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Bianco V, Svecla M, Vingiani GB, Kolb D, Schwarz B, Buerger M, Beretta G, Norata GD, Kratky D. Regional Differences in the Small Intestinal Proteome of Control Mice and of Mice Lacking Lysosomal Acid Lipase. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1506-1518. [PMID: 38422518 PMCID: PMC7615810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic contribution of the small intestine (SI) is still unclear despite recent studies investigating the involvement of single cells in regional differences. Using untargeted proteomics, we identified regional characteristics of the three intestinal tracts of C57BL/6J mice and found that proteins abundant in the mouse ileum correlated with the high ileal expression of the corresponding genes in humans. In the SI of C57BL/6J mice, we also detected an increasing abundance of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), which is responsible for degrading triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters within the lysosome. LAL deficiency in patients and mice leads to lipid accumulation, gastrointestinal disturbances, and malabsorption. We previously demonstrated that macrophages massively infiltrated the SI of Lal-deficient (KO) mice, especially in the duodenum. Using untargeted proteomics (ProteomeXchange repository, data identifier PXD048378), we revealed a general inflammatory response and a common lipid-associated macrophage phenotype in all three intestinal segments of Lal KO mice, accompanied by a higher expression of GPNMB and concentrations of circulating sTREM2. However, only duodenal macrophages activated a metabolic switch from lipids to other pathways, which were downregulated in the jejunum and ileum of Lal KO mice. Our results provide new insights into the process of absorption in control mice and possible novel markers of LAL-D and/or systemic inflammation in LAL-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianco
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Svecla
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Vingiani
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core
Facility Ultrastructural Analysis, Medical
University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Center, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Schwarz
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Buerger
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department
of Environmental Science and Policy, Università
degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro
SISA per lo studio dell’Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Yasugi Y, Shirasaka Y, Tamai I. Quantitative analysis of the impact of membrane permeability on intestinal first-pass metabolism of CYP3A substrates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2024; 45:3-14. [PMID: 38085672 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was firstly to investigate the effect of membrane permeability on the intestinal availability (Fg ) of 10 cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates with differing permeability (Papp ) and metabolic activity (CLint ) using Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells expressing human CYP3A4 (MDCKII/CYP3A4 cells), and secondly to confirm the essential factors by simulations. A membrane permeation assay using MDCKII/CYP3A4 cells showed a significant correlation between human intestinal extraction ratio (ER) (Eg (=1 - Fg )) and in vitro cellular ER (r = 0.834). This relationship afforded better predictability of Eg values than the relationship between Eg and CLint,HIM values obtained from human intestinal microsomes (r = 0.598). An even stronger correlation was observed between 1 - Fa ·Fg and ER (r = 0.874). Simulation with a cellular kinetic model indicated that ER is sensitive to changes of PSpassive and CLint values, but not to the intracellular unbound fraction (fu,cell ) or P-gp-mediated efflux (PSP - gp ). It may be concluded that, based on the concentration-time profile of drugs in epithelial cells, transmembrane permeability influences Fg (or ER) and drug exposure time to metabolizing enzymes for P450 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Yasugi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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Kondo S, Miyake M. Simultaneous Prediction Method for Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism Using the Mini-Ussing Chamber System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2732. [PMID: 38140073 PMCID: PMC10747201 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many evaluation tools for predicting human absorption are well-known for using cultured cell lines such as Caco-2, MDCK, and so on. Since the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening system, pharmacological assay, and pharmaceutical profiling assay are mainstays of drug development, PAMPA has been used to evaluate human drug absorption. In addition, cultured cell lines from iPS cells have been attracting attention because they morphologically resemble human intestinal tissues. In this review, we used human intestinal tissues to estimate human intestinal absorption and metabolism. The Ussing chamber uses human intestinal tissues to directly assay a drug candidate's permeability and determine the electrophysiological parameters such as potential differences (PD), short circuit current (Isc), and resistance (R). Thus, it is an attractive tool for elucidating human intestinal permeability and metabolism. We have presented a novel prediction method for intestinal absorption and metabolism by utilizing a mini-Ussing chamber using human intestinal tissues and animal intestinal tissues, based on the transport index (TI). The TI value was calculated by taking the change in drug concentrations on the apical side due to precipitation and the total amounts accumulated in the tissue (Tcorr) and transported to the basal side (Xcorr). The drug absorbability in rank order, as well as the fraction of dose absorbed (Fa) in humans, was predicted, and the intestinal metabolism of dogs and rats was also predicted, although it was not quantitative. However, the metabolites formation index (MFI) values, which are included in the TI values, can predict the evaluation of intestinal metabolism and absorption by using ketoconazole. Therefore, the mini-Ussing chamber, equipped with human and animal intestinal tissues, would be an ultimate method to predict intestinal absorption and metabolism simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 460-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan;
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 460-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masateru Miyake
- Business Integrity and External Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8242, Japan
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4
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Burclaff J. Transcriptional regulation of metabolism in the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G501-G507. [PMID: 37786942 PMCID: PMC10894668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00147.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial metabolism in the intestine is increasingly known to be important for stem cell maintenance and activity while also affecting weight gain and diseases. This review compiles studies from recent years which describe major transcription factors controlling metabolic activity across the intestinal epithelium as well as transcriptional and epigenetic networks controlling the factors themselves. Recent studies show that transcriptional regulators serve as the link between signals from the microbiota and diet and epithelial metabolism. Studies have advanced this paradigm to identify druggable targets to block weight gain or disease progression in mice. As such, there is great potential that a better understanding of these regulatory networks will improve our knowledge of intestinal physiology and promote discoveries to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Burclaff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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5
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Wang Z, Guo M, Li J, Jiang C, Yang S, Zheng S, Li M, Ai X, Xu X, Zhang W, He X, Wang Y, Chen Y. Composition and functional profiles of gut microbiota reflect the treatment stage, severity, and etiology of acute pancreatitis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0082923. [PMID: 37698429 PMCID: PMC10580821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00829-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a type of digestive system disease with high mortality. Previous studies have shown that gut microbiota can participate in developing and treating acute pancreatitis by affecting the host's metabolism. In this study, we followed 20 AP patients to generate longitudinal gut microbiota profiles and activity during disease (before treatment, on the third day of treatment, and 1 month after discharge). We analyzed species composition and metabolic pathways' changes across the treatment phase, severity, and etiology. The diversity of the gut microbiome of patients with AP did not show much variation with treatment. In contrast, the metabolic functions of the gut microbiota, such as the essential chemical reactions that produce energy and maintain life, were partially reinstated after treatment. The severe AP (SAP) patients contained less beneficial bacteria (i.e., Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Clostridium lavalense, and Roseburia inulinivorans) and weaker sugar degradation function than mild AP patients before treatment. Moreover, etiology was one of the drivers of gut microbiome composition and explained the 3.54% variation in species' relative abundance. The relative abundance of pathways related to lipid synthesis was higher in the gut of hyperlipidemia AP patients than in biliary AP patients. The composition and functional profiles of the gut microbiota reflect the severity and etiology of AP. Otherwise, we also identified bacterial species associated with SAP, i.e., Oscillibacter sp. 57_20, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Bacteroides stercoris, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Ruminococcus lactaris, Coprococcus comes, and Dorea formicigenerans, which have the potential to identify the SAP at an early stage. IMPORTANCE Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a type of digestive system disease with high mortality. Previous studies have shown that gut microbiota can participate in the development and treatment of acute pancreatitis by affecting the host's metabolism. However, fewer studies acquired metagenomic sequencing data to associate species to functions intuitively and performed longitudinal analysis to explore how gut microbiota influences the development of AP. We followed 20 AP patients to generate longitudinal gut microbiota profiles and activity during disease and studied the differences in intestinal flora under different severities and etiologies. We have two findings. First, the gut microbiota profile has the potential to identify the severity and etiology of AP at an early stage. Second, gut microbiota likely acts synergistically in the development of AP. This study provides a reference for characterizing the driver flora of severe AP to identify the severity of acute pancreatitis at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Mingyi Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Byoryn Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuangming Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gaolangang Branch of Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Hospital of Gaolangang), Zhuhai, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Shizhuo Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinbo Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingxiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, China
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Yang X, Weber AA, Mennillo E, Paszek M, Wong S, Le S, Teo JYA, Chang M, Benner CW, Tukey RH, Chen S. Oral arsenic administration to humanizedUDP-glucuronosyltransferase1 neonatal mice induces UGT1A1 through a dependence on Nrf2 and PXR. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102955. [PMID: 36720308 PMCID: PMC9996368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is an environmental toxicant that can lead to severe health consequences, which can be exacerbated if exposure occurs early in development. Here, we evaluated the impact of oral iAs treatment on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) expression and bilirubin metabolism in humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice. We found that oral administration of iAs to neonatal hUGT1 mice that display severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia leads to induction of intestinal UGT1A1 and a reduction in total serum bilirubin values. Oral iAs administration accelerates neonatal intestinal maturation, an event that is directly associated with UGT1A1 induction. As a reactive oxygen species producer, oral iAs treatment activated the Keap-Nrf2 pathway in the intestinal tract and liver. When Nrf2-deficient hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Nrf2-/-) were treated with iAs, it was shown that activated Nrf2 contributed significantly toward intestinal maturation and UGT1A1 induction. However, hepatic UGT1A1 was not induced upon iAs exposure. We previously demonstrated that the nuclear receptor PXR represses liver UGT1A1 in neonatal hUGT1 mice. When PXR was deleted in hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Pxr-/-), derepression of UGT1A1 was evident in both liver and intestinal tissue in neonates. Furthermore, when neonatal hUGT1/Pxr-/- mice were treated with iAs, UGT1A1 was superinduced in both tissues, confirming PXR release derepressed key regulatory elements on the gene that could be activated by iAs exposure. With iAs capable of generating reactive oxygen species in both liver and intestinal tissue, we conclude that PXR deficiency in neonatal hUGT1/Pxr-/- mice allows greater access of activated transcriptional modifiers such as Nrf2 leading to superinduction of UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Miles Paszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samantha Wong
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jia Ying Ashley Teo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Max Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher W Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Kasimir M, Behrens M, Humpf HU. Release of Small Phenolic Metabolites from Isotopically Labeled 13C Lignin in the Pig Cecum Model. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:8317-8325. [PMID: 35770971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A diet with a high dietary fiber content is often recommended in today's nutrition due to several beneficial health effects related to its intake. Lignin as a part of dietary fiber is the second most abundant natural polymer and considered to be stable during digestion. However, some studies indicate a partial degradation during the intestinal metabolism. To further elucidate this hypothesis, the aim of this study was to investigate whether lignin is metabolized by the gut microbiota using the ex vivo pig cecum model. As potential lignin-derived metabolites might already naturally occur in the pig cecal matrix, an approach using isotopically labeled 13C lignin was chosen for this study. Ten small phenolic lignin degradation products and their time-dependent metabolism were identified via an untargeted HPLC-HRMS approach, and the quantity of the metabolites was estimated. From the results, we conclude that lignin is partially degraded releasing small phenolic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kasimir
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Zhuang Y, Sun Q, Jing T, Liu J, Meng H, Cao Y, Qiu Z, Sun J, Li N. Contributions of intestine and liver to the absorption and disposition of FZJ-003, a selective JAK1 inhibitor with structure modification of filgotinib. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106211. [PMID: 35605911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
FZJ-003 is a selective Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor with structural modification of filgotinib for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. In this study, a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the specific contribution of the intestine and liver to the disposition of FZJ-003 compared with filgotinib. Results showed that FZJ-003 exhibited over 2-fold higher systemic exposure and lower clearance than those of filgotinib, after intravenous or intragastric administration at the equivalent mole dose level to conscious rats. In anesthetized rats treated with different dosing routes, FZJ-003 exhibited higher intestinal bioavailability (Fa•Fg, 98.47 vs 34.54%) but lower hepatic bioavailability (Fh, 61.45 vs 92.07%). Permeability test in Caco-2 cells indicated that FZJ-003 was probably transported by passive diffusion (efflux ratio 1.37 < 2, indicating the approximately equivalent Papp values in two directions) with a little higher permeability (Papp,AP-to-BL, 1.42 × 10-6vs 1.01 × 10-6 cm•s-1, FZJ-003 vs filgotinib). Metabolic studies in pre-systemic incubation systems showed that FZJ-003 experienced more NADPH-dependent metabolism, especially in hepatic microsomes fractions. Unlike filgotinib, there was no obvious amide-hydrolyzed metabolite of FZJ-003 detected throughout the pre-systemic metabolic sites. Collectively, these data suggest that the higher systemic exposure of FZJ-003 than filgotinib is mainly attributed to the higher intestinal bioavailability including bypassing the amide hydrolysis and possible efflux by intestinal epithelial cells, which strongly support the structural design purpose in terms of pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiushuang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Jing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Pharmaceutical Animal Experimental Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitao Meng
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD., Nanjing Branch, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junen Sun
- Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China.
| | - Ning Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Kasimir M, Hahn M, Westkamp I, Karentzopoulos A, Behrens M, Hövelmann Y, Humpf HU. Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of the Tomato Imidazole Alkaloids N-Caprylhistamine-β-glucoside and N-Caprylhistamine. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1562-1570. [PMID: 35080870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histamine-based imidazole alkaloids N-caprylhistamine (HmC8) and N-caprylhistamine-β-glucoside (HmC8-Glc) were recently identified as precursors for a tomato biomarker. As studies regarding metabolism and bioavailability are scarce, the present study aimed at the elucidation of intestinal absorption and metabolism using the Caco-2 model and the pig cecum model to mimic human intestinal conditions. The most abundant imidazole alkaloid HmC8-Glc was neither absorbed nor transferred across cellular barriers but extensively metabolized to HmC8 in the pig cecum model, whereas the aglycon HmC8 is subjected to transport and metabolic processes through the Caco-2 monolayer and metabolized to the bioactive neurotransmitter histamine by the intestinal microbiota. Deduced from the combined results of both methods, HmC8-Glc is not absorbed directly via the intestinal epithelium but requires a metabolic cleavage of the glycosidic bond by the gut microbiota. Because of the high bioavailability of the released HmC8 and histamine, HmC8 and its glucoside might also be involved in the intolerance to tomato products by histamine-intolerant consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kasimir
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Hahn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Imke Westkamp
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Karentzopoulos
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Coombes Z, Plant K, Freire C, Basit AW, Butler P, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Progesterone Metabolism by Human and Rat Hepatic and Intestinal Tissue. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101707. [PMID: 34684000 PMCID: PMC8537901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progesterone is low and highly variable. As a result, no clinically relevant, natural progesterone oral formulation is available. After oral delivery, first-pass metabolism initially occurs in the intestines; however, very little information on progesterone metabolism in this organ currently exists. The aim of this study is to investigate the contributions of liver and intestine to progesterone clearance. In the presence of NADPH, a rapid clearance of progesterone was observed in human and rat liver samples (t1/2 2.7 and 2.72 min, respectively). The rate of progesterone depletion in intestine was statistically similar between rat and human (t1/2 197.6 min in rat and 157.2 min in human). However, in the absence of NADPH, progesterone was depleted at a significantly lower rate in rat intestine compared to human. The roles of aldo keto reductases (AKR), xanthine oxidase (XAO) and aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in progesterone metabolism were also investigated. The rate of progesterone depletion was found to be significantly reduced by AKR1C, 1D1 and 1B1 in human liver and by AKR1B1 in human intestine. The inhibition of AOX also caused a significant reduction in progesterone degradation in human liver, whereas no change was observed in the presence of an XAO inhibitor. Understanding the kinetics of intestinal as well as liver metabolism is important for the future development of progesterone oral formulations. This novel information can inform decisions on the development of targeted formulations and help predict dosage regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coombes
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Katie Plant
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Philip Butler
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1792-295384
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11
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Reddy MB, Bolger MB, Fraczkiewicz G, Del Frari L, Luo L, Lukacova V, Mitra A, Macwan JS, Mullin JM, Parrott N, Heikkinen AT. PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091325. [PMID: 34575401 PMCID: PMC8468656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela B. Reddy
- Early Clinical Development, Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Pfizer, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-842-4123
| | - Michael B. Bolger
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Grace Fraczkiewicz
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | | | - Laibin Luo
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Springhouse, PA 19477, USA;
| | - Joyce S. Macwan
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jim M. Mullin
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
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12
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Mezhibovsky E, Knowles KA, He Q, Sui K, Tveter KM, Duran RM, Roopchand DE. Grape Polyphenols Attenuate Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice in Association With Reduced Butyrate and Increased Markers of Intestinal Carbohydrate Oxidation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:675267. [PMID: 34195217 PMCID: PMC8238044 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.675267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Western Diet (WD) low in fiber but high in fats and sugars contributes to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Supplementation with grape polyphenols (GPs) rich in B-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) can attenuate symptoms of cardiometabolic disease and alter the gut microbiota and its metabolites. We hypothesized that GP-mediated metabolic improvements would correlate with altered microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). To more closely mimic a WD, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fiber diet high in sucrose and butterfat along with 20% sucrose water to represent sugary beverages. This WD was supplemented with 1% GPs (WD-GP) to investigate the impact of GPs on energy balance, SCFA profile, and intestinal metabolism. Compared to WD-fed mice, the WD-GP group had higher lean mass along with lower fat mass, body weight, and hepatic steatosis despite consuming more calories from sucrose water. Indirect and direct calorimetry revealed that reduced adiposity in GP-supplemented mice was likely due to their greater energy expenditure, which resulted in lower energy efficiency compared to WD-fed mice. GP-supplemented mice had higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a gut microbe reported to increase energy expenditure. Short chain fatty acid measurements in colon content revealed that GP-supplemented mice had lower concentrations of butyrate, a major energy substrate of the distal intestine, and reduced valerate, a putrefactive SCFA. GP-supplementation also resulted in a lower acetate:propionate ratio suggesting reduced hepatic lipogenesis. Considering the higher sucrose consumption and reduced butyrate levels in GP-supplemented mice, we hypothesized that enterocytes would metabolize glucose and fructose as a replacement energy source. Ileal mRNA levels of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2, SLC2A2) were increased indicating higher glucose and fructose uptake. Expression of ketohexokinase (KHK) was increased in ileum tissue suggesting increased fructolysis. A GP-induced increase in intestinal carbohydrate oxidation was supported by: (1) increased gene expression of duodenal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), (2) a decreased ratio of lactate dehydrogenase a (LDHa): LDHb in jejunum and colon tissues, and (3) decreased duodenal and colonic lactate concentrations. These data indicate that GPs protect against WD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by diminishing portal delivery of lipogenic butyrate and sugars due to their increased intestinal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mezhibovsky
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kim A. Knowles
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Qiyue He
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ke Sui
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kevin M. Tveter
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Rocio M. Duran
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Diana E. Roopchand
- Department of Food Science and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health), New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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13
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Minegishi G, Kazuki Y, Nitta SI, Miyajima A, Akita H, Kobayashi K. In vivo evaluation of intestinal human CYP3A inhibition by macrolide antibiotics in CYP3A-humanised mice. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:764-770. [PMID: 34013847 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1921314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to predict drug-drug interactions via inhibition of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) which is a determinant of bioavailability of orally administered CYP3A substrates. However, inhibitory effects of macrolide antibiotics on CYP3A-mediated metabolism are not entirely identical between humans and rodents.We investigated the effects of macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and erythromycin, on in vitro and in vivo metabolism of triazolam, a CYP3A substrate, in CYP3A-humanised mice generated by using a mouse artificial chromosome vector carrying a human CYP3A gene.Metabolic activities of triazolam were inhibited by macrolide antibiotics in liver and intestine microsomes of CYP3A-humanised mice.The area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratios of 4-hydroxytriazolam to triazolam after oral dosing of triazolam were significantly decreased by multiple administration of macrolide antibiotics. The plasma concentrations ratios of α-hydroxytriazolam and 4-hydroxytriazolam to triazolam in portal blood were significantly decreased by multiple administration of clarithromycin in CYP3A-humanised mice.These results suggest that intestinal CYP3A activity was inhibited by macrolide antibiotics in CYP3A-humanised mice in vitro and in vivo. The plasma concentrations of triazolam and its metabolites in the portal blood of CYP3A-humanised mice would be useful for direct evaluation of intestinal CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Minegishi
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nitta
- Bioanalysis Department, Medical Solution Segment, Advanced Technology Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zou X, Wang S, Luo L, Liu Y, Dong K, Yao X, Li Y, Chen X, Sheng L. Metabolism and Interspecies Variation of IMMH-010, a Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Inhibitor Prodrug. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:598. [PMID: 33919384 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMMH-010 is an ester prodrug of YPD-29B, a potent programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor. The metabolism of IMMH-010 was investigated and compared in various species. Four metabolites of IMMH-010 were identified, and the major metabolite was the parent compound, YPD-29B, which was mainly catalyzed by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). We observed IMMH-010 metabolism in the plasma of various species. IMMH-010 was rapidly metabolized to YPD-29B in rat and mouse plasma, whereas it remained stable in human and monkey plasma. In the liver S9 fractions of human, monkey, dog, and rat, IMMH-010 was quickly transformed to YPD-29B with no obvious differences among species. In addition, the transformation ratio of IMMH-010 to YPD-29B was low in rat and human intestines, which indicated that the intestine was not an important site for IMMH-010 hydrolysis. Moreover, we demonstrated the remarkable antitumor efficacy of IMMH-010 in B16F10 melanoma and MC38 colon carcinoma xenograft mouse models. We also compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of IMMH-010 in rodents and primates. After oral administration of IMMH-010, the general exposure of active metabolite YPD-29B was slightly lower in primates than in rodents, suggesting that data should be extrapolated cautiously from rodents to humans.
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15
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Gao Y, Yang C, Wang L, Xiang Y, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhuang X. Comparable Intestinal and Hepatic First-Pass Effect of YL-IPA08 on the Bioavailability and Effective Brain Exposure, a Rapid Anti-PTSD and Anti-Depression Compound. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588127. [PMID: 33328995 PMCID: PMC7732531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
YL-IPA08, exerting rapid antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects on behaviors by translocator protein (TSPO) mediation, is a novel compound that has been discovered and developed at our institute. Fit-for-purpose pharmacokinetic properties is urgently needed to be discovered as early as possible for a new compound. YL-IPA08 exhibited low bioavailability (∼6%) during the preliminary pharmacokinetics study in rats after oral administration. Our aim was to determine how metabolic disposition by microsomal P450 enzymes in liver and intestine limited YL-IPA08’s bioavailability and further affected brain penetration to the target. Studies of in vitro metabolic stability and permeability combined with in vivo oral bioavailability, panel CYP inhibitor co-administration via different routes, and double cannulation rats were conducted to elucidate the intestinal and hepatic first-pass effect of YL-IPA08 on bioavailability. Unbound brain-to-plasma ratio (Kp,uu) in rats was determined at steady state. Results indicated that P450-mediated elimination appeared to be important for its extensive first-pass effect with comparative contribution of gut (35%) and liver (17%), and no significant species difference was observed. The unbound concentration of YL-IPA08 in rat brain (6.5 pg/ml) was estimated based on Kp,uu (0.18) and was slightly higher than in vitro TSPO-binding activity (4.9 pg/ml). Based on the onset efficacy of YL-IPA08 toward TPSO in brain and Kp,uu, therapeutic human plasma concentration was predicted to be ∼27.2 ng/ml would easily be reached even with unfavorable bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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16
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Burton RE, Kim S, Patel R, Hartman DS, Tracey DE, Fox BS. Structural features of bovine colostral immunoglobulin that confer proteolytic stability in a simulated intestinal fluid. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12317-12327. [PMID: 32665404 PMCID: PMC7443484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostral antibodies, purified from cow's milk produced immediately after calving, have enhanced resistance to degradation by intestinal proteases relative to antibodies from human or bovine serum, making them of particular interest as orally administered therapeutic agents. However, the basis of this resistance is not well defined. We evaluated the stability of AVX-470, a bovine colostral anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polyclonal antibody used in early clinical studies for treatment of ulcerative colitis, using conditions that mimic the human small intestine. AVX-470 was degraded ∼3 times more slowly than human IgG antibodies or infliximab (a monoclonal mouse-human chimeric IgG). Bovine IgG1 antibodies, the primary component of AVX-470, were slowly cleaved to F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, bovine IgG2 and human IgG1 antibodies were cleaved rapidly into Fab and smaller fragments, pointing to specific regions where additional stability might be gained. Infliximab was modified to incorporate the sequences from these regions, including the bovine IgG1 hinge region and a predicted disulfide bonding motif linking the upper hinge region, the CH1 domain, and the light chain. This infliximab-bovine IgG1 chimera (bovinized infliximab) retained the antigen binding and neutralization activity of the WT sequence but was degraded 9-fold more slowly than the unmodified infliximab. This remarkable increase in stability with as few as 18 amino acid substitutions suggests that this bovinization process is a means to enable oral delivery of proven therapeutic antibodies as well as novel antibodies to targets that have been previously inaccessible to therapies delivered by injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Skaison Kim
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
| | - Rutvij Patel
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara S Fox
- Avaxia Biologics/Circle33 LLC, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
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17
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Kim J, Choi JH, Oh T, Ahn B, Unno T. Codium fragile Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolism by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061848. [PMID: 32575855 PMCID: PMC7353201 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Codium fragile (CF) is a functional seaweed food that has been used for its health effects, including immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-cancer activities, but the effect of CF extracts on obesity via regulation of intestinal microflora is still unknown. This study investigated anti-obesity effects of CF extracts on gut microbiota of diet-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet were given CF extracts intragastrically for 12 weeks. CF extracts significantly decreased animal body weight and the size of adipocytes, while reducing serum levels of cholesterol and glucose. In addition, CF extracts significantly shifted the gut microbiota of mice by increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the abundance of Verrucomicrobia species, in which the portion of beneficial bacteria (i.e., Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Acetatifactor) were increased. This resulted in shifting predicted intestinal metabolic pathways involved in regulating adipocytes (i.e., mevalonate metabolism), energy harvest (i.e., pyruvate fermentation and glycolysis), appetite (i.e., chorismate biosynthesis) and metabolic disorders (i.e., isoprene biosynthesis, urea metabolism, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis). In conclusion, our study showed that CF extracts ameliorate intestinal metabolism in HF-induced obese mice by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungman Kim
- Faculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Wando 59108, Korea; (T.O.); (B.A.)
| | - Byungjae Ahn
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Wando 59108, Korea; (T.O.); (B.A.)
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Faculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-754-3354
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18
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Singhal R, Shah YM. Oxygen battle in the gut: Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in metabolic and inflammatory responses in the intestine. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10493-10505. [PMID: 32503843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly proliferative and regenerative tissue. The intestine also harbors a large and diverse microbial population collectively called the gut microbiome (microbiota). The microbiome-intestine cross-talk includes a dynamic exchange of gaseous signaling mediators generated by bacterial and intestinal metabolisms. Moreover, the microbiome initiates and maintains the hypoxic environment of the intestine that is critical for nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and innate and adaptive immune responses in the mucosal cells of the intestine. The response to hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In hypoxic conditions, the HIF activation regulates the expression of a cohort of genes that promote adaptation to hypoxia. Physiologically, HIF-dependent genes contribute to the aforementioned maintenance of epithelial barrier function, nutrient absorption, and immune regulation. However, chronic HIF activation exacerbates disease conditions, leading to intestinal injury, inflammation, and colorectal cancer. In this review, we aim to outline the major roles of physiological and pathological hypoxic conditions in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and in the onset and progression of disease with a major focus on understanding the complex pathophysiology of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Singhal
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Kasimir M, Behrens M, Schulz M, Kuchenbuch H, Focke C, Humpf HU. Intestinal Metabolism of α- and β-Glucosylated Modified Mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in the Pig Cecum Model. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5455-5461. [PMID: 32298583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The type A trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 toxin are fungal secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium fungi, which contaminate food and feed worldwide. Especially as a result of the high toxicity of T-2 toxin and their occurrence together with glucosylated forms in cereal crops, these mycotoxins are of human health concern. Particularly, it is unknown whether and how these modified mycotoxins are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and, thus, contribute to the overall toxicity. Therefore, the comparative intestinal metabolism of T-2 and HT-2 toxin glucosides in α and β configuration was investigated using the ex vivo pig cecum model, which mimics the human intestinal metabolism. Regardless of its configuration, the C-3 glycosidic bond was hydrolyzed within 10-20 min, releasing T-2 and HT-2 toxin, which were further metabolized to HT-2 toxin and T-2 triol, respectively. We conclude that T-2 and HT-2 toxin should be evaluated together with their modified forms for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kasimir
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Henning Kuchenbuch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Focke
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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20
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Jeon JH, Kang B, Lee S, Jin S, Choi MK, Song IS. Pharmacokinetics and Intestinal Metabolism of Compound K in Rats and Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E129. [PMID: 32028741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the plasma concentration, tissue distribution, and elimination of compound K following the intravenous administration of compound K (2 mg/kg) in rats and mice. The plasma concentrations of compound K in mice were much higher (about five-fold) than those in rats. In both rats and mice, compound K was mainly distributed in the liver and underwent biliary excretion. There was 28.4% fecal recovery of compound K in mice and 13.8% in rats, whereas its renal recovery was less than 0.1% in both rats and mice. Relative quantification of compound K and its metabolite protopanaxadiol (PPD) in rat bile and intestinal feces indicated that the metabolism from compound K into PPD occurred in the intestine but not in the plasma. Therefore, PPD detected in the plasma samples could have been absorbed from the intestine after metabolism in control rats, while PPD could not be detected in the plasma samples from bile duct cannulated rats. In conclusion, mice and rats shared common features such as exclusive liver distribution, major excretion pathway via biliary route, and intestinal metabolism to PPD. However, there were significant differences between rats and mice in the plasma concentrations of compound K and the fecal recovery of compound K and PPD.
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21
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Noh K, Pang KS. Theoretical consideration of the properties of intestinal flow models on route-dependent drug removal: Segregated Flow (SFM) vs. Traditional (TM). Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 40:195-213. [PMID: 31099032 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is endowed with a plethora of enzymes and transporters and regulates the flow of substrate to the liver. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models have surfaced to describe intestinal removal. The traditional model (TM) describes the intestinal flow as a whole perfusing the entire tissue that contains the intestinal transporters and enzymes. The segregated flow model (SFM) describes that only a fraction (fQ < 0.2) of the intestinal blood flow perfuses the enterocyte region where the intestinal enzymes and transporters are housed, rendering a lower drug distribution/intestinal clearance when drug enters via the circulation than from the gut lumen. As shown by simulations, a higher intestinal clearance and extraction ratio (EI,iv ) exists for the TM than for SFM after iv dosing. By contrast, the EI,po after po dosing is higher for the SFM, due to the smaller volume of distribution for the enterocyte region and a lower flow rate that result in increased mean residence time and higher drug extraction. Under MBI (mechanism-based inhibition), the AUCR,po after oral bolus is the highest for drug when inhibitor is given orally, with SFM > TM. Competitive inhibition of intestinal enzymes leads to higher liver metabolism; again, when both drug and inhibitor are given orally, changes in the SFM > TM. However, less definitive patterns result with inhibition of both intestinal and liver enzymes. In conclusion, differences exist for EI and drug-drug interaction (DDI) between the TM and SFM. The fractional intestinal blood flow (fQ ) is a key factor affecting different extents of intestinal/liver metabolism of the drug after oral as well as intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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22
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Wu Y, Zhao NJ, Cao Y, Sun Z, Wang Q, Liu ZY, Sun ZL. Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:208-214. [PMID: 31943246 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax , 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2 ) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css ) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Na-Jiao Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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23
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Villa-Rodriguez JA, Ifie I, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Roopchand DE. The Gastrointestinal Tract as Prime Site for Cardiometabolic Protection by Dietary Polyphenols. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:999-1011. [PMID: 31144710 PMCID: PMC6855987 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence from nutritional epidemiology links polyphenol-rich diets with reduced incidence of chronic disorders; however, biological mechanisms underlying polyphenol-disease relations remain enigmatic. Emerging evidence is beginning to unmask the contribution of the gastrointestinal tract on whole-body energy homeostasis, suggesting that the intestine may be a prime target for intervention and a fundamental site for the metabolic actions of polyphenols. During their transit through the gastrointestinal tract, polyphenols may activate enteric nutrient sensors ensuing appropriate responses from other peripheral organs to regulate metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, polyphenols can modulate the absorption of glucose, attenuating exaggerated hormonal responses and metabolic imbalances. Polyphenols that escape absorption are metabolized by the gut microbiota and the resulting catabolites may act locally, activating nuclear receptors that control enteric functions such as intestinal permeability. Finally, polyphenols modulate gut microbial ecology, which can have profound effects on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villa-Rodriguez
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to JAV-R (e-mail: )
| | - Idolo Ifie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo A Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to DER (e-mail: )
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24
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Bui TP, Troise AD, Fogliano V, de Vos WM. Anaerobic Degradation of N-ε-Carboxymethyllysine, a Major Glycation End-Product, by Human Intestinal Bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:6594-6602. [PMID: 31091091 PMCID: PMC6566499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of lysine contribute to the amount of dietary advanced glycation end-products reaching the colon. However, little is known about the ability of intestinal bacteria to metabolize dietary N-ε-carboxymethyllysine (CML). Successive transfers of fecal microbiota in growth media containing CML were used to identify and isolate species able to metabolize CML under anaerobic conditions. From our study, only donors exposed to processed foods degraded CML, and anaerobic bacteria enrichments from two of them used 77 and 100% of CML. Oscillibacter and Cloacibacillus evryensis increased in the two donors after the second transfer, highlighting that the bacteria from these taxa could be candidates for anaerobic CML degradation. A tentative identification of CML metabolites produced by a pure culture of Cloacibacillus evryensis was performed by mass spectrometry: carboxymethylated biogenic amines and carboxylic acids were identified as CML degradation products. The study confirmed the ability of intestinal bacteria to metabolize CML under anoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Phuong
Nam Bui
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Caelus
Pharmaceuticals, 3473 KG Zegveld, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food
Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Tel: +31317485171; E-mail: . (V.F.)
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Caelus
Pharmaceuticals, 3473 KG Zegveld, The Netherlands
- Human
Microbiome Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide health problem. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Decreased hepatic insulin resistance is key, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that changes in intestinal function and subsequent changes in portal venous milieu drive some of these postoperative benefits. We therefore aimed to evaluate postoperative changes in portal milieu. Two rat strains, healthy [Sprague-Dawley (SD)] and obese diabetic [Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF)] rats, underwent RYGB or control surgery. After 4 wk, portal and systemic blood was sampled before and during an intestinal glucose bolus to investigate changes in intestinal glucose absorption (Gabsorp) and utilization (Gutil), and intestinal secretion of incretins and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Hepatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), which degrades incretins, was also measured. RYGB decreased Gabsorp in both rat strains. Gutil increased in SD rats and decreased in ZDF rats. In both strains, there was increased expression of intestinal hexokinase and gluconeogenesis enzymes. Systemic incretin and GLP-2 levels also increased after RYGB. This occurred without an increase in secretion. Hepatic DPP4 activity and expression were unchanged. RYGB perturbs multiple intestinal pathways, leading to decreased intestinal glucose absorption and increased incretin levels in both healthy and diabetic animals. In diabetic rats, intestinal glucose balance shifts toward glucose release. The portal vein as the gut-liver axis may integrate these intestinal changes to contribute to rapid changes in hepatic glucose and hormone handling. This fresh insight into the surgical physiology of RYGB raises the hope of less invasive alternatives. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Portal milieu after gastric bypass surgery is an underinvestigated area. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass perturbs multiple intestinal pathways, reducing intestinal glucose absorption and increasing incretin levels. In diabetic rats, the intestine becomes a net releaser of glucose, increasing portal glucose levels. The portal vein as the gut-liver axis may integrate these intestinal changes to contribute to changes in hepatic glucose handling. This fresh insight raises the hope of less invasive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- 1Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David B. Rhoads
- 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,3Pediatric Endocrinology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- 1Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,4Center for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Meng Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhang G, Liu L, Huo G, Li C. Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0318 Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Immunity and Metabolic Disorders in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:731. [PMID: 31031723 PMCID: PMC6473033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CTX), a clinically important antineoplastic drug, also leads to some side effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in the consumer. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) KLDS1.0318 preserved in our laboratory was orally administered to CTX-treated mice to explore its potential effects to attenuate the toxic effects of CTX-induced by modulating intestinal immune response, promoting intestinal integrity and improving metabolic profile. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups including normal control group (NC; non-CTX with sterile saline), model control group (MC; CTX-treated with sterile saline), CTX-treated with L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 (10 mL/kg) groups with three different doses (KLDS1.0318-L, 5 × 107 CFU/mL; KLDS1.0318-M, 5 × 108 CFU/mL; KLDS1.0318-H, 5 × 109 CFU/mL), and CTX-treated with levamisole hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) as a positive control (PC) group. After receiving the bacterium for 20 days, samples of small intestine and colonic contents were collected for different analyses. The results revealed that the levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 cells (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and Th2 cells (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) in probiotic treatment groups were significantly higher than those in the MC group. Histopathological results showed that L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 favorably recovered CTX-induced abnormal intestinal morphology by improving the villus height and crypt depth as well as quantity of goblet cells and mucins production. Compared to CTX alone-treated group, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly increased and the levels of pH and ammonia were decreased significantly with high dose L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 supplementation. Compared with mice in CTX alone-treated group, mice in three groups of KLDS1.0318 had increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased Escherichia and Enterococcus in their cecal content. The present findings suggested that L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 could be of significant advantage to mitigate the harmful effects of CTX and improve the intestinal health in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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27
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Paraiso IL, Plagmann LS, Yang L, Zielke R, Gombart AF, Maier CS, Sikora AE, Blakemore PR, Stevens JF. Reductive Metabolism of Xanthohumol and 8-Prenylnaringenin by the Intestinal Bacterium Eubacterium ramulus. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800923. [PMID: 30471194 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The intestinal microbiota transforms a wide range of available substrates, including polyphenols. Microbial catabolites of polyphenols can contribute in significant ways to the health-promoting properties of their parent polyphenols. This work aims to identify intestinal metabolites of xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and beer, as well as to identify pathways of metabolism of XN in the gut. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate intestinal metabolism, XN and related prenylated flavonoids, isoxanthohumol (IX), and 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN) were added to growing cultures of intestinal bacteria, Eubacterium ramulus and E. limosum. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify metabolites of the flavonoids from the cultures. The metabolic capacity of E. limosum appears to be limited to O-demethylation. Evidence from the study indicates that E. ramulus hydrogenates XN to form α,β-dihydroxanthohumol (DXN) and metabolizes the potent phytoestrogen 8PN into the chalcones, O-desmethylxanthohumol (DMX) and O-desmethyl-α,β-dihydroxanthohumol (DDXN). CONCLUSION Microbial metabolism is likely to affect both activity and toxicity of XN and derivatives. This study along with others highlights that attention should be focused on metabolites, in particular, products of intestinal microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines L Paraiso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Layhna S Plagmann
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ryszard Zielke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Paul R Blakemore
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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28
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Imai S, Ichikawa T, Sugiyama C, Nonaka K, Yamada T. Contribution of Human Liver and Intestinal Carboxylesterases to the Hydrolysis of Selexipag In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1027-1034. [PMID: 30267780 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In liver microsomes, selexipag (NS-304; ACT-293987) mainly undergoes hydrolytic removal of the sulfonamide moiety by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to yield the pharmacologically active metabolite MRE-269 (ACT-333679). However, it is not known how much CES in the liver and intestine contributes to the hydrolysis of selexipag or how selexipag is metabolized in the intestine, including by hydrolysis. To obtain a better understanding of selexipag metabolism in humans, we determined the percentage contribution of CES1 and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) to the hydrolysis of selexipag and 7 of its analogs with different sulfonamide moieties and evaluated its nonhydrolytic metabolism in human liver microsomes and human intestinal microsomes (HIMS). For selexipag, the percentage contributions of CES1 and CES2 in human liver microsomes were 77.0% and 9.99%, respectively, while the percentage contribution of CES2 in HIMS was 100%. In HIMS, the rate of hydrolysis of selexipag was the lowest among the compounds tested, and no difference between the presence and absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was noted. We infer from these results that selexipag is likely to be hydrolyzed by CES2 as well as CES1, and only selexipag itself and the MRE-269 produced by hydrolysis in the intestine would be absorbed after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Imai
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugiyama
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nonaka
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yamada
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Choi SM, Kang CY, Lee BJ, Park JB. In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation Using In Silico Modeling of Physiological Properties, Metabolites, and Intestinal Metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 18:973-982. [PMID: 29086683 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666171031124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, pharmaceutical research has focused on in vitro-in vivo correlation as a novel challenge, and in silico modeling has been an important component. As in silico models are highly representative of practical use, regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have recognized and utilized in silico modeling as a useful tool; this allows pharmaceutical organizations to use Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for decision-making, which may aid the financial efficiency of a clinical trial. However, some studies have shown differences of up to approximately 40% in pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve or maximum serum concentration between observed and simulated data. METHODS Gastroplus™ was used to demonstrate current PBPK simulation. 46 research papers were compared with each other's applications of PBPK simulation. RESULTS To improve the accuracy of simulation, additional factors may need to be considered, such as precise volume of gastrointestinal sections, specific metabolism of the target drug, and physicochemical data of drug metabolites. Furthermore, the results of these simulations would be extremely valuable to the relevant applications. Simulation programs using Advanced Compartmental Absorption and Transit (ACAT)/PBPK modeling could be a powerful tool for companies performing pre-clinical experiments, and could provide a solution for the ethical issues and economic constraints of clinical trials. CONCLUSION If in silico modeling produced more precise results that could closely match clinical data, it could be more readily used to screen drug pharmacodynamics in bodily systems, and the efficiency of clinical trials would be improved. However, simulation programs are currently limited in their accuracy of pharmacodynamic predictions. In developing new drugs, pharmaceutical companies should address this issue in order to improve in silico/PBPK modeling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742. Korea
| | - Chin-Yang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742. Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749. Korea
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742. Korea
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30
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Chalet C, Hollebrands B, Duchateau GS, Augustijns P. Intestinal phase-II metabolism of quercetin in HT29 cells, 3D human intestinal tissues and in healthy volunteers: a qualitative comparison using LC-IMS-MS and LC-HRMS. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:945-952. [PMID: 30085847 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1509246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large class of dietary molecules, among which quercetin is the most ubiquitous, which undergo an extensive intestinal phase-II metabolism. We compared the in vivo metabolism of quercetin in healthy volunteers with two in vitro models, HT29 cells and 3 D human intestinal tissues. Supernatants of the in vitro experiments and the human intestinal fluids (HIF) were analyzed by LC-IMS-MS and LC-HRMS in a qualitative way. Quercetin glucuronides, sulfates and their methyl conjugates were detected in all three systems. The metabolic profiles were found to be different, both in terms of the metabolites produced and their relative proportions. In particular, quercetin sulfates were almost absent in supernatants from HT29 cells incubations while they were a major metabolite in HIF and also found in 3 D intestinal tissues incubations. IMS provided structural information as well as a third dimension of characterization, while HRMS brought increased sensitivity and MS/MS confirmation. HT29 cells are a useful tool to generate phase-II metabolites but do not represent the in vivo situation. 3 D intestinal tissues appear as a more relevant tool to study the intestinal phase-II metabolism of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chalet
- a Unilever R&D , Vlaardingen , The Netherlands.,b Drug Delivery and Disposition , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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31
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Ben-Zvi D, Meoli L, Abidi WM, Nestoridi E, Panciotti C, Castillo E, Pizarro P, Shirley E, Gourash WF, Thompson CC, Munoz R, Clish CB, Anafi RC, Courcoulas AP, Stylopoulos N. Time-Dependent Molecular Responses Differ between Gastric Bypass and Dieting but Are Conserved Across Species. Cell Metab 2018; 28:310-323.e6. [PMID: 30043755 PMCID: PMC6628900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) against obesity and its comorbidities has generated excitement about developing new, less invasive treatments that use the same molecular mechanisms. Although controversial, RYGB-induced improvement of metabolic function may not depend entirely upon weight loss. To elucidate the differences between RYGB and dieting, we studied several individual organ molecular responses and generated an integrative, interorgan view of organismal physiology. We also compared murine and human molecular signatures. We show that, although dieting and RYGB can bring about the same degree of weight loss, post-RYGB physiology is very different. RYGB induces distinct, organ-specific adaptations in a temporal pattern that is characterized by energetically demanding processes, which may be coordinated by HIF1a activation and the systemic repression of growth hormone receptor signaling. Many of these responses are conserved in rodents and humans and may contribute to the remarkable ability of surgery to induce and sustain metabolic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ben-Zvi
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Luca Meoli
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wasif M Abidi
- Developmental Endoscopy Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eirini Nestoridi
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Courtney Panciotti
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erick Castillo
- Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Palmenia Pizarro
- Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Eleanor Shirley
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Metabolic Surgery, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William F Gourash
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Metabolic Surgery, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher C Thompson
- Developmental Endoscopy Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rodrigo Munoz
- Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ron C Anafi
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anita P Courcoulas
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Metabolic Surgery, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas Stylopoulos
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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32
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Lee JS, Wang RX, Alexeev EE, Lanis JM, Battista KD, Glover LE, Colgan SP. Hypoxanthine is a checkpoint stress metabolite in colonic epithelial energy modulation and barrier function. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6039-6051. [PMID: 29487135 PMCID: PMC5912467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells form a selectively permeable barrier to protect colon tissues from luminal microbiota and antigens and to mediate nutrient, fluid, and waste flux in the intestinal tract. Dysregulation of the epithelial cell barrier coincides with profound shifts in metabolic energy, especially in the colon, which exists in an energetically depleting state of physiological hypoxia. However, studies that systematically examine energy flux and adenylate metabolism during intestinal epithelial barrier development and restoration after disruption are lacking. Here, to delineate barrier-related energy flux, we developed an HPLC-based profiling method to track changes in energy flux and adenylate metabolites during barrier development and restoration. Cultured epithelia exhibited pooling of phosphocreatine and maintained ATP during barrier development. EDTA-induced epithelial barrier disruption revealed that hypoxanthine levels correlated with barrier resistance. Further studies uncovered that hypoxanthine supplementation improves barrier function and wound healing and that hypoxanthine appears to do so by increasing intracellular ATP, which improved cytoskeletal G- to F-actin polymerization. Hypoxanthine supplementation increased the adenylate energy charge in the murine colon, indicating potential to regulate adenylate energy charge-mediated metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, experiments in a murine colitis model disclosed that hypoxanthine loss during active inflammation correlates with markers of disease severity. In summary, our results indicate that hypoxanthine modulates energy metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells and is critical for intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Lee
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Ruth X Wang
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Erica E Alexeev
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Kayla D Battista
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Louise E Glover
- the School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P Colgan
- From the Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
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33
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Yau E, Petersson C, Dolgos H, Peters SA. A comparative evaluation of models to predict human intestinal metabolism from nonclinical data. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:163-186. [PMID: 28152562 PMCID: PMC5412686 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive gut metabolism is often associated with the risk of low and variable bioavailability. The prediction of the fraction of drug escaping gut wall metabolism as well as transporter-mediated secretion (Fg ) has been challenged by the lack of appropriate preclinical models. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of models that are widely employed in the pharmaceutical industry today to estimate Fg and, based on the outcome, to provide recommendations for the prediction of human Fg during drug discovery and early drug development. The use of in vitro intrinsic clearance from human liver microsomes (HLM) in three mechanistic models - the ADAM, Qgut and Competing Rates - was evaluated for drugs whose metabolism is dominated by CYP450s, assuming that the effect of transporters is negligible. The utility of rat as a model for human Fg was also explored. The ADAM, Qgut and Competing Rates models had comparable prediction success (70%, 74%, 69%, respectively) and bias (AFE = 1.26, 0.74 and 0.81, respectively). However, the ADAM model showed better accuracy compared with the Qgut and Competing Rates models (RMSE =0.20 vs 0.30 and 0.25, respectively). Rat is not a good model (prediction success =32%, RMSE =0.48 and AFE = 0.44) as it seems systematically to under-predict human Fg . Hence, we would recommend the use of rat to identify the need for Fg assessment, followed by the use of HLM in simple models to predict human Fg . © 2017 Merck KGaA. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Yau
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sheila Annie Peters
- Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
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34
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Hatley OJD, Jones CR, Galetin A, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Optimization of intestinal microsomal preparation in the rat: A systematic approach to assess the influence of various methodologies on metabolic activity and scaling factors. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:187-208. [PMID: 28207929 PMCID: PMC5413848 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic capacity of the intestine and its importance as the initial barrier to systemic exposure can lead to underestimation of first‐pass, and thus overestimation of oral bioavailability. However, the in vitro tools informing estimates of in vivo intestinal metabolism are limited by the complexity of the in vitro matrix preparation and uncertainty with the scaling factors for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. A number of methods currently exist in the literature for the preparation of intestinal microsomes; however, the impact of key steps in the preparation procedure has not been critically assessed. In the current study, changes in enterocyte isolation, the impact of buffer constituents heparin and glycerol, as well as sonication as a direct method of homogenization were assessed systematically. Furthermore, fresh vs. frozen tissue samples and the impact of microsome freeze thawing was assessed. The rat intestinal microsomes were characterized for CYP content as well as metabolic activity using testosterone and 4‐nitropheonol as probes for CYP and UGT activity, respectively. Comparisons in metabolic activity and scaled unbound intestinal intrinsic clearance (CLintu,gut) were made to commercially available microsomes using 25 drugs with a diverse range of metabolic pathways and intestinal metabolic stabilities. An optimal, robust and reproducible microsomal preparation method for investigation of intestinal metabolism is proposed. The importance of characterization of the in vitro matrix and the potential impact of intestinal scaling factors on the in vitro–in vivo extrapolation of FG needs to be investigated further. © 2017 The Authors Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J D Hatley
- Certara, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Certara, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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35
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Imai T, Tanaka K, Yonemitsu T, Yakushiji Y, Ohura K. Elucidation of the Intestinal Absorption of para-Aminobenzoic Acid, a Marker for Dietary Intake. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2881-2888. [PMID: 28549908 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) has long been used as an indicator of the completeness of 24-h urine collection by determination of total urinary excretion of PABA and its metabolite, N-acetyl-PABA. N-Acetyl-PABA is formed by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) in liver and intestine. This intestinal metabolism may reduce the urinary recovery of PABA due to secretion of N-acetyl-PABA into the intestinal lumen. In the present study, the effect of intestinal metabolism of PABA on its absorption was quantitatively evaluated by the in situ single-pass perfusion method using rat intestine expressing rat arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (Nat2), which is similar to human NAT1. PABA was taken up in a linear fashion in the intestinal mucosa and its effective permeability coefficient indicated 100% absorption. The metabolism of PABA to N-acetyl-PABA reached saturation and substrate inhibition was observed at higher PABA concentrations. These phenomena were also observed in an in vitro study using the intestinal S9 fraction. Interestingly, N-acetyl-PABA was transported more quickly into the vein than into the intestinal lumen. Both the substrate inhibition of Nat2 and transporter-mediated efflux of N-acetyl-PABA into veins result in low secretion levels of N-acetyl-PABA into the intestinal mucosa over a wide range of PABA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yonemitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Yakushiji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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36
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Eskelinen JJ, Toivanen J, Ishizu T, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Parkkola R, Kapanen J, Grönroos TJ, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Ahotupa M, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Two weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training, but not high-intensity interval training, increases insulin-stimulated intestinal glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1188-1197. [PMID: 28183816 PMCID: PMC5451533 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00431.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes. Similar to muscles, the intestine is also insulin resistant in obese subjects and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Exercise training improves muscle insulin sensitivity, but its effects on intestinal metabolism are not known. We studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on intestinal glucose and free fatty acid uptake from circulation in humans. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged, sedentary men were randomized for 2 wk of HIIT or MICT. Intestinal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting free fatty acid uptake from circulation were measured using positron emission tomography and [18F]FDG and [18F]FTHA. In addition, effects of HIIT and MICT on intestinal GLUT2 and CD36 protein expression were studied in rats. Training improved aerobic capacity (P = 0.001) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P = 0.04), but not differently between HIIT and MICT. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased only after the MICT in the colon (HIIT = 0%; MICT = 37%) (P = 0.02 for time × training) and tended to increase in the jejunum (HIIT = −4%; MICT = 13%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). Fasting free fatty acid uptake decreased in the duodenum in both groups (HIIT = −6%; MICT = −48%) (P = 0.001 time) and tended to decrease in the colon in the MICT group (HIIT = 0%; MICT = −38%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). In rats, both training groups had higher GLUT2 and CD36 expression compared with control animals. This study shows that already 2 wk of MICT enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, while both training modes reduce fasting free fatty acid uptake in the intestine in healthy, middle-aged men, providing an additional mechanism by which exercise training can improve whole body metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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37
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Mercer SW, Wang J, Burke R. In Vivo Modeling of the Pathogenic Effect of Copper Transporter Mutations That Cause Menkes and Wilson Diseases, Motor Neuropathy, and Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4113-4122. [PMID: 28119449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential biometal, and several inherited diseases are directly associated with a disruption to normal copper homeostasis. The best characterized are the copper deficiency and toxicity disorders Menkes and Wilson diseases caused by mutations in the p-type Cu-ATPase genes ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively. Missense mutations in the C-terminal portion of ATP7A have also been shown to cause distal motor neuropathy, whereas polymorphisms in ATP7B are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. We have generated a single, in vivo model for studying multiple pathogenic mutations in ATP7 proteins using Drosophila melanogaster, which has a single orthologue of ATP7A and ATP7B. Four pathogenic ATP7A mutations and two ATP7B mutations were introduced into a genomic ATP7 rescue construct containing an in-frame C-terminal GFP tag. Analysis of the wild type ATP7-GFP transgene confirmed that ATP7 is expressed at the basolateral membrane of larval midgut copper cells and that the transgene can rescue a normally early lethal ATP7 deletion allele to adulthood. Analysis of the gATP7-GFP transgenes containing pathogenic mutations showed that the function of ATP7 was affected, to varying degrees, by all six of the mutations investigated in this study. Of particular interest, the ATP7BK832R Alzheimer's disease susceptibility allele was found, for the first time, to be a loss of function allele. This in vivo system allows us to assess the severity of individual ATP7A/B mutations in an invariant genetic background and has the potential to be used to screen for therapeutic compounds able to restore function to faulty copper transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Mercer
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jianbin Wang
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard Burke
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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38
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Iga K, Kiriyama A. Simulations of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions by Simple Two-Compartment Model-Assisted Static Method. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1426-1438. [PMID: 28089686 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to predict cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a simple 2-compartment model-assisted, overall inhibition activity (Ai,overall) method was derived based on 2 concepts. One concept was that the increase in blood victim level and fold increase in the area under the blood victim level curve produced by DDI are determined entirely by Ai,overall, the hepatic availability of the victim and fraction of urinary excreted unchanged victim, where Ai,overall is determined by the perpetrator-specific CYP isoform inhibition activities (Ai,CYPs, DDI predictor-1) and victim-specific fractional CYP isoform contributions (fm,CYPs, predictor-2). The other concept was that a DDI can be bridged to other DDIs, so that any possible DDI produced by a given victim or a given perpetrator can be predicted by using these predictors. The Ai,CYP3A4s of 12 common CYP3A4 inhibitors were able to be determined and shown to be useful for the prediction of CYP3A4-mediated DDIs wherein victims were metabolized by multiple CYP isoforms. Additionally, it was demonstrated that fm,CYP values with high confidence can be estimated by bridging DDIs produced by the same victim and different perpetrators. This bridging approach will accelerate prediction of DDIs produced by new chemical entities from the existing DDI database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Iga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kiriyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
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39
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Rulifson IC, Collins P, Miao L, Nojima D, Lee KJ, Hardy M, Gupte J, Hensley K, Samayoa K, Cam C, Rottman JB, Ollmann M, Richards WG, Li Y. In Vitro and in Vivo Analyses Reveal Profound Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor 16 as a Metabolic Regulator. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1951-1969. [PMID: 28011645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a key regulator of energy expenditure has sparked interest in identifying novel soluble factors capable of activating inducible BAT (iBAT) to combat obesity. Using a high content cell-based screen, we identified fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16) as a potent inducer of several physical and transcriptional characteristics analogous to those of both "classical" BAT and iBAT. Overexpression of Fgf16 in vivo recapitulated several of our in vitro findings, specifically the significant induction of the Ucp1 gene and UCP1 protein expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), a common site for emergent active iBAT. Despite significant UCP1 up-regulation in iWAT and dramatic weight loss, the metabolic improvements observed due to Fgf16 overexpression in vivo were not the result of increased energy expenditure, as measured by indirect calorimetric assessment. Instead, a pattern of reduced food and water intake, combined with feces replete with lipid and bile acid, indicated a phenotype more akin to that of starvation and intestinal malabsorption. Gene expression analysis of the liver and ileum indicated alterations in several steps of bile acid metabolism, including hepatic synthesis and reabsorption. Histological analysis of intestinal tissue revealed profound abnormalities in support of this conclusion. The in vivo data, together with FGF receptor binding analysis, indicate that the in vivo outcome observed is the likely result of both direct and indirect mechanisms and probably involves multiple receptors. These results highlight the complexity of FGF signaling in the regulation of various metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C Rulifson
- From the Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Patrick Collins
- the Genome Analysis Unit, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Li Miao
- From the Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Dana Nojima
- the Genome Analysis Unit, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- the Genome Analysis Unit, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Miki Hardy
- the Genome Analysis Unit, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jamila Gupte
- From the Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kelly Hensley
- the Department of Pathology, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kim Samayoa
- the Department of Pathology, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Cynthia Cam
- the Department of Comparative Animal Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - James B Rottman
- the Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Mike Ollmann
- the Genome Analysis Unit, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - William G Richards
- the Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Yang Li
- From the Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, California 94080.
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40
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Watkins ME, Wring S, Randolph R, Park S, Powell K, Lutz L, Nowakowski M, Ramabhadran R, Domanico PL. Development of a Novel Formulation That Improves Preclinical Bioavailability of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:906-19. [PMID: 27986599 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), the bisphosphonate ester prodrug of tenofovir (TFV), has poor bioavailability due to intestinal degradation and efflux transport. Reformulation using U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved esterase and efflux inhibitors to increase oral bioavailability could provide lower dose alternatives and reduce costs for patients with HIV in resource-limited settings. Inhibition of mucosal and intracellular esterases was studied in human and rat intestinal extracts (S9), where TDF was protected by the carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-para-nitrophenylphosphate, the ester mix EM1, and the generally recognized-as-safe (GRAS) excipient propylparaben. Permeability studies using Madin-Darby canine kidney and Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated that TDF was a substrate for the permeability glycoprotein with permeability glycoprotein inhibitors reducing basolateral to apical transport of TDF. These studies also showed that transport was increased by esterase inhibitors. TDF, TFV, and tenofovir monophosphonate ester transport across Caco-2 monolayers with esterase and efflux inhibitors revealed a maximum 38.7-fold increase in apical to basolateral TDF transport with the potent non-GRAS combination of EM1 and GF120918. Transport was increased 22.8-fold by the GRAS excipients, propylparaben, and d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (a vitamin E derivative). TFV pharmacokinetics in rats following oral administration of TDF and GRAS esterase and efflux inhibitors confirmed enhanced bioavailability. Area under the curve increased 1.5- to 2.1-fold with various combinations of parabens and d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate. This significant inhibition of TDF hydrolysis and efflux in vivo exhibits the potential to safely increase TDF bioavailability in humans.
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41
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Park SH, Kim J, Yu M, Park JH, Kim YS, Moon Y. Epithelial Cholesterol Deficiency Attenuates Human Antigen R-linked Pro-inflammatory Stimulation via an SREBP2-linked Circuit. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24641-24656. [PMID: 27703009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic intestinal ulcerative diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, tend to exhibit abnormal lipid profiles, which may affect the gut epithelial integrity. We hypothesized that epithelial cholesterol depletion may trigger inflammation-checking machinery via cholesterol sentinel signaling molecules whose disruption in patients may aggravate inflammation and disease progression. In the present study, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) as the cholesterol sentinel was assessed for its involvement in the epithelial inflammatory responses in cholesterol-depleted enterocytes. Patients and experimental animals with intestinal ulcerative injuries showed suppression in epithelial SREBP2. Moreover, SREBP2-deficient enterocytes showed enhanced pro-inflammatory signals in response to inflammatory insults, indicating regulatory roles of SREBP2 in gut epithelial inflammation. However, epithelial cholesterol depletion transiently induced pro-inflammatory chemokine expression regardless of the well known pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB signals. In contrast, cholesterol depletion also exerts regulatory actions to maintain epithelial homeostasis against excessive inflammation via SREBP2-associated signals in a negative feedback loop. Mechanistically, SREBP2 and its induced target EGR-1 were positively involved in induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a representative anti-inflammatory transcription factor. As a crucial target of the SREBP2-EGR-1-PPARγ-associated signaling pathways, the mRNA stabilizer, human antigen R (HuR) was retained in nuclei, leading to reduced stability of pro-inflammatory chemokine transcripts. This mechanistic investigation provides clinical insights into protective roles of the epithelial cholesterol deficiency against excessive inflammatory responses via the SREBP2-HuR circuit, although the deficiency triggers transient pro-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hwan Park
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Juil Kim
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Mira Yu
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612
| | - Jae-Hong Park
- the Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, and
| | - Yuseok Moon
- From the Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612,; the Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Busan 46241, Korea.
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42
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Olivares-Morales A, Ghosh A, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Development of a Novel Simplified PBPK Absorption Model to Explain the Higher Relative Bioavailability of the OROS® Formulation of Oxybutynin. AAPS J 2016; 18:1532-1549. [PMID: 27631556 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new minimal Segmented Transit and Absorption model (mSAT) model has been recently proposed and combined with intrinsic intestinal effective permeability (P eff,int ) to predict the regional gastrointestinal (GI) absorption (f abs ) of several drugs. Herein, this model was extended and applied for the prediction of oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin and its enantiomers to provide a mechanistic explanation of the higher relative bioavailability observed for oxybutynin's modified-release OROS® formulation compared to its immediate-release (IR) counterpart. The expansion of the model involved the incorporation of mechanistic equations for the prediction of release, transit, dissolution, permeation and first-pass metabolism. The predicted pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin enantiomers after oral administration for both the IR and OROS® formulations were in close agreement with the observed data. The predicted absolute bioavailability for the IR formulation was within 5% of the observed value, and the model adequately predicted the higher relative bioavailability observed for the OROS® formulation vs. the IR counterpart. From the model predictions, it can be noticed that the higher bioavailability observed for the OROS® formulation was mainly attributable to differences in the intestinal availability (F G ) rather than due to a higher colonic f abs , thus confirming previous hypotheses. The predicted f abs was almost 70% lower for the OROS® formulation compared to the IR formulation, whereas the F G was almost eightfold higher than in the IR formulation. These results provide further support to the hypothesis of an increased F G as the main factor responsible for the higher bioavailability of oxybutynin's OROS® formulation vs. the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara, Sheffield, UK
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43
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Kuzma M, Nyúl E, Mayer M, Fischer E, Perjési P. HPLC analysis of in vivo intestinal absorption and oxidative metabolism of salicylic acid in the rat. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:2044-2052. [PMID: 27352811 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In vivo absorption and oxidative metabolism of salicylic acid in rat small intestine was studied by luminal perfusion experiment. Perfusion through the lumen of proximal jejunum with isotonic medium containing 250 μm sodium salicylate was carried out. Absorption of salicylate was measured by a validated HPLC-DAD method which was evaluated for a number of validation characteristics (specificity, repeatability and intermediate precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity and accuracy). The method was linear over the concentration range 0.5-50 μg/mL. After liquid-liquid extraction of the perfusion samples oxidative biotransformation of salicylate was also investigated by HPLC-MS. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.25-5.0 μg/mL. Two hydroxylated metabolites of salicylic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid) were detected and identified. The mean recovery of extraction was 72.4% for 2,3-DHB, 72.5% for 2,5-DHB and 50.1% for salicylic acid, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to investigate jejunal absorption and oxidative metabolism of sodium salicylate in experimental animals. The methods provide analytical background for further metabolic studies of salycilates under modified physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Kuzma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Rókus str. 2, Hungary
| | - Eszter Nyúl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Rókus str. 2, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Mayer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, Hungary
| | - Emil Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, Hungary
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Rókus str. 2, Hungary
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44
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LaMattina JW, Keul ND, Reitzer P, Kapoor S, Galzerani F, Koch DJ, Gouvea IE, Lanzilotta WN. 1,2-Propanediol Dehydration in Roseburia inulinivorans: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR SUBSTRATE AND ENANTIOMER SELECTIVITY. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15515-26. [PMID: 27252380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyl radical enzymes (GREs) represent a diverse superfamily of enzymes that utilize a radical mechanism to catalyze difficult, but often essential, chemical reactions. In this work we present the first biochemical and structural data for a GRE-type diol dehydratase from the organism Roseburia inulinivorans (RiDD). Despite high sequence (48% identity) and structural similarity to the GRE-type glycerol dehydratase from Clostridium butyricum, we demonstrate that the RiDD is in fact a diol dehydratase. In addition, the RiDD will utilize both (S)-1,2-propanediol and (R)-1,2-propanediol as a substrate, with an observed preference for the S enantiomer. Based on the new structural information we developed and successfully tested a hypothesis that explains the functional differences we observe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W LaMattina
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Nicholas D Keul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Pierre Reitzer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Suraj Kapoor
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Felipe Galzerani
- BRASKEM S.A., Rua Lemos Moonteiro, 120 Edifício Odebrecht São Paulo, Butantã 05501-050-São Paulo, SP Brasil
| | - Daniel J Koch
- BRASKEM S.A., Rua Lemos Moonteiro, 120 Edifício Odebrecht São Paulo, Butantã 05501-050-São Paulo, SP Brasil
| | - Iuri E Gouvea
- BRASKEM S.A., Rua Lemos Moonteiro, 120 Edifício Odebrecht São Paulo, Butantã 05501-050-São Paulo, SP Brasil
| | - William N Lanzilotta
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
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45
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Fu J, Pacyniak E, Leed MGD, Sadgrove MP, Marson L, Jay M. Interspecies Differences in the Metabolism of a Multiester Prodrug by Carboxylesterases. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:989-995. [PMID: 26344572 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pentaethyl ester prodrug of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) referred to as C2E5 is being developed as an orally bioavailable radionuclide decorporation agent. The predicted human efficacy obtained in these experimental animals is confounded by interspecies variations of metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism of [(14)C]-C2E5 was compared in the S9 intestinal and hepatic fractions of human, dog, and rat and their respective plasma. Intestinal hydrolysis of C2E5, resulting in the formation of the tetraethyl ester of DTPA (C2E4), was only detected in human and rat. The primary metabolite in human and dog hepatic fractions was C2E4, whereas the predominant species identified in rat hepatic fractions was the triethyl ester (C2E3). Hepatic hydrolysis of C2E5 causes the formation of C2E4 in human, dog, and rat and C2E3 in rat only. Minimal C2E5 hydrolysis was observed in human and dog plasma, whereas in rat plasma C2E5 converted to C2E3 rapidly, followed by slower further metabolism. Both recombinant CES1 and CES2 play roles in C2E5 metabolism. Together, these data suggest that dogs may be the most appropriate species for predicting human C2E5 metabolism, whereas rats might be useful for clarifying the potential toxicity of C2E5 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Erik Pacyniak
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Marina G D Leed
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Matthew P Sadgrove
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Lesley Marson
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Michael Jay
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360.
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Chimezie C, Ewing A, Schexnayder C, Bratton M, Glotser E, Skripnikova E, Sá P, Boué S, Stratford RE. Glyceollin Effects on MRP2 and BCRP in Caco-2 Cells, and Implications for Metabolic and Transport Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:972-981. [PMID: 26296158 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyceollins are phytoalexins produced in soybeans under stressful growth conditions. On the basis of prior evaluations, they show potential to treat multiple diseases, including certain cancers, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. The aim of the present study was to expand on recent studies designed to initially characterize the intestinal disposition of glyceollins. Specifically, studies were undertaken in Caco-2 cells to evaluate glyceollins' effects on apical efflux transporters, namely, MRP2 and BCRP, which are the locus of several intestinal drug-drug and drug-food interactions. 5- (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichloroflourescein (CDF) was used to provide a readout on MRP2 activity, whereas BODIPY-prazosin provided an indication of BCRP alteration. Glyceollins were shown to reverse MRP2-mediated CDF transport asymmetry in a concentration-dependent manner, with activity similar to the MRP2 inhibitor, MK-571. Likewise, they demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of BCRP-mediated efflux of BODIPY-prazosin with a potency similar to that of Ko143. Glyceollin did not appreciably alter MRP2 or BCRP expression following 24 h of continuous exposure. The possibility that glyceollin mediated inhibition of genistein metabolite efflux by either transporter was evaluated. However, results demonstrated an interaction at the level of glyceollin inhibition of genistein metabolism rather than inhibition of metabolite transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemezie Chimezie
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Adina Ewing
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Chandler Schexnayder
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Melyssa Bratton
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Elena Glotser
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Elena Skripnikova
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
| | - Pedro Sá
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE 56403-917, Brazil
| | - Stephen Boué
- Southern Regional Research Center, U.S.D.A., New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125.
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47
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Khatun I, Clark RW, Vera NB, Kou K, Erion DM, Coskran T, Bobrowski WF, Okerberg C, Goodwin B. Characterization of a Novel Intestinal Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Pathway and Its Role in Lipid Homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2602-15. [PMID: 26644473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary triglycerides (TG) are absorbed by the enterocytes of the small intestine after luminal hydrolysis into monacylglycerol and fatty acids. Before secretion on chylomicrons, these lipids are reesterified into TG, primarily through the monoacylglycerol pathway. However, targeted deletion of the primary murine monoacylglycerol acyltransferase does not quantitatively affect lipid absorption, suggesting the existence of alternative pathways. Therefore, we investigated the role of the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway in dietary lipid absorption. The expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT3) was examined throughout the small intestine. To evaluate the role for GPAT3 in lipid absorption, mice harboring a disrupted GPAT3 gene (Gpat3(-/-)) were subjected to an oral lipid challenge and fed a Western-type diet to characterize the role in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. Additional mechanistic studies were performed in primary enterocytes. GPAT3 was abundantly expressed in the apical surface of enterocytes in the small intestine. After an oral lipid bolus, Gpat3(-/-) mice exhibited attenuated plasma TG excursion and accumulated lipid in the enterocytes. Electron microscopy studies revealed a lack of lipids in the lamina propria and intercellular space in Gpat3(-/-) mice. Gpat3(-/-) enterocytes displayed a compensatory increase in the synthesis of phospholipid and cholesteryl ester. When fed a Western-type diet, hepatic TG and cholesteryl ester accumulation was significantly higher in Gpat3(-/-) mice compared with the wild-type mice accompanied by elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver injury. Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism was also evident in Gpat3-null mice. These studies identify GPAT3 as a novel enzyme involved in intestinal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irani Khatun
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Ronald W Clark
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Kou Kou
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Derek M Erion
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Timothy Coskran
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Walter F Bobrowski
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Carlin Okerberg
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
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48
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Sergeev E, Hansen AH, Pandey SK, MacKenzie AE, Hudson BD, Ulven T, Milligan G. Non-equivalence of Key Positively Charged Residues of the Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor in the Recognition and Function of Agonist Versus Antagonist Ligands. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:303-17. [PMID: 26518871 PMCID: PMC4697166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates. A key mediator of their actions is the G protein-coupled free fatty acid 2 (FFA2) receptor, and this has been suggested as a therapeutic target for the treatment of both metabolic and inflammatory diseases. However, a lack of understanding of the molecular determinants dictating how ligands bind to this receptor has hindered development. We have developed a novel radiolabeled FFA2 antagonist to probe ligand binding to FFA2, and in combination with mutagenesis and molecular modeling studies, we define how agonist and antagonist ligands interact with the receptor. Although both agonist and antagonist ligands contain negatively charged carboxylates that interact with two key positively charged arginine residues in transmembrane domains V and VII of FFA2, there are clear differences in how these interactions occur. Specifically, although agonists require interaction with both arginine residues to bind the receptor, antagonists require an interaction with only one of the two. Moreover, different chemical series of antagonist interact preferentially with different arginine residues. A homology model capable of rationalizing these observations was developed and provides a tool that will be invaluable for identifying improved FFA2 agonists and antagonists to further define function and therapeutic opportunities of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Sergeev
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sunil K Pandey
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Amanda E MacKenzie
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Brian D Hudson
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Trond Ulven
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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49
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Abstract
Obesity is a phenotype resulting from a series of causative factors with a variable risk of complications. Etiologic diversity requires personalized prevention and treatment. Imaging procedures offer the potential to investigate the interplay between organs and pathways underlying energy intake and consumption in an integrated manner, and may open the perspective to classify and treat obesity according to causative mechanisms. This review illustrates the contribution provided by imaging studies to the understanding of human obesity, starting with the regulation of food intake and intestinal metabolism, followed by the role of adipose tissue in storing, releasing, and utilizing substrates, including the interconversion of white and brown fat, and concluding with the examination of imaging risk indicators related to complications, including type 2 diabetes, liver pathologies, cardiac and kidney diseases, and sleep disorders. The imaging modalities include (1) positron emission tomography to quantify organ-specific perfusion and substrate metabolism; (2) computed tomography to assess tissue density as an indicator of fat content and browning/ whitening; (3) ultrasounds to examine liver steatosis, stiffness, and inflammation; and (4) magnetic resonance techniques to assess blood oxygenation levels in the brain, liver stiffness, and metabolite contents (triglycerides, fatty acids, glucose, phosphocreatine, ATP, and acetylcarnitine) in a variety of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,The Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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50
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Mano Y, Sugiyama Y, Ito K. Use of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Quantitative Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions via CYP3A4 and Estimation of the Intestinal Availability of CYP3A4 Substrates. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3183-93. [PMID: 26045365 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to predict the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via CYP3A4 by estimating the extent of hepatic CYP3A4 inhibition based on a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of both substrate and inhibitor and the increase in the intestinal availability (Fg ) due to the enzyme inhibition. For the DDIs resulting from reversible inhibition of CYP3A4, the prediction using in vivo Ki values estimated from other clinical DDI studies and predicted in vivo Ki values calculated using the correlation between the log P and the in vivo Ki /in vitro Ki ratio was more accurate than that using in vitro Ki values. Incorporating inhibition of both intestinal and hepatic metabolism resulted in better prediction than that obtained considering inhibition in the liver alone, and all the DDIs (AUC increase by the inhibitor) were predicted within 2-fold accuracy when in vivo Ki values were used. In addition, Fg values were successfully back-calculated from the clinical DDI data based on the present model. In conclusion, the present PBPK model incorporating the in vivo Ki values was found to be useful for quantitative prediction of clinical DDIs and for estimation of the Fg values for CYP3A4 substrates for which intravenous data were not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mano
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
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