1
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Swanberg KM, Prinsen H, DeStefano K, Bailey M, Kurada AV, Pitt D, Fulbright RK, Juchem C. In vivo evidence of differential frontal cortex metabolic abnormalities in progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4590. [PMID: 34318959 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of progressive multiple sclerosis remains elusive, significantly limiting available disease-modifying therapies. Proton MRS (1 H-MRS) enables in vivo measurement of small molecules implicated in multiple sclerosis, but its application to key metabolites glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione has been sparse. We employed, at 7 T, a previously validated 1 H-MRS protocol to measure glutamate, GABA, and glutathione, as well as glutamine, N-acetyl aspartate, choline, and myoinositol, in the frontal cortex of individuals with relapsing-remitting (N = 26) or progressive (N = 21) multiple sclerosis or healthy control adults (N = 25) in a cross-sectional analysis. Only individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis demonstrated reduced glutamate (F2,65 = 3.424, p = 0.04; 12.40 ± 0.62 mM versus control 13.17 ± 0.95 mM, p = 0.03) but not glutamine (F2,65 = 0.352, p = 0.7; 4.71 ± 0.35 mM versus control 4.84 ± 0.42 mM), reduced GABA (F2,65 = 3.89, p = 0.03; 1.29 ± 0.23 mM versus control 1.47 ± 0.25 mM, p = 0.05), and possibly reduced glutathione (F2,65 = 0.352, p = 0.056; 2.23 ± 0.46 mM versus control 2.51 ± 0.48 mM, p < 0.1). As a group, multiple sclerosis patients demonstrated significant negative correlations between disease duration and glutamate or GABA (ρ = -0.4, p = 0.02) but not glutamine or glutathione. Alone, only relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients exhibited a significant negative correlation between disease duration and GABA (ρ = -0.5, p = 0.03). Taken together, these results indicate that frontal cortex metabolism is differentially disturbed in progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Swanberg
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, New York
| | - Hetty Prinsen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Katherine DeStefano
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Bailey
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abhinav V Kurada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, New York
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert K Fulbright
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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2
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Preziosa P, Pagani E, Moiola L, Rodegher M, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Occurrence and microstructural features of slowly expanding lesions on fingolimod or natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1520-1532. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458520969105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: In multiple sclerosis (MS), up to 57% of white matter lesions are chronically active. These slowly expanding lesions (SELs) contribute to disability progression. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare fingolimod and natalizumab effects on progressive linearly enlarging lesions (i.e. SELs), a putative biomarker of smouldering inflammation. Methods: Relapsing-remitting MS patients starting fingolimod ( n = 24) or natalizumab ( n = 28) underwent 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline, months 6, 12 and 24. SELs were identified among baseline-visible lesions showing ⩾ 12.5% of annual increase, calculated by linearly fitting the Jacobian of the nonlinear deformation field between timepoints obtained combining T1- and T2-weighted scans. SEL burden, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and T1 signal intensity were compared using linear models. Results: The prevalences of fingolimod (75%) and natalizumab patients (46%) with ⩾ 1 SEL were not significantly different (adjusted- p = 0.08). Fingolimod group had higher SEL number and volume (adjusted- p ⩽ 0.047, not false discovery rate (FDR) survived). In both groups, SELs versus non-SELs showed lower MTR and T1 signal intensity (adjusted- p ⩽ 0.01, FDR-survived). Longitudinally, non-SEL MTR increased in both treatment groups (adjusted- p ⩽ 0.005, FDR-survived). T1 signal intensity decreased in SELs with both treatments (adjusted- p ⩽ 0.049, FDR-survived in fingolimod group) and increased in natalizumab non-SELs (adjusted- p = 0.03, FDR-survived). Conclusion: The effects of natalizumab and fingolimod on SEL occurrence seem modest, with natalizumab being slightly more effective. Both treatments may promote reparative mechanisms in stable or chronic inactive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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3
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and debilitating neurodegenerative disease, with unknown cause(s), unpredictable prognosis, and rather limited treatment options. MS is often accompanied by various metabolic disturbances, with impaired creatine metabolism may play a role in its pathogenesis and the clinical course of the disease. This review summarizes human trials describing alterations in creatine levels in the nervous system and other tissues during MS, affects how certain medications for MS affect brain creatine concentrations, and discusses a possible demand for exogenous creatine as an adjunct therapeutic agent in the management of MS. Creatine metabolism seems to be dysfunctional in MS, indicating a low metabolic state of the brain and other relevant organs in this unpredictable demyelinating disease. A disease-driven brain creatine deficit could be seen as a distinctive pathological facet of severe MS that might be approached with targeted therapies in aim to restore creatine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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4
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Al-Iedani O, Ribbons K, Gholizadeh N, Lechner-Scott J, Quadrelli S, Lea R, Andronesi O, Ramadan S. Spiral MRSI and tissue segmentation of normal-appearing white matter and white matter lesions in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients ☆. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 74:21-30. [PMID: 32898652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of novel spiral MRSI and tissue segmentation pipeline of the brain, to investigate neurometabolic changes in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and white matter lesions (WML) of stable relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Spiral 3D MRSI using LASER-GOIA-W [16,4] was undertaken on 16 RRMS patients and 9 HCs, to acquire MRSI data from a large volume of interest (VOI) 320 cm3 and analyzed using LCModel. MRSI data and voxel tissue segmentation were compared between the two cohorts using t-tests. Support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify tissue types and assessed by accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Compared to HCs, RRMS demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in all mean brain tissues and increase in CSF volume. Within VOI, WM decreased (-10%) and CSF increased (41%) in RRMS compared to HCs (p < 0.001). MRSI revealed that total creatine (tCr) ratios of N-acetylaspartate and glutamate+glutamine in WML were significantly lower than NAWM-MS (-9%, -8%) and HCs (-14%, -10%), respectively. Myo-inositol/tCr in WML was significantly higher than NAWM-MS (14%) and HCs (10%). SVM of MRSI yielded accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 86%, 95%, and 70%, respectively for HCs vs WML, which were higher than HC vs NAWM and WML vs NAWM models. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the benefit of MRSI in evaluating MS neurometabolic changes in NAWM. SVM of MRSI data in the MS brain may be suited for clinical monitoring and progression of MS patients. Longitudinal MRSI studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oun Al-Iedani
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Karen Ribbons
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Neda Gholizadeh
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Scott Quadrelli
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Radiology Department, Woolloongabba. QLD 4102, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rodney Lea
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ovidiu Andronesi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
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5
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Molecular Effects of FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs on Glial Cells and Neurons of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124229. [PMID: 32545828 PMCID: PMC7352301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by peripheral and central inflammatory features, as well as demyelination and neurodegeneration. The available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for MS have been designed to suppress the peripheral immune system. In addition, however, the effects of these drugs may be partially attributed to their influence on glial cells and neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). We here describe the molecular effects of the traditional and more recent FDA-approved MS drugs Fingolimod, Dimethyl Fumarate, Glatiramer Acetate, Interferon-β, Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Natalizumab, Alemtuzumab and Ocrelizumab on microglia, astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we point to a possible common molecular effect of these drugs, namely a key role for NFκB signaling, causing a switch from pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes to anti-inflammatory phenotypes of these CNS cell types that recently emerged as central players in MS pathogenesis. This notion argues for the need to further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying MS drug action.
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6
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Swanberg KM, Landheer K, Pitt D, Juchem C. Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1173. [PMID: 31803127 PMCID: PMC6876616 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) offers a growing variety of methods for querying potential diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis in living central nervous system tissue. For the past three decades, 1H-MRS has enabled the acquisition of a rich dataset suggestive of numerous metabolic alterations in lesions, normal-appearing white matter, gray matter, and spinal cord of individuals with multiple sclerosis, but this body of information is not free of seeming internal contradiction. The use of 1H-MRS signals as diagnostic biomarkers depends on reproducible and generalizable sensitivity and specificity to disease state that can be confounded by a multitude of influences, including experiment group classification and demographics; acquisition sequence; spectral quality and quantifiability; the contribution of macromolecules and lipids to the spectroscopic baseline; spectral quantification pipeline; voxel tissue and lesion composition; T1 and T2 relaxation; B1 field characteristics; and other features of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification about which the experimenter may possess imperfect or incomplete information. The direct comparison of 1H-MRS data from individuals with and without multiple sclerosis poses a special challenge in this regard, as several lines of evidence suggest that experimental cohorts may differ significantly in some of these parameters. We review the existing findings of in vivo1H-MRS on central nervous system metabolic abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and its subtypes within the context of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification and offer an outlook on technical considerations, including the growing use of machine learning, by future investigations into diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis measurable by 1H-MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Swanberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karl Landheer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Characterizing Fatigue-Related White Matter Changes in MS: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050122. [PMID: 31137831 PMCID: PMC6562940 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Few cross-sectional studies have investigated the correlation between neurochemical changes and multiple sclerosis (MS) fatigue, but little is known on the fatigue-related white matter differences between time points. We aim to investigate the longitudinal neurometabolite profile of white matter in MS fatigue. Forty-eight relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) ≤ 4 underwent high field 1H-multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at baseline and year 1. Fatigue severity was evaluated by the fatigue severity scale (FSS). Patients were divided into low (LF, FSS ≤ 3), moderate (MF, FSS = 3.1–5), and high fatigue (HF, FSS ≥ 5.1) groups. In a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), we observed a decline in the ratio of the sum of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) to the sum of creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) in the right anterior quadrant (RAQ) and left anterior quadrant (LAQ) of the MRS grid in the HF group at baseline and year 1. This decline was significant when compared with the LF group (p = 0.018 and 0.020). In a one-way ANOVA, the fatigue group effect was significant and the ratio difference in the right posterior quadrant (RPQ) and left posterior quadrant (LPQ) of the HF group was also significant (p = 0.012 and 0.04). Neurochemical changes in the bilateral frontal white matter and possibly parietooccipital areas were noted in the HF group at two different time points. Our findings may shed some light on the pathology of MS fatigue.
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8
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Rocca MA, Preziosa P, Filippi M. Application of advanced MRI techniques to monitor pharmacologic and rehabilitative treatment in multiple sclerosis: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 19:835-866. [PMID: 30500303 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1555038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology and analyses are improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Due to their ability to grade the presence of irreversible tissue loss, microstructural tissue abnormalities, metabolic changes and functional plasticity, the application of these techniques is also expanding our knowledge on the efficacy and mechanisms of action of different pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. Areas covered: This review discusses recent findings derived from the application of advanced MRI techniques to evaluate the structural and functional substrates underlying the effects of pharmacologic and rehabilitative treatments in patients with MS. Current applications as outcome in clinical trials and observational studies, their interpretation and possible pitfalls in their use are discussed. Finally, how these techniques could evolve in the future to improve monitoring of disease progression and treatment response is examined. Expert commentary: The number of treatments currently available for MS is increasing. The application of advanced MRI techniques is providing reliable and specific measures to better understand the targets of different treatments, including neuroprotection, tissue repair, and brain plasticity. This is a fundamental progress to move toward personalized medicine and individual treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy
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9
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Mahajan KR, Ontaneda D. The Role of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trials. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:905-923. [PMID: 28770481 PMCID: PMC5722766 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging has been crucial in the development of anti-inflammatory disease-modifying treatments. The current landscape of multiple sclerosis clinical trials is currently expanding to include testing not only of anti-inflammatory agents, but also neuroprotective, remyelinating, neuromodulating, and restorative therapies. This is especially true of therapies targeting progressive forms of the disease where neurodegeneration is a prominent feature. Imaging techniques of the brain and spinal cord have rapidly evolved in the last decade to permit in vivo characterization of tissue microstructural changes, connectivity, metabolic changes, neuronal loss, glial activity, and demyelination. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques hold significant promise for accelerating the development of different treatment modalities targeting a variety of pathways in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar R Mahajan
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, U-10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, U-10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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10
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Shirani A, Stüve O. Natalizumab for Multiple Sclerosis: A Case in Point for the Impact of Translational Neuroimmunology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1381-1386. [PMID: 28167648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in translational neuroimmunology over the last two decades have revolutionized the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. A pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis is the presence of leukocytes in the areas of disease activity in the CNS. Natalizumab inhibits the trafficking of lymphocytes from the blood into the brain and spinal cord by blocking the adhesion molecule α4-integrin. Representing the enormous success of a molecular targeted approach, natalizumab was the first mAb approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, only a few months after its approval, natalizumab was withdrawn from the market because of an unanticipated life threatening adverse effect: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Natalizumab was later reintroduced with required adherence to a strict monitoring program. In this article, we review the bench-to-bedside journey of natalizumab, along with the lessons learned from postmarketing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Shirani
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and.,Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and .,Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
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11
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Kirov II, Liu S, Tal A, Wu WE, Davitz MS, Babb JS, Rusinek H, Herbert J, Gonen O. Proton MR spectroscopy of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis: Steady-state metabolism and its relationship to conventional imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4047-4063. [PMID: 28523763 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although MRI assessment of white matter lesions is essential for the clinical management of multiple sclerosis, the processes leading to the formation of lesions and underlying their subsequent MRI appearance are incompletely understood. We used proton MR spectroscopy to study the evolution of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) in pre-lesional tissue, persistent and transient new lesions, as well as in chronic lesions, and related the results to quantitative MRI measures of T1-hypointensity and T2-volume. Within 10 patients with relapsing-remitting course, there were 180 regions-of-interest consisting of up to seven semi-annual follow-ups of normal-appearing white matter (NAWM, n = 10), pre-lesional tissue giving rise to acute lesions which resolved (n = 3) or persisted (n = 3), and of moderately (n = 9) and severely hypointense (n = 6) chronic lesions. Compared with NAWM, pre-lesional tissue had higher Cr and Cho, while compared with lesions, pre-lesional tissue had higher NAA. Resolving acute lesions showed similar NAA levels pre- and post-formation, suggesting no long-term axonal damage. In chronic lesions, there was an increase in mI, suggesting accumulating astrogliosis. Lesion volume was a better predictor of axonal health than T1-hypointensity, with lesions larger than 1.5 cm3 uniformly exhibiting very low (<4.5 millimolar) NAA concentrations. A positive correlation between longitudinal changes in Cho and in lesion volume in moderately hypointense lesions implied that lesion size is mediated by chronic inflammation. These and other results are integrated in a discussion on the steady-state metabolism of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis, viewed in the context of conventional MRI measures. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4047-4063, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Kirov
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shu Liu
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Assaf Tal
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - William E Wu
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Matthew S Davitz
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - James S Babb
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Henry Rusinek
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Herbert
- Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Oded Gonen
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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12
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Klauser AM, Wiebenga OT, Eijlers AJC, Schoonheim MM, Uitdehaag BMJ, Barkhof F, Pouwels PJW, Geurts JJG. Metabolites predict lesion formation and severity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 24:491-500. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517702534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by white matter lesions, which are visualized with conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Little is known about local metabolic processes preceding the appearance and during the pathological development of new lesions. Objective: To identify metabolite changes preceding white matter (WM) lesions and pathological severity of lesions over time. Methods: A total of 59 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were scanned four times, with 6-month intervals. Imaging included short-TE magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results: A total of 16 new lesions appeared within the MRSI slab in 12 patients. Glutamate increased (+1.0 mM (+19%), p = 0.039) 12 and 6 months before new lesions appeared. In these areas, the increase in creatine and choline 6 months before until lesion appearance was negatively correlated with radial diffusivity (ρ = −0.73, p = 0.002 and ρ = −0.72, p = 0.002). Increase in creatine also correlated with the increase of axial diffusivity in the same period (ρ = −0.53, p = 0.034). When splitting the lesions into “mild” and “severe” based on radial diffusivity, only mild lesions showed an increase in creatine and choline during lesion formation ( p = 0.039 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusion: Increased glutamate heralded the appearance of new T2-visible WM lesions. In pathologically “mild” lesions, an increase in creatine and choline was found during lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M Klauser
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver T Wiebenga
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand JC Eijlers
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard MJ Uitdehaag
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra JW Pouwels
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen JG Geurts
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Ciampi E, Pareto D, Sastre-Garriga J, Vidal-Jordana A, Tur C, Río J, Tintoré M, Auger C, Rovira A, Montalban X. Grey matter atrophy is associated with disability increase in natalizumab-treated patients. Mult Scler 2016; 23:556-566. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516656808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Brain volume loss (BVL) is a key outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS) trials. Natalizumab is highly effective on inflammation with moderate impact on atrophy. Objective: To explore BVL in patients receiving natalizumab with an emphasis on grey matter (GM). Methods: We performed a retrospective post hoc analysis of BVL in 38 patients receiving natalizumab for 3 years using longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FreeSurfer. Results: Significant BVL was observed during first year: brain parenchymal fraction (BPF): −1.12% ( p < 0.001); white matter fraction (WMF): −0.9% ( p = 0.001); grey matter fraction (GMF): −1.28% ( p = 0.002). GM loss was found using VBM in bilateral cerebellum, cingulum, left > right fronto-parietal cortex, right > left hippocampus and left caudate. FreeSurfer showed significant volume losses in subcortical GM, brainstem and cerebellum, and cortical thinning in the left insula. In the second year, only WMF decrease (−0.6%; p = 0.015) was observed with no VBM changes, although FreeSurfer detected significant volume loss in thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum. Baseline gadolinium enhancement influenced WMF and BPF changes during the first year, but not GMF. Patients with confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) worsening at 3 years had lower baseline GMF and left thalamus volume and greater BVL over follow-up. Conclusion: BVL develops mainly during the first year of natalizumab therapy. GM changes are independent of baseline inflammation and correlate with disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Ciampi
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Servei de Radiologia, Unitat de Ressonància Magnètica, Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Vidal-Jordana
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Tur
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Río
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Tintoré
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Auger
- Servei de Radiologia, Unitat de Ressonància Magnètica, Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rovira
- Servei de Radiologia, Unitat de Ressonància Magnètica, Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Fleischer V, Kolb R, Groppa S, Zipp F, Klose U, Gröger A. Metabolic Patterns in Chronic Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Normal-appearing White Matter: Intraindividual Comparison by Using 2D MR Spectroscopic Imaging. Radiology 2016; 281:536-543. [PMID: 27243371 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To perform a direct metabolic comparison of chronic lesions and diffusely injured normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods In this institutional review board-approved study, with the written informed consent of all patients, two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data in 46 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (median disease duration, 0.8 year) were analyzed by using the spectral quantification tool LCModel. Metabolic patterns were evaluated for non-gadolinium-enhancing chronic lesions and the corresponding contralateral NAWM. The sensitivity of the method was assessed by reproducing the known metabolic differences between cortical gray matter (GM) and NAWM. In addition to individual spectra, averaged spectra were calculated by accumulating free induction decays over all subjects to yield an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and in turn, to allow improved curve fitting as demonstrated by lower error bounds for low-concentration metabolites. Metabolite concentrations were statistically tested for intraindividual differences (paired t tests) to avoid effects resulting from variations in disease severity or treatment. Results Differences between the metabolite concentrations in the NAWM and the cortical GM were highly significant (P < .001), demonstrating the reliability of the spectral analysis used here. The spectral patterns of the individual and averaged spectra of chronic lesions and NAWM were qualitatively very similar at visual inspection. Furthermore, in the quantitative comparison, the estimated metabolite concentrations showed only slight differences (P > .07). Owing to increased SNRs in the averaged spectra compared with individual spectra (eg, for chronic lesions, 63 vs 28.4 ± 4.1), it was possible to reliably (Cramér-Rao lower bound [CRLB], <20%) estimate scyllo-inositol levels with a CRLB of 14%. Conclusion These findings revealed that NAWM exhibits the same metabolic changes as chronic white matter lesions, even very early in the disease course, further supporting the view that such lesions may not be as relevant as widely assumed. © RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Fleischer
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
| | - Rupert Kolb
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
| | - Frauke Zipp
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
| | - Uwe Klose
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
| | - Adriane Gröger
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroimaging Center of Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany (V.F., S.G., F.Z., A.G.); and Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Group, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (R.K., U.K.)
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15
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Sellebjerg F, Cadavid D, Steiner D, Villar LM, Reynolds R, Mikol D. Exploring potential mechanisms of action of natalizumab in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2016; 9:31-43. [PMID: 26788129 DOI: 10.1177/1756285615615257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and chronic central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease and a leading cause of permanent disability. Patients most often present with a relapsing-remitting disease course, typically progressing over time to a phase of relentless advancement in secondary progressive MS (SPMS), for which approved disease-modifying therapies are limited. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of SPMS and the rationale and clinical potential for natalizumab, which is currently approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, to exert beneficial effects in reducing disease progression unrelated to relapses in SPMS. In both forms of MS, active brain-tissue injury is associated with inflammation; but in SPMS, the inflammatory response occurs at least partly behind the blood-brain barrier and is followed by a cascade of events, including persistent microglial activation that may lead to chronic demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with irreversible disability. In patients with relapsing forms of MS, natalizumab therapy is known to significantly reduce intrathecal inflammatory responses which results in reductions in brain lesions and brain atrophy as well as beneficial effects on clinical measures, such as reduced frequency and severity of relapse and reduced accumulation of disability. Natalizumab treatment also reduces levels of cerebrospinal fluid chemokines and other biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation, axonal damage and demyelination, and has demonstrated the ability to reduce innate immune activation and intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in patients with MS. The efficacy of natalizumab therapy in SPMS is currently being investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Luisa Maria Villar
- Department of Immunology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Institute Ramón y Cajal for Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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