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Zou S, Ji S, Xu H, Wang M, Li B, Shen Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Li J, Cao Y, Li Q. Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine Supplementation Reduced Protein Requirement of Holstein Bulls by Altering Nitrogen Metabolism in Liver. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050843. [PMID: 36899700 PMCID: PMC10000044 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-protein diets supplemented with rumen-protected lysine (RPLys) and methionine (RPMet) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen metabolism, and gene expression related to N metabolism in the liver of Holstein bulls. Thirty-six healthy and disease-free Holstein bulls with a similar body weight (BW) (424 ± 15 kg, 13 months old) were selected. According to their BW, they were randomly divided into three groups with 12 bulls in each group in a completely randomized design. The control group (D1) was fed with a high-protein basal diet (CP13%), while bulls in two low-protein groups were supplied a diet with 11% crude protein and RPLys 34 g/d·head + RPMet 2 g/d·head (low protein with low RPAA, T2) or RPLys 55 g/d·head + RPMet 9 g/d·head (low protein with high RPAA, T3). At the end of the experiment, the feces and urine of dairy bulls were collected for three consecutive days. Blood and rumen fluid were collected before morning feeding, and liver samples were collected after slaughtering. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) of bulls in the T3 group was higher than those in D1 (p < 0.05). Compared with D1, a significantly higher nitrogen utilization rate (p < 0.05) and serum IGF-1 content (p < 0.05) were observed in both T2 and T3 groups; however, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content was significantly lower in the T2 and T3 groups (p < 0.05). The content of acetic acid in the rumen of the T3 group was significantly higher than that of the D1 group. No significant differences were observed among the different groups (p > 0.05) in relation to the alpha diversity. Compared with D1, the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group in T3 was higher (p < 0.05), while that of Prevotellaceae _YAB2003_group and Succinivibrio were lower (p < 0.05). Compared with D1 and T2 group, the T3 group showed an expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that is associated with (CPS-1, ASS1, OTC, ARG) and (N-AGS, S6K1, eIF4B, mTORC1) in liver; moreover, the T3 group was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). Overall, our results indicated that low dietary protein (11%) levels added with RPAA (RPLys 55 g/d +RPMet 9 g/d) can benefit the growth performance of Holstein bulls by reducing nitrogen excretion and enhancing nitrogen efficiency in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shoukun Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongjian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingya Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Beibei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yizhao Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiufeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (Q.L.)
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Zheng S, Qin G, Zhen Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Dong J, Li C, Aschalew ND, Wang T, Sun Z. Correlation of oxidative stress-related indicators with milk composition and metabolites in early lactating dairy cows. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2250-2259. [PMID: 34455709 PMCID: PMC8604139 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In highly intensive dairy farms, cows often suffer from metabolic disorders that cause severe oxidative stress. Objectives This study aimed to observe correlations and associations of oxidative stress‐related indicators with milk compositions and metabolites. Methods Twenty‐two multiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation were randomly selected from a commercial dairy farm. The morning milk was collected for composition and metabolites analysis. Blood was sampled via the tail vein to analyze oxidative stress‐related indicators (reactive oxygen species, ROS; catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; malondialdehyde, MDA) and metabolites. Results Results showed that ROS were positively correlated with CAT, GPX, SOD, and MDA. However, the levels of CAT, GPX, and SOD were negatively related to milk fat (P < 0.05). Nineteen serum and 7 milk metabolites were selected from detectable metabolites according to their correlations with ROS, CAT, GPX, and SOD (P < 0.05). Metabolic pathway analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed that these metabolites are primarily involved in the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and amino acids. Conclusions This study gave us a better understanding on oxidative stress that ROS not only increased oxidative damage (MDA) in dairy cows, but also altered some metabolites involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guixin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yuguo Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chunlai Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Natnael Demelash Aschalew
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China.,Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun, P. R. China
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Jiang Q, Yan M, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Yin L, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Wu P, Wang Y, Chen D, Yang S, Huang X, Jiang J. Dietary isoleucine improved flesh quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and muscle growth associated with AKT/TOR/S6K1 and AKT/FOXO3a signaling in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:53. [PMID: 33866964 PMCID: PMC8054373 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle is the complex and heterogeneous tissue, which comprises the primary edible part of the trunk of fish and mammals. Previous studies have shown that dietary isoleucine (Ile) exerts beneficial effects on growth in aquatic animals. However, there were limited studies regarding the benefits of Ile on fish muscle and their effects on flesh quality and muscle growth. Thus, this study was conducted to explore whether dietary Ile had affected flesh quality and muscle growth in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). Methods A total of 630 hybrid fish, with an initial average body weight of 33.11 ± 0.09 g, were randomly allotted into seven experimental groups with three replicates each, and respectively fed seven diets with 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 g Ile/kg diets for 8 weeks. Results In the present study, we demonstrated that Ile significantly: (1) increased muscle protein and lipid contents and the frequency distribution of myofibers with ≤ 20 μm and ≥ 50 μm of diameter; (2) improved pH value, shear force, cathepsin B and L activities, hydroxyproline content, resilience, cohesiveness, and decreased cooking loss, lactate content, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness; (3) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) contents, GCLC and Keap1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated CuZnSOD, CAT, GPX1a, GST, and Nrf2 mRNA levels; (4) up-regulated the insulin-like growth factor 1, 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Myf5, Myod, Myog, Mrf4, and MyHC mRNA levels, and decreased MSTN mRNA level; (5) increased muscle protein deposition by activating AKT-TOR-S6K1 and AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathways. Conclusion These results revealed that dietary Ile improved flesh quality, which might be due to increasing nutritional content, physicochemical, texture parameters, and antioxidant ability; promoting muscle growth by affecting myocytes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and muscle protein deposition associated with protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. Finally, the quadratic regression analysis of chewiness, ROS, and protein contents against dietary Ile levels suggested that the optimal dietary Ile levels for hybrid bagrid catfish was estimated to be 14.19, 12.36, and 12.78 g/kg diet, corresponding to 36.59, 31.87, and 32.96 g/kg dietary protein, respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00572-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingyao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
| | - Long Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Weidan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Defang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Liang XF, He S, Tang S, Li L, Chen X. mTOR - Mediated protein synthesis by inhibiting protein catabolism in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:23-29. [PMID: 32919703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is known to promote protein synthesis by enhancing mRNA translation. However, there have been few literatures on the effect of mTOR on protein metabolism in non-mammals. The main source of ammonia in fish comes from protein catabolism. The key step of protein catabolism involves the deamination and/or transamination of amino acids. This study is aimed to explore the mechanism underlying mTOR pathway influencing protein retention from the perspective of protein catabolism. Chinese perch were fasted for 24 h and divided into 4 groups randomly before intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection: (1) control group for leucine; (2) leucine group; (3) control group for leucine and rapamycin; (4) leucine and rapamycin group. Food intake was equivalent between each control and treatment groups at each time point (0.5, 4, 12 and 24 h post-injection). Ammonia-N excretion rate, blood glucose, S6 phosphorylation level, and expression of relative genes of protein catabolism (GDH, AMPD, AST, ALT) were determined. The results indicated that the pS6 level was increased, and that the ammonia-N excretion rate, blood glucose, and mRNA level of protein catabolism genes (GDH and AMPD) were significantly decreased after injection with leucine, while those changes were reversed after injection with leucine and rapamycin. Our study not only reveals the mechanism by which mTOR mediates protein synthesis by inhibiting protein catabolism in Chinese perch, but also provides reference for improving the utilization of feed protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shulin Tang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Pszczolkowski VL, Zhang J, Pignato KA, Meyer EJ, Kurth MM, Lin A, Arriola Apelo SI. Insulin potentiates essential amino acids effects on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in MAC-T cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11988-12002. [PMID: 33222863 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different models of lactation offer conflicting evidence as to whether insulin signaling is required for AA to stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. We hypothesized that insulin potentiates essential AA stimulation of mTORC1 activity in the MAC-T mammary epithelial cell line. Here, our objective was to assess mTORC1 signaling activity in response to insulin and individual or grouped essential AA. Insulin and essential AA concentrations in the treatment medium ranged from normo- to supraphysiological, with insulin at 0, 1, 10, or 100 nmol/L and essential AA at approximately 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1, or 3× reference plasma levels. Effects and interaction of insulin and total essential AA were tested in a 3 × 5 factorial design (n = 3 replicates/treatment); insulin and the individual AA Leu, Met, Ile, and Arg were likewise tested in 3 × 4 factorials (n = 4). As the remaining individual AA His, Lys, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val were expected to not affect mTORC1, these were tested only at the highest insulin level, 100 nmol/L (n = 4). For all of these, linear and quadratic effects of total and individual AA were evaluated. Essential AA were subsequently grouped by their positive (Leu, Met, Ile, Arg, and Thr; TOR-AA) or absent-to-negative effects (His, Lys, Phe, Trp, and Val; NTOR-AA), and tested for interaction in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 4), with each AA at its respective 1× plasma level, and insulin held at 100 nmol/L. All experiments consisted of 1 h treatment incubation, followed by Western blotting of cell lysates to measure phosphorylation and abundance of the mTORC1 pathway proteins Akt (Ser473); ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70 (S6K1, Thr389); eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1, Ser65); and ribosomal protein S6 (S6, Ser240/244). The Akt phosphorylation was overall increased by insulin, with a possible negative interaction with both total essential AA and the individual AA Leu. Total essential AA also increased S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in an insulin-dependent manner. The individual AA Leu, Met, Ile, and Arg increased S6K1 phosphorylation in an insulin-dependent manner. Similarly, Met and Arg increased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in an insulin-dependent manner. Histidine, Lys, Trp, and Val did not affect S6K1 phosphorylation. However, S6K1 phosphorylation was linearly increased by Thr and quadratically decreased by Phe. Relative to the phosphorylation of S6K1 when cells were incubated with no essential AA, the NTOR-AA group had no effect, whereas the TOR-AA increased phosphorylation to the same degree observed with all 10 essential AA. Overall, we have found that insulin is required for essential AA to stimulate mTORC1 activity in MAC-T cells. In addition, the AA responsible for the bulk of mTORC1 activation in MAC-T are limited to Leu, Met, Ile, Arg, and Thr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Pszczolkowski
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100083
| | - Kayleigh A Pignato
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - Emma J Meyer
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - Madison M Kurth
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706.
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