments). The digestibilities of dry matter (70.2%), crude protein (71.4%), NDF (36.4%), and starch (99.8%) were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, the supplementation of the live yeast did not affect production performance and nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. A potential interaction between live-yeast supplementation and NDF passage rate, which may have hindered the beneficial effects of live-yeast supplementation on production performance and nutrient utilization, deserves further research.