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Kawasaki M, McConnel CS, Burbick CR, Ambrosini YM. Pathogen-epithelium interactions and inflammatory responses in Salmonella Dublin infections using ileal monolayer models derived from adult bovine organoids. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11479. [PMID: 38769412 PMCID: PMC11106274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) is an important enteric pathogen affecting cattle and poses increasing public health risks. Understanding the pathophysiology and host-pathogen interactions of S. Dublin infection are critical for developing effective control strategies, yet studies are hindered by the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models. This study aimed to generate a robust ileal monolayer derived from adult bovine organoids, validate its feasibility as an in vitro infection model with S. Dublin, and evaluate the epithelial response to infection. A stable, confluent monolayer with a functional epithelial barrier was established under optimized culture conditions. The model's applicability for studying S. Dublin infection was confirmed by documenting intracellular bacterial invasion and replication, impacts on epithelial integrity, and a specific inflammatory response, providing insights into the pathogen-epithelium interactions. The study underscores the utility of organoid-derived monolayers in advancing our understanding of enteric infections in livestock and highlights implications for therapeutic strategy development and preventive measures, with potential applications extending to both veterinary and human medicine. The established bovine ileal monolayer offers a novel and physiologically relevant in vitro platform for investigating enteric pathogen-host interactions, particularly for pathogens like S. Dublin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minae Kawasaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Craig S McConnel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claire R Burbick
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yoko M Ambrosini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Yang T, Guo J, Song H, Datsomor O, Chen Y, Jiang M, Zhan K, Zhao G. Hexokinase 1 and 2 mediates glucose utilization to regulate the synthesis of kappa casein via ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:338-349. [PMID: 38362515 PMCID: PMC10867561 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucose plays a vital part in milk protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). The objectives of this study were to determine how glucose affects hexokinase (HK) activity in BMEC and investigate the regulatory effect of HK in kappa casein (CSN3) synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in BMEC. For this, HK1 and HK2 were knocked out in BMEC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The gene and protein expression, glucose uptake, and cell proliferation were measured. We found that glucose uptake, cell proliferation, CSN3 gene expression levels, and expression of HK1 and HK2 increased with increasing glucose concentrations. Notably, glucose uptake was significantly reduced in HK2 knockout (HK2KO) BMEC treated with 17.5 mM glucose. Moreover, under the same glucose treatment conditions, the proliferative ability and abundance of CSN3 were significantly diminished in both HK1 knockout (HK1KO) and HK2KO BMEC compared with that in wild-type BEMC. We further observed that the phosphorylation levels of ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) were reduced in HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following treatment with 17.5 mM glucose. As expected, the levels of glucose-6-phosphate and the mRNA expression levels of glycolysis-related genes were decreased in both HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following glucose treatment. These results indicated that the knockout of HK1 and HK2 inhibited cell proliferation and CSN3 expression in BMEC under glucose treatment, which may be associated with the inactivation of the S6K1 and inhibition of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Song
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Osmond Datsomor
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Jernfors T, Lavrinienko A, Vareniuk I, Landberg R, Fristedt R, Tkachenko O, Taskinen S, Tukalenko E, Mappes T, Watts PC. Association between gut health and gut microbiota in a polluted environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169804. [PMID: 38184263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Animals host complex bacterial communities in their gastrointestinal tracts, with which they share a mutualistic interaction. The numerous effects these interactions grant to the host include regulation of the immune system, defense against pathogen invasion, digestion of otherwise undigestible foodstuffs, and impacts on host behaviour. Exposure to stressors, such as environmental pollution, parasites, and/or predators, can alter the composition of the gut microbiome, potentially affecting host-microbiome interactions that can be manifest in the host as, for example, metabolic dysfunction or inflammation. However, whether a change in gut microbiota in wild animals associates with a change in host condition is seldom examined. Thus, we quantified whether wild bank voles inhabiting a polluted environment, areas where there are environmental radionuclides, exhibited a change in gut microbiota (using 16S amplicon sequencing) and concomitant change in host health using a combined approach of transcriptomics, histological staining analyses of colon tissue, and quantification of short-chain fatty acids in faeces and blood. Concomitant with a change in gut microbiota in animals inhabiting contaminated areas, we found evidence of poor gut health in the host, such as hypotrophy of goblet cells and likely weakened mucus layer and related changes in Clca1 and Agr2 gene expression, but no visible inflammation in colon tissue. Through this case study we show that inhabiting a polluted environment can have wide reaching effects on the gut health of affected animals, and that gut health and other host health parameters should be examined together with gut microbiota in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Jernfors
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Anton Lavrinienko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland; Laboratory of Food Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Vareniuk
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Reproductive Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olena Tkachenko
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Reproductive Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Sara Taskinen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Eugene Tukalenko
- Department of Radiobiology and Radioecology, Institute for Nuclear Research of NAS of Ukraine, 020000, Ukraine
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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4
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Pang R, Xiao X, Mao T, Yu J, Huang L, Xu W, Li Y, Zhu W. The molecular mechanism of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1693-1699. [PMID: 37402451 PMCID: PMC10623044 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cows that are nursing get around 80% of their glucose from liver gluconeogenesis. Propionate, a significant precursor of liver gluconeogenesis, can regulate the key genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis expression, but its precise effects on the activity of enzymes have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propionate on the activity, gene expression, and protein abundance of the key enzymes involved in the gluconeogenesis of dairy cow hepatocytes. METHODS The hepatocytes were cultured and treated with various concentrations of sodium propionate (0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, and 5.00 mM) for 12 h. Glucose content in the culture media was determined by an enzymatic coloring method. The activities of gluconeogenesis related enzymes were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits, and the levels of gene expression and protein abundance of the enzymes were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Propionate supplementation considerably increased the amount of glucose in the culture medium compared to the control (p<0.05); while there was no discernible difference among the various treatment concentrations (p>0.05). The activities of cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK1), mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK2), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) were increased with the addition of 2.50 and 3.75 mM propionate; the gene expressions and protein abundances of PEPCK1, PEPCK2, PC, and G6PC were increased by 3.75 mM propionate addition. CONCLUSION Propionate encouraged glucose synthesis in bovine hepatocytes, and 3.75 mM propionate directly increased the activities, gene expressions and protein abundances of PC, PEPCK1, PEPCK2, and G6PC in bovine hepatocytes, providing a theoretical basis of propionate-regulating gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Tiantian Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
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5
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Du Y, Gao Y, Hu M, Hou J, Yang L, Wang X, Du W, Liu J, Xu Q. Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:46. [PMID: 37031166 PMCID: PMC10082981 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization and development of the gut microbiome are crucial for the growth and health of calves. In this review, we summarized the colonization, beneficial nutrition, immune function of gut microbiota, function of the gut barrier, and the evolution of core microbiota in the gut of calves of different ages. Homeostasis of gut microbiome is beneficial for nutritional and immune system development of calves. Disruption of the gut microbiome leads to digestive diseases in calves, such as diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. Microbiota already exists in the gut of calf fetuses, and the colonization of microbiota continues to change dynamically under the influence of various factors, which include probiotics, diet, age, and genotype. Colonization depends on the interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system of calves. The abundance and diversity of these commensal microbiota stabilize and play a critical role in the health of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Du
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ya Gao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingyang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiu Hou
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linhai Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianghuang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Meng Z, Tan D, Cheng Z, Jiang M, Zhan K. GPR41 Regulates the Proliferation of BRECs via the PIK3-AKT-mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044203. [PMID: 36835615 PMCID: PMC9963637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a pivotal role in regulating the proliferation and development of bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) is involved in the signal transduction in BRECs as a receptor for SCFAs. Nevertheless, the impact of GPR41 on the proliferation of BRECs has not been reported. The results of this research showed that the knockdown of GPR41 (GRP41KD) decreased BRECs proliferation compared with the wild-type BRECs (WT) (p < 0.001). The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that the gene expression profiles differed between WT and GPR41KD BRECs, with the major differential genes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3) signaling, cell cycle, and amino acid transport pathways (p < 0.05). The transcriptome data were further validated by Western blot and qRT-PCR. It was evident that the GPR41KD BRECs downregulated the level of the PIK3-Protein kinase B (AKT)-mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway core genes, such as PIK3, AKT, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and mTOR contrasted with the WT cells (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the GPR41KD BRECs downregulated the level of Cyclin D2 p < 0.001) and Cyclin E2 (p < 0.05) compared with the WT cells. Therefore, it was proposed that GPR41 may affect the proliferation of BRECs by mediating the PIK3-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Meng
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dejin Tan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang G, Zhang J, Wu S, Qin S, Zheng Y, Xia C, Geng H, Yao J, Deng L. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis through peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:121-131. [PMID: 36204284 PMCID: PMC9516411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cattle can efficiently perform de novo generation of glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis to meet post-weaning glucose demand. Substantial evidence points to cattle and non-ruminant animals being characterized by phylogenetic features in terms of their differing capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis, a process that is highly efficient in cattle yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we used a variety of transcriptome data, as well as tissue and cell-based methods to uncover the mechanisms of high-efficiency hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle. We showed that cattle can efficiently convert propionate into pyruvate, at least partly, via high expression of acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1 (ACSS1), propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain (PCCA), methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MCEE), methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), and succinate-CoA ligase (SUCLG2) genes in the liver (P < 0.01). Moreover, higher expression of the rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), ensures the efficient operation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle (P < 0.01). Mechanistically, we found that cattle liver exhibits highly active mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and the expressions of PCCA, MMUT, SUCLG2, PCK, and FBP genes are regulated by the activation of mTORC1 (P < 0.001). Finally, our results showed that mTORC1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) dependent manner. Collectively, our results not only revealed an important mechanism responsible for the quantitative differences in the efficiency of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle versus non-ruminant animals, but also established that mTORC1 is indeed involved in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through PGC-1α. These results provide a novel potential insight into promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis through activated mTORC1 in both ruminants and mammals.
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Wei X, Li D, Feng C, Mao H, Zhu J, Cui Y, Yang J, Gao H, Wang C. Effects of hydrogen peroxide and l-tryptophan on antioxidative potential, apoptosis, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:10007-10019. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Gong X, Huang Y, Ma Q, Jiang M, Zhan K, Zhao G. Quercetin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Damage and Inflammation via Regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in Bovine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5234-5246. [PMID: 36354668 PMCID: PMC9688721 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhoea and intestinal inflammation represent one of the most prevalent clinical disorders of milk production, resulting in enormous annual financial damage for the dairy sector. In the context of an unsatisfactory therapeutic effect of antibiotics, the natural products of plants have been the focus of research. Quercetin is an important flavonoid found in a variety of plants, including fruits and vegetables, and has strong anti-inflammatory effects, so it has received extensive attention as a potential anti-inflammatory antioxidant. However, the underlying basis of quercetin on inflammatory reactions and oxidative tension generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) is currently unexplained. This research aimed to determine the influence of quercetin on LPS-induced inflammatory reactions, oxidative tension, and the barrier role of BIECs. Our findings demonstrated that BIEC viability was significantly improved in LPS-treated BIEC with 80 μg/mL quercetin compared with the control group. Indicators of oxidative overload and genes involved in barrier role revealed that 80 μg/mL quercetin efficiently rescued BIECs from oxidative and barrier impairment triggered by 5 μg/mL LPS. In addition, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as chemokines CXCL2, CXCL5, CCL5, and CXCL8, was diminished in LPS-treated BIECs with 80 μg/mL quercetin compared with LPS alone. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD14, myeloid differential protein-2 (MD2), and myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88) genes associated with the TLR4 signal mechanism was markedly reduced by the addition of quercetin to LPS-modulated BIECs, indicating that quercetin can suppress the TLR4 signal mechanism. We performed Western blotting on the NF-κB signalling mechanism and compared it with immunofluorescence to further corroborate this conclusion. The LPS treatment enhanced the proportions of p-IκBα/GAPDH and p-p65/GAPDH. Compared with the LPS-treated group, quercetin administration decreased the proportions of p-IκBα/GAPDH and p-p65/GAPDH. In addition, immunofluorescence demonstrated that quercetin greatly reduced the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in BIECs. The benefits of quercetin on inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced BIECs may be a result of its capacity to inhibit the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling mechanism. These findings suggest that quercetin can be used as an anti-inflammatory reagent to treat intestinal inflammation induced by LPS release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gong
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yinghao Huang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianbo Ma
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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10
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Lin M, Jiang M, Yang T, Zhao G, Zhan K. Overexpression of GPR41 attenuated glucose production in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981640. [PMID: 36118357 PMCID: PMC9478460 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine liver mainly utilizes the propionate as a gluconeogenic substrate to synthesize the glucose. However, the mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of propionate on the glucose production in bovine hepatocytes remains less known. Previous studies have demonstrated G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) as receptors for propionate. We hypothesized that propionate may regulate the glucose production by GPR41 in bovine hepatocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the regulatory effects of propionate and GPR41 on glucose production in bovine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes with GPR41 overexpression were incubated in the presence of either 0 or 3 mM propionate for 24 h. These results showed that the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) genes involved in gluconeogenesis was enhanced (P < 0.01) with propionate treatment. Remarkably, the addition of propionate promotes the glucose production in bovine hepatocytes. Expression of GPR41 was increased by the addition of propionate in bovine hepatocytes overexpressed GPR41 by overexpression plasmid AAV1 compared with the absence of propionate. Interestingly, expression of PCK2 was markedly attenuated in GPR41 overexpressed-hepatocytes with propionate. Importantly, overexpression of GPR41 attenuated glucose output in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes. These findings revealed that GPR41 negatively regulates glucose production by downregulating the expression of PCK2 in propionate-induced bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lin
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Zhan
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11
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Abdelrahman M, Wang W, Shaukat A, Kulyar MFEA, Lv H, Abulaiti A, Yao Z, Ahmad MJ, Liang A, Yang L. Nutritional Modulation, Gut, and Omics Crosstalk in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080997. [PMID: 35454245 PMCID: PMC9029867 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the last decade, animal nutrition science has been significantly developed, supported by the great advancements in molecular technologies. For scientists, the present "feedomics and nutrigenomics" era continues to evolve and shape how research is designed, performed, and understood. The new omics interpretations have established a new point of view for the nutrition–gene interaction, integrating more comprehensive findings from animal physiology, molecular genetics, and biochemistry. In the ruminant model, this modern approach addresses rumen microbes as a critical intermediate that can deepen the studies of diet–gut interaction with host genomics. The present review discusses nutrigenomics’ and feedomics’ potential contribution to diminishing the knowledge gap about the DNA cellular activities of different nutrients. It also presents how nutritional management can influence the epigenetic pathway, considering the production type, life stage, and species for more sustainable ruminant nutrition strategies. Abstract Ruminant nutrition has significantly revolutionized a new and prodigious molecular approach in livestock sciences over the last decade. Wide-spectrum advances in DNA and RNA technologies and analysis have produced a wealth of data that have shifted the research threshold scheme to a more affluent level. Recently, the published literature has pointed out the nutrient roles in different cellular genomic alterations among different ruminant species, besides the interactions with other factors, such as age, type, and breed. Additionally, it has addressed rumen microbes within the gut health and productivity context, which has made interpreting homogenous evidence more complicated. As a more systematic approach, nutrigenomics can identify how genomics interacts with nutrition and other variables linked to animal performance. Such findings should contribute to crystallizing powerful interpretations correlating feeding management with ruminant production and health through genomics. This review will present a road-mapping discussion of promising trends in ruminant nutrigenomics as a reference for phenotype expression through multi-level omics changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Asyut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Aftab Shaukat
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Haimiao Lv
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Adili Abulaiti
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Zhiqiu Yao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Muhammad Jamil Ahmad
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.); (W.W.); (A.S.); (H.L.); (A.A.); (Z.Y.); (M.J.A.); (A.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-7105-6592
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Yang T, Ma X, Jiang M, Cheng Z, Datsomor O, Zhao G, Zhan K. The Role of Tea Tree Oil in Alleviating Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Bovine Hepatocytes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:814840. [PMID: 35127885 PMCID: PMC8814581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.814840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in lipid metabolism, alleviating the inflammatory responses. Fatty liver is associated with lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, leading to inflammation. However, there is very limited information on the effects of TTO on lipid accumulation, and inflammation in bovine hepatocytes. This study aimed to evaluate whether TTO alleviates palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation in bovine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes isolated from mid-lactating Holstein cows were pretreated with 100 μM PA for 72 h. Cells were either pretreated with PA alone (PA group) or with PA followed by 0.00625% TTO treatment for 12 h (PT group). Expression of fatty acid oxidant genes increased (P < 0.05) while fatty acid synthesis genes decreased (P < 0.05) in the PT group compared with the PA group. PA treatment resulted in increased (P < 0.05) expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but these increases were less in the PT group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PA group, expression of phosphorylated (p)-p65 and p-inhibitor κBα (p-IκBα) was suppressed (P < 0.05) by TTO treatment. TTO treatment limited (P < 0.05) the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevented (P < 0.05) a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential observed in response to PA treatment. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes was reduced (P < 0.05) in the PT group compared with the PA group. Our results suggest that TTO treatment attenuates the effects of PA in hepatocytes, leading to fatty acid oxidation, decreased fatty acid synthesis, suppressed inflammatory response, and reduced ER stress. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that TTO treatment may be a promising therapeutic approach to imbalanced lipid homeostasis, inflammation and ER stress in dairy cows shortly before and after calving.
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Ghiselli F, Rossi B, Piva A, Grilli E. Assessing Intestinal Health. In Vitro and Ex vivo Gut Barrier Models of Farm Animals: Benefits and Limitations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:723387. [PMID: 34888373 PMCID: PMC8649998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.723387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal performance is determined by the functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Complex mechanisms and interactions are involved in the regulation of GIT functionality and health. The understanding of these relationships could be crucial for developing strategies to improve animal production yields. The concept of "gut health" is not well defined, but this concept has begun to play a very important role in the field of animal science. However, a clear definition of GIT health and the means by which to measure it are lacking. In vitro and ex vivo models can facilitate these studies, creating well-controlled and repeatable conditions to understand how to improve animal gut health. Over the years, several models have been developed and used to study the beneficial or pathogenic relationships between the GIT and the external environment. This review aims to describe the most commonly used animals' in vitro or ex vivo models and techniques that are useful for better understanding the intestinal health of production animals, elucidating their benefits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ghiselli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Piva
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
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Mezhibovsky E, Knowles KA, He Q, Sui K, Tveter KM, Duran RM, Roopchand DE. Grape Polyphenols Attenuate Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice in Association With Reduced Butyrate and Increased Markers of Intestinal Carbohydrate Oxidation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:675267. [PMID: 34195217 PMCID: PMC8238044 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.675267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Western Diet (WD) low in fiber but high in fats and sugars contributes to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Supplementation with grape polyphenols (GPs) rich in B-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) can attenuate symptoms of cardiometabolic disease and alter the gut microbiota and its metabolites. We hypothesized that GP-mediated metabolic improvements would correlate with altered microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). To more closely mimic a WD, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fiber diet high in sucrose and butterfat along with 20% sucrose water to represent sugary beverages. This WD was supplemented with 1% GPs (WD-GP) to investigate the impact of GPs on energy balance, SCFA profile, and intestinal metabolism. Compared to WD-fed mice, the WD-GP group had higher lean mass along with lower fat mass, body weight, and hepatic steatosis despite consuming more calories from sucrose water. Indirect and direct calorimetry revealed that reduced adiposity in GP-supplemented mice was likely due to their greater energy expenditure, which resulted in lower energy efficiency compared to WD-fed mice. GP-supplemented mice had higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a gut microbe reported to increase energy expenditure. Short chain fatty acid measurements in colon content revealed that GP-supplemented mice had lower concentrations of butyrate, a major energy substrate of the distal intestine, and reduced valerate, a putrefactive SCFA. GP-supplementation also resulted in a lower acetate:propionate ratio suggesting reduced hepatic lipogenesis. Considering the higher sucrose consumption and reduced butyrate levels in GP-supplemented mice, we hypothesized that enterocytes would metabolize glucose and fructose as a replacement energy source. Ileal mRNA levels of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2, SLC2A2) were increased indicating higher glucose and fructose uptake. Expression of ketohexokinase (KHK) was increased in ileum tissue suggesting increased fructolysis. A GP-induced increase in intestinal carbohydrate oxidation was supported by: (1) increased gene expression of duodenal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), (2) a decreased ratio of lactate dehydrogenase a (LDHa): LDHb in jejunum and colon tissues, and (3) decreased duodenal and colonic lactate concentrations. These data indicate that GPs protect against WD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by diminishing portal delivery of lipogenic butyrate and sugars due to their increased intestinal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mezhibovsky
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kim A. Knowles
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Qiyue He
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ke Sui
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kevin M. Tveter
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Rocio M. Duran
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Diana E. Roopchand
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Bioinformatis analysis reveals possible molecular mechanism of PXR on regulating ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5428. [PMID: 33686088 PMCID: PMC7940411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of IBD. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. In order to deepen understanding and exploration of the molecular mechanism of regulation roles of PXR on UC, biological informatics analysis was performed. First, 878 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between UC and normal samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE59071 and GSE38713) by using the "limma" R language package. Then WGCNA analysis was performed by 878 DEGs to obtain co-expression modules that were positively and negatively correlated with clinical traits. GSEA analysis of PXR results obtained the signal pathways enriched in the PXR high and low expression group and the active genes of each signal pathway. Then the association of PXR with genes that are both active in high expression group and negatively related to diseases (gene set 1), or both active in low expression group and negatively related to diseases (gene set 2) was analyzed by String database. Finally, carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6 (CYP2B6) from gene set 1 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) from gene set 2 were screened out. After the above analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) verification, we speculated that PXR may exert a protective role on UC by promoting CES2, ABCG2, PCK1, PPARGC1A, CYP2B6 expression and inhibiting CXCL8 expression in their corresponding signal pathway in intestinal tissue.
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Zhang L, Liu C, Jiang Q, Yin Y. Butyrate in Energy Metabolism: There Is Still More to Learn. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:159-169. [PMID: 33461886 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate, a main product of gut microbial fermentation, has been recognized as an important mediator of gut microbiota regulation in whole body energy homeostasis. However, the mechanisms of butyrate metabolic control remain unclear. This review summarizes studies that directly examined the effects of butyrate on metabolic health. The effects of butyrate on metabolic functions, including thermogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, appetite, inflammation, and influence on gut microbiota, are described. The effects of butyrate on cellular systems via G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and as a substrate that is metabolized intercellularly, are also discussed. Hopefully, a better understanding of butyrate metabolic regulation may provide new perspectives for the nutritional prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Chudan Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.
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