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Arafa AA, Hedia RH, Ata NS, Ibrahim ES. Vancomycin resistant Streptococcus equi subsp . equi isolated from equines suffering from respiratory manifestation in Egypt. Vet World 2021; 14:1808-1814. [PMID: 34475702 PMCID: PMC8404119 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1808-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Upper respiratory tract infections are common in horses and can be caused by a variety of pathogens, mainly Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, which are a significant equine pathogen causing major health issues as well as financial losses to the equine industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Streptococcal bacteria in equines in Egypt, and characterize vancomycin-resistant S. equi subsp. equi phenotypically and genotypically. Materials and Methods: S. equi subsp. equi was isolated from internal nares of horses. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Streptococcus genus-specific 16S rRNA, sodA and seeI genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined phenotypically using the disk diffusion method. Genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance genes was performed by analyzing as b-lactamase resistance (blaZ), tetracycline resistance (tetK), vancomycin resistance (vanA), and chloramphenicol resistance (fexA). Results: Eight streptococcal isolates were confirmed as S. equi subsp. equi. The genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance showed resistance to vanA and tetK, with a frequency of 87.5% and 12.5%, respectively, while the frequency of sensitivity was 100% for blaz gene and fexA gene. Conclusion: In this study, we assessed vancomycin-resistant S. equi subsp. equi from equines suffering from respiratory manifestation in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Riham H Hedia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Nagwa S Ata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
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2
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Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 21:36-49. [PMID: 32051050 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is among the most common and challenging diseases of dairy animals. It is an inflammation of udder tissues due to physical damage, chemical irritation, or infection caused by certain pathogens. Bovine mastitis has been known for ages, but its complex etiology and multi-factorial nature make it difficult to control. Mastitis may have a negative impact on human health by inducing antibiotic-resistant pathogens that may spread, which is threatening. Researchers are continuously struggling to devise suitable methods for mastitis control. Management strategies are mainly focused on disease prevention by farm management which includes proper hygiene, trained staff to monitor minor changes in the udder or milk, and better diagnostic and treatment methods. New technologies which have the potential to unravel this complicated disease include improved diagnostic tools, based on advanced genomics or proteomics, prevention, based on vaccines and immune modulators, and metabolic products of probiotics such as bacteriocins and gene therapy.
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3
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Boonyayatra S, Wongsathein D, Tharavichitkul P. Genetic Relatedness Among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Cattle, Fish, and Humans. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:137-143. [PMID: 31549865 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is well recognized to cause a variety of infections in many animal species and humans. We aimed to investigate genetic relatedness of S. agalactiae strains isolated from humans and animal origins, including cattle and fish, using capsular gene typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing techniques. Our results revealed that S. agalactiae strains with capsular type Ia and ST103 were observed from all bovine isolates (17/17) and one human isolate (1/5). S. agalactiae strains with capsular type III and ST283 were detected among isolates from fish (5/5) and from humans (2/5). Two PFGE clusters containing isolates from mixed origins were demonstrated: one cluster of five fish and one human isolate, and another cluster of one bovine and one human isolate. In conclusion, the close genetic relationship among S. agalactiae strains isolated from humans and animal origins was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dilok Wongsathein
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prasit Tharavichitkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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4
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Liu H, Cai J, Meng L, Dong L, Zheng N, Wang J, Wang C. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Coupled With Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Propidium Monoazide for Detection of Viable Streptococcus agalactiae in Milk. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:661. [PMID: 30984156 PMCID: PMC6450196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important pathogen causing bovine mastitis. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and specific method for direct detection of S. agalactiae from milk products. Propidium monoazide (PMA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were utilized to eliminate the interference of dead and injured cells in qPCR. Lysozyme (LYZ) was adopted to increase the extraction efficiency of target bacteria DNA in milk matrix. The specific primers were designed based on cfb gene of S. agalactiae for qPCR. The inclusivity and exclusivity of the assay were evaluated using 30 strains. The method was further determined by the detection of S. agalactiae in spiked milk. Results showed significant differences between the SDS–PMA–qPCR, PMA–qPCR and qPCR when a final concentration of 10 mg/ml (R2 = 0.9996, E = 95%) of LYZ was added in DNA extraction. Viable S. agalactiae was effectively detected when SDS and PMA concentrations were 20 μg/ml and 10 μM, respectively, and it was specific and more sensitive than qPCR and PMA–qPCR. Moreover, the SDS–PMA–qPCR assay coupled with LYZ was used to detect viable S. agalactiae in spiked milk, with a limit of detection of 3 × 103 cfu/ml. Therefore, the SDS–PMA–qPCR assay had excellent sensitivity and specificity for detection of viable S. agalactiae in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - He Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxing Cai
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
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5
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Risk factors for bovine mastitis with the isolation and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae from farms in and around Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1507-1513. [PMID: 30746591 PMCID: PMC6597589 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae from farms in and around Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia. A total of 384 lactating cows were selected from small-, medium-, and large-scale production systems. California mastitis test (CMT) was used for screening subclinical mastitis. Out of the total animals examined, 63.02% (n = 242) had mastitis, where 6.77% (n = 26) and 56.25% (n = 216) were clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. The quarter-level prevalence was 29.04% (n = 446), from which the clinical form was 6.38% (n = 98) and the subclinical was 22.66% (n = 348), and the rest quarters were blind 3.32% (n = 51). Milk samples from clinical as well as CMT positive quarters were cultured for isolation of S. agalactiae, where 10.3% (n = 46) resulted in growth of the bacterium. The prevalence of mastitis was found to be statistically significant among the age groups (p = 0.002), breed (p = 0.000), and parity (p = 0.000). Similar findings were found to the extrinsic risk factors considered; as production type (p = 0.010), teat injury (p = 0.02), and type of floor (p = 0.000). The study confirmed the importance of S. agalactiae as the cause of contagious mastitis and also identified the associated risk factors in the study farms and hence warrants serious attention.
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6
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Kher MN, Sheth NR, Bhatt VD. In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Terminalia chebula as an Alternative of Antibiotics against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:151-158. [PMID: 29592658 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1451752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The extent of subclinical mastitis in three breeds of cattle, Kankrej, Gir, and Crossbred, was performed at cattle farms in Anand town of Gujarat State, India. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in crossbred cattle was higher compared to local breed of cattle. Causative agents identified using 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. In vitro antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of plant Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) was checked by agar well diffusion method against four isolated and molecularly identified microorganisms. Ethyl acetate extract shows antimicrobial activity with varying magnitudes against all identified isolates. Among the three different concentrations, 500 µg/mL conc. of extract is as effective as that of standard amoxicillin. In vitro results support the use of plant extract from T. chebula as an alternative to antibiotics therapy against bovine subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh N Kher
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
| | - Navin R Sheth
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
| | - Vaibhav D Bhatt
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
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7
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Lacerda LCC, de Souza-Pollo A, Padua IRM, Conceição LF, da Silveira CPB, Silva GA, Maluta RP, Laus JL. Molecular characterization and potential sources of aqueous humor bacterial contamination during phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:95-101. [PMID: 29292010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber during cataract surgery is one of the main responsible for endophthalmitis postoperative. Phacoemulsification is a less invasive technique for cataract treatment, although it does not exclude the possibility of contamination. In this study, bacterial contaminants of aqueous humor collected pre- and post-phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation (IOL) of twenty dogs were identified. As the conjunctival microbiota constitute a significant source of anterior chamber contamination, bacterial isolates from aqueous humor were genetically compared with those present in the conjunctival surface of the patients. Three dogs presented bacterial growth in both aqueous humor and conjunctival surface samples. Bacterial isolates from these samples were grouped according to their genetic profiles by repetitive-element PCR (rep-PCR) and their representatives were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Isolates from conjunctival surface were identified as Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus; and from aqueous humor samples as Enterobacter spp., Pantoea spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp., respectively in decreasing order of prevalence. According to the rep-PCR analysis, 16.6% of Enterobacter spp. isolates from conjunctival surface were genetically similar to those from aqueous humor. The rest of isolates encountered in aqueous humor were genetically distinct from those of conjunctival surface. The significant genetic diversity of bacterial isolates found in the aqueous humor samples after surgery denoted the possibility of anterior chamber contamination during phacoemulsification by bacteria not only from conjunctival surface but also from different sources related to surgical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C C Lacerda
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza-Pollo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Ricardo M Padua
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Conceição
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Germana A Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato P Maluta
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José L Laus
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University-FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Bosward KL, House JK, Deveridge A, Mathews K, Sheehy PA. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2142-2150. [PMID: 26778303 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a well-characterized bovine mastitis pathogen that is known to be highly contagious and capable of spreading rapidly in affected dairy herds. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel molecular diagnostic method that has the capability to provide rapid, cost-effective screening for pathogens to support on-farm disease control and eradication programs. In the current study, a LAMP test was developed to detect S. agalactiae in milk. The assay was validated on a bank of existing clinical mastitis milk samples that had previously been identified as S. agalactiae positive via traditional microbiological culture techniques and PCR. The LAMP assay was conducted on bacterial colonies and DNA extracted from milk in tube- and plate-based formats using multiple detection platforms. The 1-h assay conducted at 64 °C exhibited repeatability (coefficient of variation) of 2.07% (tube) and 8.3% (plate), sensitivity to ~20 pg of extracted DNA/reaction, and specificity against a panel of known bacterial mastitis pathogens. Of the 109 known S. agalactiae isolates assessed by LAMP directly from bacterial cells in culture, 108 were identified as positive, in accordance with PCR analysis. The LAMP analysis from the corresponding milk samples indicated that 104 of these milks exhibited a positive amplification curve. Although exhibiting some limitations, this assay provides an opportunity for rapid screening of milk samples to facilitate on-farm management of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Bosward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2570.
| | - John K House
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2570
| | - Amber Deveridge
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2570
| | - Karen Mathews
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2570
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2570
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9
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de Carvalho NL, Gonçalves JL, Botaro BG, Silva LFDPE, dos Santos MV. Detection and Enumeration of Streptococcus agalactiae from Bovine Milk Samples by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:363-72. [PMID: 26134534 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) combined with DNA extraction directly from composite milk and bulk tank samples for detection and enumeration of Streptococcus agalactiae (SAG) causing subclinical mastitis. Dilutions of sterile reconstituted skim milk inoculated with SAG ATCC 13813 were used to establish a standard curve (cfu/mL) for the qPCR assay targeting SAG. The analytical sensitivity and repeatability of the qPCR assay were determined. Bulk tank (BTM; n = 38) and composite milk samples (CM; n = 26) collected from lactating cows with positive isolation of SAG were submitted to the qPCR protocol and SAG plate counting, with results from both methods compared. Amplification of DNA was not possible in two out of 64 samples, indicating that qPCR was able to detect SAG in 96 and 97% of BTM and CM samples, respectively. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was <5%, showing that the technique had adequate repeatability. The qPCR protocol can be a high-throughput and rapid diagnostic assay to accurately detect SAG from BTM and CM samples compared with conventional microbiological culture method. However, the evaluated qPCR protocol is not accurate for enumerating SAG in milk samples, probably due to quantification of DNA of non-viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Ladeira de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenue Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil,
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10
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Chandrashekhar KM, Isloor S, Veeresh BH, Hegde R, Rathnamma D, Murag S, Veeregowda BM, Upendra HA, Hegde NR. Limit of detection of genomic DNA by conventional PCR for estimating the load of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:465-72. [PMID: 25773783 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection of mastitis-associated bacteria can be accomplished by culturing or by molecular techniques. On the other hand, rapid and inexpensive methods to enumerate bacterial load without culturing can be better achieved by molecular methods. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the predominant bacterial pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. Here, we describe the application of conventional PCR for the limit of detection (LOD) of genomic DNA of S. aureus and E. coli based on single-copy genes. The selected genes were thermonuclease (nuc), aureolysin (aur), and staphopain A (scpA) for S. aureus and β-D-glucuronidase A (uidA), cytochrome d oxidase (cyd), and rodA (a gene affecting cell shape and methicillin sensitivity) for E. coli. The LOD was 5.3, 15.9, and 143 pg for aur, nuc, and scpA genes, corresponding to S. aureus genomic copies of 1.75 × 10(3), 5.16 × 10(3), and 4.71 × 10(4), respectively. The LOD was 0.45, 12.3 and 109 pg for uidA, rodA and cyd genes, corresponding to E. coli genome copies of 8.91 × 10(1), 2.43 × 10(3), and 2.16 × 10(4), respectively. Application of uidA and aur PCRs to field strains revealed that as low as approximately 100 genome copies of E. coli and 1000-10,000 copies of S. aureus could be detected. This study is the first to report LOD of genomic DNA using conventional PCR for aur and scpA genes of S. aureus, and rodA and cyd genes of E. coli. The results should be useful for developing assays to assess bacterial load in milk and to determine the load that contributes to subclinical or clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Chandrashekhar
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - B H Veeresh
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - D Rathnamma
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - Shivaraj Murag
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - B M Veeregowda
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - H A Upendra
- Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, Kudige, Kodagu, 571232, India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Al-Zogibi OG, Mohamed MI, Hessain AM, El-Jakee JK, Kabli SA. Molecular and serotyping characterization of shiga toxogenic Escherichia coli associated with food collected from Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:438-42. [PMID: 26150750 PMCID: PMC4486739 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are considered as one of the major food-borne disease agents in humans worldwide. STEC strains, also called verotoxin-producing E. coli strains. The objectives of the present study were serotyping and molecular characterization of shiga toxigenic E. coli associated with raw meat and milk samples collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 540 milk samples were collected from 5 dairy farms and 150 raw meat samples were collected from different abattoirs located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E. coli were recovered from 86 milk samples (15.93%), serotyping of E. coli isolates revealed, 26 (4.81%) strains O157: H7, 23 (4.26%) strains O111, 20 (3.70%) strains O113: H21, 10 (1.85%) strains O22: H8 and 7 (1.3%) strains O172: H21. Meanwhile, 17 (11.33%) strains of E. coli were recovered from raw meat samples, serotyping of E. coli isolates revealed, 6 (4%) strains O157: H7, 5 (3.33%) strains O111 and 4 (2.67%) strains O174: H2 and only two (1.33%) strains were identified as O22: H8. Shiga toxin2 was detected in 58 (67.44%) serotypes of E. coli recovered from milk samples and 16 (94.12%) serotypes of E. coli recovered from meat samples, while intimin gene was detected in 38 (44.186%) serotypes of E. coli recovered from milk samples and in 10 (58.82%) serotypes of E. coli recovered from meat samples. The results of this study revealed the efficiency of combination between serotyping and molecular typing of E. coli isolates recovered from food of animal origin for rapid detection and characterization of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onizan G Al-Zogibi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moussa I Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22459, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
| | - Jakeen K El-Jakee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo, 14242 Giza, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Kabli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Molecular and bacteriological investigation of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in domestic bovids from Ismailia, Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:271-6. [PMID: 25374070 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in smallholder dairy farms in Ismailia, Egypt. A total of 340 milking cows and buffaloes were sampled from 60 farms, and 50 nasal swabs were collected from consenting farm workers. Milk samples were subjected to California mastitis test (CMT) and the positive samples were examined by bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiological agents. Based on CMT, the prevalence of SCM was 71.6 % in cattle and 43.5 % in buffaloes while the prevalence was 25.2 % at cow-quarter level and 21.7 % at buffaloes-quarter level. Bacteriological analysis showed that the most frequently identified bacteria were Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (38.3 %) and Streptococcus (Str.) agalactiae (20 %). The diagnostic sensitivity of PCR compared to bacterial culture was superior with S. aureus and Str. agalactiae detection being 41 and 22.6 %, respectively. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains occurred in 52.2 and 45 % of isolates of animals and workers, respectively. Subclinical mastitis due to S. aureus and Str. agalactiae is endemic in smallholder dairy herds in Ismailia. The occurrence of MRSA in animals and workers highlights a need for wide epidemiological studies of MRSA and adopting control strategies.
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13
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Effect of carryover and presampling procedures on the results of real-time PCR used for diagnosis of bovine intramammary infections with Streptococcus agalactiae at routine milk recordings. Prev Vet Med 2014; 113:512-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Study on Correlation of Maedi-Visna Virus (MVV) with Ovine Subclinical Mastitis in Iran. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 54:218-22. [PMID: 25320425 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-Visna is an important slow viral disease of sheep leading to progressive pneumonia, encephalitis and mastitis. Udder is one of the organs affected by MVV. Despite the fact that in Iran Maedi-Visna is known since 2000, to the authors' knowledge correlation of subclinical mastitis and infection with MVV has not been assayed. In this study 50 milk samples from 10 flocks in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran were tested. None of the animals exhibited any clinical signs of the disease. Forty samples were collected from CMT positive ewes and ten were taken from CMT negative ewes. Milk samples were analyzed using PCR targeting gag sequence. Presence of provirus DNA was detected in one sample from CMT negative and seven samples from CMT positive ewes. These data demonstrate that 16.5 % of sheep with subclinical mastitis were infected to MVV. Thus this virus can be considered one of the main pathogenic agents of mastitis and can be dramatically transmitted to lambs by milk.
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15
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Mahmmod YS, Toft N, Katholm J, Grønbæk C, Klaas IC. Estimation of test characteristics of real-time PCR and bacterial culture for diagnosis of subclinical intramammary infections with Streptococcus agalactiae in Danish dairy cattle in 2012 using latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Guerreiro O, Velez Z, Alvarenga N, Matos C, Duarte M. Molecular screening of ovine mastitis in different breeds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:752-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Soejima T, Minami J, Iwatsuki K. Rapid propidium monoazide PCR assay for the exclusive detection of viable Enterobacteriaceae cells in pasteurized milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3634-42. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Soejima T, Minami JI, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. An advanced PCR method for the specific detection of viable total coliform bacteria in pasteurized milk. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:485-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Elias AO, Cortez A, Brandão PE, da Silva RC, Langoni H. Molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine raw milk samples obtained directly from bulk tanks. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:34-8. [PMID: 21862092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common infectious disease affecting dairy cattle; in addition, it remains the most economically important disease of dairy industries around the world. Streptococcus agalactiae, a contagious pathogen associated with subclinical mastitis, is highly infectious. This bacterium can cause an increase in bulk tank bacterial counts (BTBC) and bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC). The microbiological identification of S. agalactiae in samples from bulk tanks is an auxiliary method to control contagious mastitis. Thus, there are some limitations for time-consuming cultures or identification methods and additional concerns about the conservation and transport of samples. Bulk tank samples from 247 dairy farms were cultured and compared through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), directed to 16S rRNA genes of S. agalactiae, followed by BTBC and S. agalactiae isolation. The mean value of BTBC was 1.08×10(6) CFU mL(-1) and the bacterium was identified through the microbiological method in 98 (39.7%; CI(95%)=33.8-45.9%) and through PCR in 110 (44.5%; CI(95%)=38.5-50.8%) samples. Results indicated sensitivity of 0.8571±0.0353 (CI(95%)=0.7719-0.9196) and specificity of 0.8255±0.0311 (CI(95%)=0.7549-0.8827). The lack of significant difference between microbiological and molecular results (κ=0.6686±0.0477 and CI(95%)=0.5752-0.7620) indicated substantial agreement between the methods. This suggests that PCR can be used for bulk tank samples to detect contagious mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acácia Orieth Elias
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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20
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Microbial analysis of raw cows’ milk used for cheese-making: influence of storage treatments on microbial composition and other technological traits. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Ahmadi M, Rohani SMR, Ayremlou N. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk by PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009-0901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Lee KH, Lee JW, Wang SW, Liu LY, Lee MF, Chuang ST, Shy YM, Chang CL, Wu MC, Chi CH. Development of a Novel Biochip for Rapid Multiplex Detection of Seven Mastitis-Causing Pathogens in Bovine Milk Samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:463-71. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To efficiently prevent and treat bovine mastitis and minimize its effect on the dairy industry, a sensitive, rapid, and specific test is required for identifying the mastitis-causing pathogens. In this study, a biochip capable of detecting 7 common species of mastitis-causing pathogens, including Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Streptococcus spp. S. agalactiae, S. bovis, S. dysgalactiae, and S. uberis, within 6 hr was developed. The technique is based on DNA amplification of genes specific to the target pathogens and consists of 4 basic steps: DNA extraction of bacteria, polymerase chain reaction, DNA hybridization, and colorimetric reaction. To examine the accuracy and specificity of this biochip, a preliminary test with 82 random quarter milk samples were analyzed and compared with results from conventional microbiological methods conducted simultaneously. Results from all but 1 sample analyzed by the biochip were in agreement with those analyzed by bacteriology. The biochip could be a feasible tool for rapidly diagnosing mastitis-causing pathogens in milk and providing information for a more effective treatment to cure mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- Council of Agriculture, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Taiwan; the Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wen Wang
- Dr. Chip Biotechnology Inc., Chu-Nan, Miao-Li, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yuan Liu
- Dr. Chip Biotechnology Inc., Chu-Nan, Miao-Li, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fen Lee
- Dr. Chip Biotechnology Inc., Chu-Nan, Miao-Li, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Te Chuang
- the Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chunghsin University, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Chau-Hwa Chi
- The Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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23
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Gillespie BE, Oliver SP. Simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Dairy Sci 2006; 88:3510-8. [PMID: 16162525 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis directly from milk. A genetic marker specific for Staph. aureus was used for primers and dual-labeled probe design. The target for Strep. agalactiae primers and dual-labeled probe was selected from the cfb gene encoding the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor. The plasminogen activator gene was the target for primers and dual-labeled probe design for Strep. uberis. Quarter milk samples (n = 192) were analyzed by the multiplex real-time PCR assay and conventional microbiological methods. An additional 57 quarter milk samples were analyzed in a separate real-time PCR assay for Strep. agalactiae only. Using an overnight enrichment step, the real-time PCR technique correctly identified 96.4% of all quarter milk samples; 91.7% of Staph. aureus, 98.2% of Strep. agalactiae, and 100% of Strep. uberis. Results of conventional microbiological methods were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex real-time PCR procedure. The sensitivity of the procedure to correctly identify Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and Strep. uberis directly from milk was 95.5%, and the specificity was 99.6%. Results of this study indicate that the multiplex real-time PCR procedure has the potential to be a valuable diagnostic technique for simultaneous identification of Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and Strep. uberis directly from quarter milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Gillespie
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
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24
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Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Malferrari G, Biunno I, Vimercati C, Moroni P, Morandi S, Luzzana M. Technical Note: Improved Method for Rapid DNA Extraction of Mastitis Pathogens Directly from Milk. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:163-9. [PMID: 16357279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control against bovine mastitis requires sensitive, rapid, and specific tests to detect and identify the main bacteria that cause heavy losses to the dairy industry. Molecular detection of pathogenic microorganisms is based on DNA amplification of the target pathogen. Therefore, efficient extraction of DNA from pathogenic bacteria is a major step. In this study, we aimed to develop a specific, sensitive, and rapid method to extract DNA directly from the main gram-positive bacteria known to cause bovine mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis) found in milk samples. The DNA extraction method is based on the lysing and nuclease-inactivating properties of the chaotropic agent, guanidinium thiocyanate, together with the nucleic acid-binding properties of the silica particles. An efficient protocol consisting of 6 basic steps (3 of which were done twice) was developed and applied directly to milk samples. Absence of PCR inhibitors and DNA quality were evaluated by PCR amplification of the species-specific DNA sequences of the target bacteria. The level of sensitivity achieved in our experiments is applicable to milk sample analysis without sample enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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25
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Alber J, El-Sayed A, Lämmler C, Hassan AA, Weiss R, Zschöck M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification and differentiation of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 51:455-8. [PMID: 15606870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The closely related streptococcal species Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and S. equi subsp. equi were identified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed according to species-specific parts of the superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA. A further differentiation of both subspecies could be performed by amplification of the genes seeH and seeI encoding the exotoxins SeeH and SeeI, respectively, which could be detected for S. equi subsp. equi but not for S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. A further simplification of the identification and differentiation of both subspecies was conducted by sodA-seeI multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alber
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurterstr. 107, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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26
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Kawata K, Anzai T, Senna K, Kikuchi N, Ezawa A, Takahashi T. Simple and rapid PCR method for identification of streptococcal species relevant to animal infections based on 23S rDNA sequence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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