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Ma J, Dai H, Liu H, Du W. Effects of harvest stages and lactic acid bacteria additives on the nutritional quality of silage derived from triticale, rye, and oat on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15772. [PMID: 37551342 PMCID: PMC10404394 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) are the main forage crops on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but there has been relatively little research on the silage produced from these three species. METHODS Plants were harvested at the heading, flowering, grouting, milky, and dough stages and then used to produce silage with and without additives (Sila-Max and Sila-Mix). The nutritional quality of the resulting silages was analyzed. RESULTS Triticale was revealed to be more suitable than oat or rye for producing silage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On the basis of the dry matter yield (DMY), triticale and rye should be harvested at the milky stage to optimize silage quality, whereas oat should be harvested at the dough stage. The lactic acid bacteria additives Sila-Max and Sila-Mix had no significant effect on the nutritional quality of the three silages regardless of when the samples were harvested. Overall, triticale produced higher quality silage than oat or rye. More specifically, triticale variety 'Gannong No.2' harvested at the milky stage is ideal for silage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hanling Dai
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hancheng Liu
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenhua Du
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Li F, Usman S, Huang W, Jia M, Kharazian ZA, Ran T, Li F, Ding Z, Guo X. Effects of inoculating feruloyl esterase-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A1 on ensiling characteristics, in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbiota of alfalfa silage. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:43. [PMID: 36915166 PMCID: PMC10012570 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferulic acid esterase (FAE)-secreting Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A1 (Lp A1) is a promising silage inoculant due to the FAE's ability to alter the plant cell wall structure during ensiling, an action that is expected to improve forage digestibility. However, little is known regarding the impacts of Lp A1 on rumen microbiota. Our research assessed the influences of Lp A1 in comparison to a widely adopted commercial inoculant Lp MTD/1 on alfalfa's ensilage, in vitro rumen incubation and microbiota. RESULTS Samples of fresh and ensiled alfalfa treated with (either Lp A1 or Lp MTD/1) or without additives (as control; CON) and ensiled for 30, 60 and 90 d were used for fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and batch culture study. Inoculants treated silage had lower (P < 0.001) pH, acetic acid concentration and dry matter (DM) loss, but higher (P = 0.001) lactic acid concentration than the CON during ensiling. Compared to the CON and Lp MTD/1, silage treated with Lp A1 had lower (P < 0.001) aNDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents and higher (P < 0.001) free ferulic acid concentration. Compared silage treated with Lp MTD/1, silage treated with Lp A1 had significantly (P < 0.01) improved ruminal gas production and digestibility, which were equivalent to those of fresh alfalfa. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that Lp A1 inoculation improved the relative abundances of rumen's total bacteria, fungi, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, while the relative abundance of methanogens was reduced by Lp MTD/1 compared with CON. Principal component analysis of rumen bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed a clear distinction between CON and inoculated treatments without noticeable distinction between Lp A1 and Lp MTD/1 treatments. Comparison analysis revealed differences in the relative abundance of some bacteria in different taxa between Lp A1 and Lp MTD/1 treatments. Silage treated with Lp A1 exhibited improved rumen fermentation characteristics due to the inoculant effects on the rumen microbial populations and bacterial community. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that silage inoculation of the FAE-producing Lp A1 could be effective in improving silage quality and digestibility, and modulating the rumen fermentation to improve feed utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Samaila Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Jia
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zohreh Akhavan Kharazian
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitong Ding
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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De Zutter A, Landschoot S, Vermeir P, Van Waes C, Muylle H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Douidah L, De Boever J, Haesaert G. Variation in potential feeding value of triticale forage among plant fraction, maturity stage, growing season and genotype. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12760. [PMID: 36685447 PMCID: PMC9849984 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal forages, such as triticale forage, progressively gain interest as alternative crop for maize. The main study objective was to investigate the variation in potential feeding value of triticale forage among maturity stage, growing season and genotype, using total plant and stem fractions. Therefore, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as fast screening tool. The prediction ability was good (ratio of prediction to deviation, RPD ≥3.0) for total plant residual moisture, starch, sugars and for stem crude ash (CAsh) and neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom); suitable for screening (2.0 ≤ RPD <3.0) for total plant CAsh, acid detergent fibre (ADFom), in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVOMD), in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) and for stem total lignin (TL) and IVNDFD; poor (1.5 ≤ RPD <2.0) for total plant crude protein, crude fat, aNDFom, lignin (sa) and for stem Klason lignin (KL); unreliable (RPD <1.5) for stem residual moisture and acid soluble lignin (ASL). The evolution in potential feeding value of 36 genotypes harvested at the medium and late milk to the early, soft and hard dough stage was followed. The most important changes occurred between the late milk and early dough stage, with little variation in quality after the soft dough stage. During 2 growing seasons, variation in feeding value of 120 genotypes harvested at the soft dough stage was demonstrated. Interestingly, variation in stem IVNDFD is almost twice as high as for the total plant (CV 12.4% versus 6.6%). Furthermore, Spearman correlations show no link between dry matter yield and digestibility of genotypes harvested at the soft dough stage. Based on linear regression models ADFom appears as main predictor of both plant IVOMD and plant IVNDFD. Stem IVNDFD is particularly determined by KL.
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Key Words
- 1-VR, determination coefficient of cross-validation
- ADFom, acid detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash
- CAsh, crude ash
- CELL, cellulose
- CFat, crude fat
- CP, crude protein
- CV, coefficient of variation
- DM, dry matter
- DMY, dry matter yield
- DOMY, digestible organic matter yield
- Digestibility
- Feeding value
- Forage
- GDD, growing degree days
- HCELL, hemicellulose
- IVNDFD, in vitro digestibilty of neutral detergent fibre
- IVOMD, in vitro digestibility of organic matter
- KL, Klason lignin
- Lignin (sa), lignin determined by solubilisation of cellulose with sulphuric acid
- MS, maturity stage
- MSE, mean squared error
- NIRS
- NIRS, near infrared spectroscopy
- RPD, ratio of prediction to deviation
- SECV, standard error of cross-validation
- STA, starch
- SUG, sugars
- Stem
- TL, total lignin
- Triticale
- aNDFom, neutral detergent fibre assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen De Zutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Waes
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Laid Douidah
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Johan De Boever
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium
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Chang S, Xie K, Du W, Jia Q, Yan T, Yang H, Hou F. Effects of Mowing Times on Nutrient Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Forage in Three Sown Pastures of China Loess Plateau. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202807. [PMID: 36290193 PMCID: PMC9597757 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mowing, Mowing, which affects the nutritional levels of grasslands, is the main utilization of sown pasture. We sowed alfalfa monoculture grassland, tall fescue monoculture grassland and tall fescue + alfalfa mixed grassland in typical steppe of the Loess Plateau to investigate the nutrient compositions and in vitro degradability of those three grasslands under different mowing stubble times and to provide reference for nutrient management of sown pastures. The results showed that the stubble time significantly affected (p < 0.05) the nutrient compositions and mineral elements of forages in alfalfa monoculture grassland, whereas had no effects on the nutrient compositions and dry matter digestibility of forages in tall fescue monoculture grassland and alfalfa + tall fescue mixed grassland. The relative feeding value of mixed grassland of alfalfa and tall fescue was increased by 2.6−22.4% as compared to monoculture grasslands. The model constructed based on forage nutrient content could accurately predict the forage dry matter degradability of alfalfa monoculture, tall fescue monoculture and mixed alfalfa and tall fescue, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Wucheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qianmin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tianhan Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Hao Yang
- Grassland Technology Extension Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13893674712
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Abd-Elatty SAA, Nawar AI, Salama HSA, Khattab IM, Shaalan AM. The Production of Dual-Purpose Triticale in Arid Regions: Application of Organic and Inorganic Treatments under Water Deficit Conditions. AGRONOMY 2022; 12:1251. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Most of the arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in the Mediterranean area, suffer from the lack of a sufficient quantity of high-quality feed, as well as a low amount of rainfall that is unevenly distributed, resulting in the region being highly vulnerable to drought. A field experiment was carried out at the experimental station of the Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Fuka, Matrouh University, Egypt during the winter seasons of 2018/19 and 2019/20 to study the performance of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), grown under water deficit conditions, in terms of productivity and quality. The study investigated the influence of five levels of potassium fertilization (PF; 0, 43.2, 86.4, 129.6, and 172.8 kg ha−1) and ascorbic acid (AA; 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L−1) that was applied to the triticale grains before sowing and humic acid (HA; 0, 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 kg ha−1) that was applied as powder to the soil 21 days after sowing followed by sprinkler irrigation on triticale forage and grain production when forage was removed at variable ages at cutting (AC), determined as days after sowing (AC; 40, 65, 90, 115, and 140 DAS) on forage yield and nutritive value, in addition to the final grain yield of triticale. The experimental design was a central composite design with one replicate. Results indicated that the PF*AC interaction was significant, and it gave values of 84.78 and 238.00 g kg−1 for crude protein (CP) and degraded neutral detergent fiber (DNDF). In addition, the interaction between AA and AC was significant for CP, acid detergent fiber (ADF), 100-grain weight (100 GW), number of spikes m−2 (NSM−2), and plant height (PH). Moreover, the AC*HA interaction was significant with values of 175.17 and 247.00 g kg−1 for CP and DNDF, respectively, and 0.55 t ha−1 for grain yield (GY). Age at cutting exerted the strongest effect on the studied characteristics. It was observed that the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ADF, acid detergent lignin (ADL), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in the triticale forage significantly increased when the crop was cut at an advanced age, unlike CP, DNDF, GY, NSM−2, 100 GW, and PH that decreased with advanced AC. The highest values of 271.00, 256.00, and 268.00 g kg−1 for DNDF were obtained with higher levels of either PF, AA, or HA, respectively. However, the highest value of GY (0.97 t ha−1) was obtained with higher levels of PF*HA averaged over the two seasons. The interaction between AA*HA resulted in 393.39, 311.00, 27.13 g kg−1, and 0.94 t ha−1, for NDF, DNDF, ADL, and GY, respectively. The highest significant NDF (413.11 g kg−1) and DNDF (307.50 g ka−1) values were obtained with the application of high levels of either AA or HA. In the dual-purpose production system, it is recommended to cut the triticale crop at 65 DAS to achieve the optimum balance between forage yield and quality on the one hand, and final grain yield on the other hand. In the arid regions, application of PF, AA, and HA could help in reducing the damage caused by water deficit.
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Coblentz WK, Ottman MJ. Effects of harvest date and growth stage on triticale forages in the southwest USA: kinetics of in vitro disappearance of fiber and dry matter. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6523217. [PMID: 35137121 PMCID: PMC8903178 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been interest in including triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) within forage programs in the southwest USA. Our objectives were to evaluate in vitro disappearance kinetics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and dry matter (DM) for cultivars identified during 2019 as positively or negatively deviant from typical cultivars, based specifically on regressions of 48-h in vitro disappearance of NDF on growth stage (GRST). All NDF analyses included the use of heat-stable α-amylase and sodium sulfite, as well as correction for residual ash (asNDFom). Seven triticale cultivars were established on December 18, 2019 at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, located near Maricopa, AZ. Forage plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three complete blocks (replications), and then harvested on seven dates the following late-winter and spring (February 26, March 17, April 1, April 14, April 28, May 12, and May 26). Based on a linear model, GRST was highly variable among cultivars on March 17 (44 ± 10.6), April 1 (57 ± 12.1), April 14 (67 ± 8.9), and April 28 (79 ± 7.2) compared with other harvest dates (SD ≤ 1.7). For concentrations of asNDFom, all cultivars exhibited linear (P ≤ 0.042) and quadratic (P < 0.001) polynomial contrasts in response to harvest date, and all cultivars except Merlin Max (P ≥ 0.063) exhibited at least one additional cubic or quartic effect (P ≤ 0.015). A contributing factor to the unique response by Merlin Max was the numerically greater maximum canopy height (145 ± 9.8 cm) compared with the mean of all cultivars (107 ± 17.7 cm), which also was associated with greater percentages of stem, as well as reduced percentages of DM partitioned within the grain head. Regressions of asNDFom disappearance after 30- or 48-h incubations on GRST indicated this was an effective independent variable (R2 ≥ 0.927), and responses were most often linear in nature. Generally, relationships for DM disappearance were quadratic, ostensibly due to the complicating effect of grain fill, but GRST was again an effective predictor variable with R2 statistics ≥ 0.852 for 12 of 14 combinations of cultivar and incubation time. Predicted percentages of digestible DM attributed to asNDFom disappearance were ≥50.3% through the fully flowered stage of growth, but digestible contributions from nonfiber components following the onset of grain fill profoundly affected overall DM digestibility among cultivars harvested at later GRST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne K Coblentz
- USDA-ARS (retired), US Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Michael J Ottman
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Coblentz WK, Ottman MJ, Kieke BA. Effects of harvest date and growth stage on triticale forages in the southwest United States: agronomic characteristics, nutritive value, energy density, and in vitro disappearance of dry matter and fiber. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6523219. [PMID: 35137106 PMCID: PMC8903161 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased interest in including triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) or other winter cereals within forage programs throughout the southwest United States. Our objectives were to screen 14 diverse triticale cultivars for agronomic and nutritive characteristics with specific emphasis on identifying normal, as well as deviant, responses to the calendar date and plant maturity for forages seeded in December and harvested from late February throughout May at Maricopa, AZ. Fourteen cultivars were established in a randomized complete block design with each cultivar represented within each of three field blocks. Plots were clean tilled and established on December 18, 2018, and then harvested at 2-wk intervals beginning on February 27 and ending May 23, 2019. Across all harvest dates, forage (N = 315) energy density (NEL) exhibited strong negative correlations with growth stage (r = -0.879), plant height (r = -0.913), head weight (r = -0.814), and estimated dry matter (DM) yield (r = -0.886) but was positively associated with percentages of leaf (r = 0.949), and weakly associated with percentages of the stem (r = 0.138). Through April 10, similar correlations were observed within individual harvest dates (N = 45) for growth stage, leaf percentage, and plant height but not for stem or head-weight percentages. Within later harvest dates, only sporadic correlations with NEL were observed. Primarily cubic regression relationships for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, 30- and 48-h in vitro disappearance of DM and fiber, and NEL were fit for the mean or typical cultivar using both days from February 1 and growth stage as independent variables. Coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.860) in all cases indicated a good fit for the polynomial models. For NEL, deviation from the typical cultivar when days from February 1 was used as the independent regression variable was largely affected by cultivar maturation rate. When the growth stage was substituted as the independent variable, plant height, stem percentage beginning at anthesis, and low grain-head percentage were associated with the maximum negative deviant cultivar (Merlin Max). The 0.23 Mcal/kg difference between maximum positive and negative deviant cultivars at a common late-boot/early-heading stage of growth suggests that some attention should be placed on cultivar selection as well as forage inventory needs and overall cropping goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne K Coblentz
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS (retired), Marshfield, WI 54449, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Michael J Ottman
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
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Huang Y, Zhang Z, Nan Z, Unkovich M, Coulter JA. Effects of cultivar and growing degree day accumulations on forage partitioning and nutritive value of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) on the Tibetan plateau. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3749-3757. [PMID: 33301171 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of common vetch in grassland-livestock systems has expanded greatly within recent years, partly because of its value as a high-quality forage crop but also to improve the soil nitrogen availability. In-field estimation of forage yield potential and nutritional characteristics is required for providing management decision to farmers on how to optimize the management and use of common vetch forages. The aim of this work was to study changes in forage partitioning and nutritive value responses of a late-maturing and an early maturing cultivar of common vetch in a two-year study on the Tibetan Plateau. RESULTS This study provided evidence for differential patterns of forage accumulation for common vetch with contrasting maturity over 2 years. The late-maturing cultivar exhibited greater forage yield and a lower proportion of pods, compared to the early maturing cultivar. There was a tendency towards lower forage nutritive value with the late-maturing cultivar. Regressions of nutritive value parameters of common vetch forages on growing degree days were explained by the cubic (P < 0.001) models, all with high coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.792). CONCLUSION This study shows that the late-maturing cultivar harvested at end of the pod-filling stage produces high forage yield, increasing the availability of high-quality forage for ruminants, thereby improving the self-sufficiency of farmers, in terms of forage yield and high-concentration protein. For early maturing cultivars, it may be better to harvest at the early flowering stage for better nutritive value and in part to enable a subsequent double crop of oat. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Department of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Present addresses: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Department of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Murray Unkovich
- Soil and Land Systems Group, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Huang CT, Klos KE, Huang YF. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals the Genetic Architecture of Seed Vigor in Oats. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:4489-4503. [PMID: 33028627 PMCID: PMC7718755 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seed vigor is crucial for crop early establishment in the field and is particularly important for forage crop production. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a nutritious food crop and also a valuable forage crop. However, little is known about the genetics of seed vigor in oats. To investigate seed vigor-related traits and their genetic architecture in oats, we developed an easy-to-implement image-based phenotyping pipeline and applied it to 650 elite oat lines from the Collaborative Oat Research Enterprise (CORE). Root number, root surface area, and shoot length were measured in two replicates. Variables such as growth rate were derived. Using a genome-wide association (GWA) approach, we identified 34 and 16 unique loci associated with root traits and shoot traits, respectively, which corresponded to 41 and 16 unique SNPs at a false discovery rate < 0.1. Nine root-associated loci were organized into four sets of homeologous regions, while nine shoot-associated loci were organized into three sets of homeologous regions. The context sequences of five trait-associated markers matched to the sequences of rice, Brachypodium and maize (E-value < 10-10), including three markers matched to known gene models with potential involvement in seed vigor. These were a glucuronosyltransferase, a mitochondrial carrier protein domain containing protein, and an iron-sulfur cluster protein. This study presents the first GWA study on oat seed vigor and data of this study can provide guidelines and foundation for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ting Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kathy Esvelt Klos
- Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research, USDA, ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210
| | - Yung-Fen Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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In Vitro Techniques Using the Daisy II Incubator for the Assessment of Digestibility: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050775. [PMID: 32365689 PMCID: PMC7278437 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ankom DaisyII incubator (ADII; Ankom Technology Corporation Fairport, NY, USA) has gained acceptance as an alternative to traditional in vitro procedures. It reduces the labour requirement and increases the number of determinations that can be completed by a single operator. The apparatus allows for the simultaneous incubation of several feedstuffs in sealed polyester bags in the same incubation vessel, which is rotated continuously at 39.5 °C. With this method, the material that disappears from the bag during incubation is considered digestible. The method, which was first developed to predict the digestibility of feedstuffs for ruminants, has been modified and adapted to improve its accuracy and prediction capacity. Modifications used by various researchers include the use of different inocula, buffer solutions, and sample weights. Recently, attempts have been made to adapt the method to determine nutrient digestibility of feedstuff in non-ruminant animals, including pets. Abstract This review summarises the use of the Ankom DaisyII incubator (ADII; Ankom Technology Corporation Fairport, NY, USA), as presented in studies on digestibility, and its extension to other species apart from ruminants, from its introduction until today. This technique has been modified and adapted to allow for different types of investigations to be conducted. Researchers have studied and tested different procedures, and the main sources of variation have been found to be: the inoculum source, sample size, sample preparation, and bag type. In vitro digestibility methods, applied to the ADII incubator, have been reviewed, the precision and accuracy of the method using the ADII incubator have been dealt with, and comparisons with other methods have been made. Moreover, some hypotheses on the possible evolutions of this technology in non-ruminants, including pets, have been described. To date, there are no standardised protocols for the collection, storage, and transportation of rumen fluid or faeces. There is also still a need to standardise the procedures for washing the bags after digestion. Moreover, some performance metrics of the instrument (such as the reliability of the rotation mechanism of the jars) still require improvement.
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Coblentz WK, Akins MS, Cavadini JS. Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of baled grass silages made from meadow fescue, tall fescue, or an orchardgrass cultivar exhibiting a unique nonflowering growth response. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3219-3233. [PMID: 32008784 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout central Wisconsin, many soils are poorly drained, and perennial cool-season grasses are often planted as monocultures or in mixed stands with alfalfa because of the poor persistence of alfalfa under these growing conditions. Our objectives were to compare the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of perennial cool-season grasses {meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.], orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and endophyte-free tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub]} conserved as baled silages with or without particle-size reduction, and at 2 moisture concentrations. Twenty-four plots (0.23 ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 plots/block. Within each of the 4 field blocks, one of the 6 plots was assigned randomly to each of the (3 × 2) factorial combinations of forage type and bale cutting engagement (cut or uncut). The baler cutting mechanism consisted of 15 cutting knives, thereby creating a theoretical length of cut of about 8.1 cm. Generally, sufficient forage was available to produce 2 bales/plot; therefore, one bale was packaged at relatively high moisture (58.3%), whereas the other bale was made at an ideal moisture (44.9%) for this silage preservation method. Theoretically, bale cutting can increase bale weights and densities by reducing particle size, thereby allowing inclusion of additional forage within the same-sized bale. In this experiment, bale-cutting within 1.2 × 1.2 m silage bales (n = 47) increased initial wet and dry bale weights by 4.1 and 4.7%, respectively, but had no practical effect on measures of nutritive value, either on a pre- or postensiled basis. Cutter engagement tended to increase total volatile fatty acids in silages, thereby resulting in a pH reduction of 0.07 pH units (5.54 vs. 5.61). A unique nonflowering growth response by the first-cutting orchardgrass forage resulted in yields of dry matter for orchardgrass (2,977 kg of dry matter/ha) that were only 52 to 53% of those observed for meadow (5,580 kg of dry matter/ha) or tall fescue (5,763 kg of dry matter/ha), which did not differ. Despite the unique vegetative nature of orchardgrass, concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin determined before ensiling exhibited limited variability across forages (60.9 to 62.7%, 35.2 to 36.4%, and 2.75 to 2.99%, respectively). However, a 30-h in vitro incubation determined that orchardgrass exhibited greater neutral detergent fiber digestibility (56.2%) compared with meadow (44.9%) or tall fescue (40.8%), which were also statistically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Coblentz
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Marshfield, WI 54449.
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J S Cavadini
- Marshfield Agricultural Research Station, University of Wisconsin, Stratford 54484
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Santana OI, Olmos-Colmenero JJ, Wattiaux MA. Replacing alfalfa hay with triticale hay has minimal effects on lactation performance and nitrogen utilization of dairy cows in a semi-arid region of Mexico. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8546-8558. [PMID: 31301834 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the semi-arid highlands of central Mexico, triticale (× Triticosecale L.) is emerging as an alternative, less water-demanding forage crop than alfalfa for dairy cattle. Studies reported here were aimed at evaluating triticale hay (TH) relative to alfalfa hay (AH) for lactating cow performance, apparent digestibility, N partition, and ruminal degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Study 1 was conducted on a privately owned farm. Four barns were used to conduct 4 replicated 3 × 3 Latin squares (1 barn = 1 square), where each barn included 3 pens (experimental units) receiving 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Each pen had 62 Holstein dairy cows. All diets included a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 42:58 (DM basis), which is typical for intensive dairy farms of the region. Dietary treatments were formulated to replace AH with TH on a CP basis, and included (DM basis) 15.1% AH and 0% TH, 9.0% AH and 7.4% TH, and 0% AH and 16.4% TH. Diets were iso-energetic (1.64 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of DM) and iso-nitrogenous (17.9% CP). Pen-level DM intake and milk production were from all cows in the pen, but pen-level milk composition, apparent digestibility, and N partitioning were from 8 cows (observational units) randomly selected in each pen. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing TH from 0 to 7.4, and 16.4% of dietary DM. Although DM intake was not affected, there was a tendency for CP intake to decline linearly and for NDF intake to increased linearly as TH replaced AH in the diet. Milk production declined linearly by 0.077 kg/d for each additional percentage unit of TH in the diet, which amounted to a 3.5% decline when TH replaced AH entirely. However, no effect was observed on energy-corrected milk production because of a compensatory linear effect of increasing milk fat concentration with the incorporation of TH in the diet. Total-tract NDF digestibility tended to increase linearly by 18.5%, but no differences were detected for urinary urea-N excretion and for N utilization estimated as milk N/(fecal N + urinary N + milk N). Study 2 was an in situ trial conducted to determine the degradation kinetics of AH and TH used in study 1. In spite of differences in degradation kinetics parameters for DM, CP, and NDF, only NDF effective ruminal degradation tended to be greater for TH than AH. Replacing AH with TH at the level typically found in intensive dairy farms of the semi-arid regions of Mexico had minimal effects on milk production and N utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Santana
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - J J Olmos-Colmenero
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México 47600
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
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Coblentz WK, Akins MS, Ogden RK, Bauman LM, Stammer AJ. Effects of sample size on neutral detergent fiber digestibility of triticale forages using the Ankom Daisy II Incubator system. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6987-6999. [PMID: 31229283 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and precise determinations of fiber digestibility are essential for proper diet formulation for dairy cows. Our objectives were 3-fold: (1) regress in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) values from 48 triticale forages determined at multiple endpoints ranging from 12 to 240 h with Ankom DaisyII Incubator system (Ankom Technology Corp., Macedon, NY) methods using 0.25- or 0.50-g sample sizes on concentrations of fiber-related analytes or growth stage; (2) directly compare NDFD values determined with 0.25- or 0.50-g sample sizes by Ankom methods after 12-, 24-, 30-, 48-, 144-, or 240-h incubations; and (3) compare NDFD values determined by Ankom methods after 30 and 48 h of incubation with those determined by traditional sealed-tube procedures obtained from a commercial laboratory. Generally, plant growth stage, which was quantified with a linear model suitable for serving as an independent regression variable, proved to be a better predictor variable for NDFD than neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent lignin. For direct comparisons of 0.25- and 0.50-g sample sizes using Ankom methods, the regression relationship for a 30-h incubation was explained by a linear model [Y = 1.206x - 1.1; coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.933], in which the slope differed from unity, but the intercept did not differ from 0. After a 48-h incubation, a linear model (Y = 1.014x + 7.1; R2 = 0.964) indicated that the slope did not differ from unity, but the intercept was >0. A linear regression (Y = 1.040x - 1.8; R2 = 0.861) of the 30-h incubation results obtained by Ankom methods using the 0.25-g sample size on those from the commercial laboratory indicated the slope and intercept did not differ from unity or 0, respectively. A similar relationship was obtained from the 48-h incubation (Y = 1.021x - 3.4; R2 = 0.866). Relationships were poorer when the 0.50-g sample size was used by Ankom methods, particularly for the 30-h incubation, where the slope (0.824) was less than unity. Generally, NDFD values were greater for the 0.25-g sample size by Ankom methods, especially with 24-, 30-, and 48-h incubation times, and agreement with traditional sealed-tube methods was improved with the smaller sample size. Synchronization of results between Ankom and traditional methods needs to be further verified across a wider range of forages and harvest/preservation methods before definitive recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Coblentz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449.
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - R K Ogden
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449
| | - L M Bauman
- University of Wisconsin Soil and Forage Laboratory, Marshfield 54449
| | - A J Stammer
- University of Wisconsin Soil and Forage Laboratory, Marshfield 54449
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Coblentz WK, Akins MS, Kalscheur KF, Brink GE, Cavadini JS. Effects of growth stage and growing degree day accumulations on triticale forages: 2. In vitro disappearance of neutral detergent fiber. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8986-9003. [PMID: 30077457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) in dairy-cropping systems has expanded greatly in recent years, partly because of its value as a forage crop but also to improve land stewardship by providing winter ground cover. Our objectives were to use 2-pool and 3-pool nonlinear models to characterize in vitro disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and then describe the relationship between estimated parameters from those models with plant growth stage or growing degree days (GDD) >5°C for winter triticale forages harvested during 2016 and 2017 in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Forages were harvested from replicated field plots each year at growth stages ranging from stem elongation to soft dough. All NDF analyses included use of sodium sulfite and heat-stable α-amylase with residual fiber corrected for contaminant ash (asNDFom). Nonlinear 3-pool models for in vitro disappearance of asNDFom that included fast (Bfast) and slow (Bslow) disappearance pools as well as an associated disappearance rate for each (Kdfast and Kdslow, respectively) were easily fitted provided that a single discrete lag time was applied to both Bfast and Bslow pools to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated. An unresolved issue related to fitting 3-pool decay models was the incomplete recovery of asNDFom from immature triticale forages at 0 h, which was partially resolved with 2 approaches that produced similar estimates of Kdfast and Kdslow. Most parameters obtained from 2- and 3-pool decay models for asNDFom could be related to growth stage or GDD using polynomial regression techniques, often with high coefficients of determination (R2). For 3-pool models of asNDFom disappearance, Bslow increased with plant maturity, but the associated Kdslow ranged narrowly from 0.011 to 0.015/h and could not be related to growth stage or GDD by quartic, cubic, quadratic, or linear regression models. Despite different cultivars coupled with substantial differences in precipitation across years, single endpoint estimates of in vitro disappearance of asNDFom after 24, 30, or 48 h of incubation were closely related (R2 ≥ 0.906) to growth stage and GDD by linear or quadratic regression models that were generally similar across production years. Typical recommendations for harvesting triticale at boot stage to facilitate the planting of a double crop are strongly supported by the extensive 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFom at that growth stage, which was 63.1 and 64.8% of asNDFom during 2016 and 2017, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Coblentz
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449.
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - K F Kalscheur
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G E Brink
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J S Cavadini
- University of Wisconsin Marshfield Agricultural Research Station, Marshfield 54449
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