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Hu P, Zhang G, Ba H, Ren J, Li J, Wang Z, Li C. Reciprocal negative feedback between Prrx1 and miR-140-3p regulates rapid chondrogenesis in the regenerating antler. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:56. [PMID: 38643083 PMCID: PMC11031908 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During growth phase, antlers exhibit a very rapid rate of chondrogenesis. The antler is formed from its growth center reserve mesenchyme (RM) cells, which have been found to be the derivatives of paired related homeobox 1 (Prrx1)-positive periosteal cells. However, the underlying mechanism that drives rapid chondrogenesis is not known. Herein, the miRNA expression profiles and chromatin states of three tissue layers (RM, precartilage, and cartilage) at different stages of differentiation within the antler growth center were analyzed by RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing. We found that miR-140-3p was the miRNA that exhibited the greatest degree of upregulation in the rapidly growing antler, increasing from the RM to the cartilage layer. We also showed that Prrx1 was a key upstream regulator of miR-140-3p, which firmly confirmed by Prrx1 CUT&Tag sequencing of RM cells. Through multiple approaches (three-dimensional chondrogenic culture and xenogeneic antler model), we demonstrated that Prrx1 and miR-140-3p functioned as reciprocal negative feedback in the antler growth center, and downregulating PRRX1/upregulating miR-140-3p promoted rapid chondrogenesis of RM cells and xenogeneic antler. Thus, we conclude that the reciprocal negative feedback between Prrx1 and miR-140-3p is essential for balancing mesenchymal proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in the regenerating antler. We further propose that the mechanism underlying chondrogenesis in the regenerating antler would provide a reference for helping understand the regulation of human cartilage regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hu
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China.
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Guokun Zhang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengxing Ba
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiping Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Wang F, Zhao H, Yin L, Zhang W, Tang Y, Wang X, Huang C. The paired-related homeobox protein 1 promotes cardiac fibrosis via the Twist1-Prrx1-tenascin-C loop. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:167-177. [PMID: 36273425 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in the advanced stage of cardiovascular diseases, which leads to cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. It is important to prevent cardiac fibrosis during myocardial injury. The transcription factor Prrx1 is involved in cancer-associated fibrosis and other organ fibrosis. However, the role and mechanism of Prrx1 in cardiac fibrosis deserves further exploration. We identified that overexpressed Prrx1 promoted the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts, and transform cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vitro. We demonstrated that the expression of Prrx1 is upregulated in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. And silencing Prrx1 could attenuate cardiac fibrosis induced by TGF-β1 in vitro. In addition, a Twist1-paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1)-tenascin-C (TNC) positive feedback loop (PFL) combined with Twist1, Prrx1, and TNC activated fibroblasts, which was the mechanism the Prrx1 in cardiac fibrosis. In conclusion, our findings showed that the deficiency of Prrx1 attenuated cardiac fibrosis in vitro and reveal a novel Twist1-Prrx1-TNC PFL in the regulation of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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The role of RNA binding proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114114. [PMID: 35063534 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of overall cancer deaths worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Due to the heterogeneity of HCC pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC development are not fully understood. Emerging evidence indicates that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a vital role throughout hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, a deeper understanding of how RBPs contribute to HCC progression will provide new tools for early diagnosis and prognosis of this devastating disease. In this review, we summarize the tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles of RBPs and their roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of RBPs in HCC, including their limitations, are also discussed.
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Dankel SN, Grytten E, Bjune JI, Nielsen HJ, Dietrich A, Blüher M, Sagen JV, Mellgren G. COL6A3 expression in adipose tissue cells is associated with levels of the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20164. [PMID: 33214660 PMCID: PMC7678848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar collagen COL6α3 in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and cancer. We here aimed to identify novel transcriptional regulators of COL6A3 expression. Based on a transcriptome dataset of adipose tissue, we identified strong correlations for 56 genes with COL6A3 mRNA, including targets of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Among the identified candidates, the homeobox transcription factor PRRX1 showed a particularly striking co-expression with COL6A3, validated across several different cohorts, including patients with extreme obesity, insulin sensitive and resistant obesity (subcutaneous and omental), after profound fat loss (subcutaneous), and lean controls (subcutaneous). In human and mouse adipose cells, PRRX1 knockdown reduced COL6A3 mRNA and PRRX1 overexpression transactivated a reporter construct with the endogenous human COL6A3 promoter. Stable PRRX1 overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells induced Col6a3 mRNA threefold specifically after adipogenic induction, whereas TGF-β1 treatment upregulated Col6a3 mRNA also in the preadipocyte state. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory stimulus (i.e., TNF-α treatment) decreased PRRX1-mediated Col6a3 transactivation and mRNA expression, supporting a role for this mechanism in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, we identified the homeobox factor PRRX1 as a novel transcriptional regulator associated with COL6A3 expression, providing new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of altered adipose tissue function in obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elise Grytten
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan-Inge Bjune
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Deleterious variants in genes associated with bone mineral density are linked to susceptibility to periodontitis development. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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6
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Logan SM, Ruest LB, Benson MD, Svoboda KKH. Extracellular Matrix in Secondary Palate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1543-1556. [PMID: 31513730 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secondary palate arises from outgrowths of epithelia-covered embryonic mesenchyme that grow from the maxillary prominence, remodel to meet over the tongue, and fuse at the midline. These events require the coordination of cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression, all of which take place in the context of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Palatal cells generate their ECM, and then stiffen, degrade, or otherwise modify its properties to achieve the required cell movement and organization during palatogenesis. The ECM, in turn, acts on the cells through their matrix receptors to change their gene expression and thus their phenotype. The number of ECM-related gene mutations that cause cleft palate in mice and humans is a testament to the crucial role the matrix plays in palate development and a reminder that understanding that role is vital to our progress in treating palate deformities. This article will review the known ECM constituents at each stage of palatogenesis, the mechanisms of tissue reorganization and cell migration through the palatal ECM, the reciprocal relationship between the ECM and gene expression, and human syndromes with cleft palate that arise from mutations of ECM proteins and their regulators. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - L Bruno Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Paired related homeobox protein 1 regulates PDGF-induced chemotaxis of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1020-1032. [PMID: 28737764 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF beta receptor (PDGFβR) axis has a critical role in liver fibrosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate the PDGF signaling are yet to be elucidated. The present study demonstrates that paired related homeobox protein 1 (Prrx1) is involved in PDGF-dependent hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) migration via modulation of the expression of metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. PDGF elevated the level of Prrx1 through the activation of ERK/Sp1 and PI3K/Akt/Ets1 pathways. In vivo, an adenoviral-mediated Prrx1 shRNA administration attenuated liver fibrosis in thioacetamide-induced fibrotic models. These studies reveal a role of Prrx1 as a modulator of PDGF-dependent signaling in HSCs, and inhibiting its expression may offer a therapeutic approach for hepatic fibrosis.
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8
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Seet LF, Toh LZ, Finger SN, Chu SWL, Stefanovic B, Wong TT. Valproic acid suppresses collagen by selective regulation of Smads in conjunctival fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:321-34. [PMID: 26507880 PMCID: PMC4803820 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of type I collagen is associated with a wide range of fibrotic diseases as well as surgical failure such as in glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Its modulation is therefore of clinical importance. Valproic acid (VPA) is known to reduce collagen in a variety of tissues with unclear mechanism of action. In this report, we demonstrate that VPA inhibited collagen production in both conjunctival fibroblasts and the mouse model of GFS. In fibroblasts, VPA decreased type I collagen expression which intensified with longer drug exposure and suppressed steady-state type I collagen promoter activity. Moreover, VPA decreased Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 but increased Smad6 expression with a similar intensity-exposure profile. Reduction of Smad3 using small hairpin RNA and/or overexpression of Smad6 resulted in decreased collagen expression which was exacerbated when VPA was simultaneously present. Furthermore, fibrogenic TGF-β2 failed to induce collagen when VPA was present, as opposed to the myofibroblast markers, beta-actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C, which were elevated by TGF-β2. VPA suppressed p3TP-Lux luciferase activity and selectively rescued Smad6 expression from suppression by TGF-β2. Notably, SMAD6 overexpression reduced the effectiveness of TGF-β2 in inducing collagen expression. In corroboration, VPA inhibited type I collagen but increased Smad6 expression in the late phase of wound healing in the mouse model of GFS. Taken together, our data indicate that VPA has the capacity to effectively suppress both steady-state and fibrogenic activation of type I collagen expression by modulating Smad expression. Hence, VPA is potentially applicable as an anti-fibrotic therapeutic by targeting collagen. Key message: • VPA modulates type I collagen expression via members of the Smad family. • VPA suppresses Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 but upregulates Smad6. • Smad3 and Smad6 are involved in VPA regulation of steady-state collagen expression. • Smad6 is involved in VPA modulation of TGF-β-stimulated collagen expression. • VPA reduces collagen and upregulates Smad6 in the mouse model of glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon N Finger
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Center, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, Kampert S, McCoin C, Broome DT, Rosen CJ, Yang G, MacDougald OA. The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3036-47. [PMID: 23250756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of adipocytes from preadipocytes contributes to adipose tissue expansion in obesity. Impaired adipogenesis may underlie the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Mechanistically, a well defined transcriptional network coordinates adipocyte differentiation. The family of paired-related homeobox transcription factors, which includes Prrx1a, Prrx1b, and Prrx2, is implicated with regulation of mesenchymal cell fate, including myogenesis and skeletogenesis; however, whether these proteins impact adipogenesis remains to be addressed. In this study, we identify Prrx1a and Prrx1b as negative regulators of adipogenesis. We show that Prrx1a and Prrx1b are down-regulated during adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Stable knockdown of Prrx1a/b enhances adipogenesis, with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α and FABP4 and increased secretion of the adipokines adiponectin and chemerin. Although stable low-level expression of Prrx1a, Prrx1b, or Prrx2 does not affect 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, transient overexpression of Prrx1a or Prrx1b inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activity. Prrx1 knockdown decreases expression of Tgfb2 and Tgfb3, and inhibition of TGFβ signaling during adipogenesis mimics the effects of Prrx1 knockdown. These data support the hypothesis that endogenous Prrx1 restrains adipogenesis by regulating expression of TGFβ ligands and thereby activating TGFβ signaling. Finally, we find that expression of Prrx1a or Prrx1b in adipose tissue increases during obesity and strongly correlates with Tgfb3 expression in BL6 mice. These observations suggest that increased Prrx1 expression may promote TGFβ activity in adipose tissue and thereby contribute to aberrant adipocyte function during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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10
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Susa T, Kato T, Yoshida S, Yako H, Higuchi M, Kato Y. Paired-related homeodomain proteins Prx1 and Prx2 are expressed in embryonic pituitary stem/progenitor cells and may be involved in the early stage of pituitary differentiation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1201-12. [PMID: 22577874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently cloned a paired-related homeodomain protein Prx2 as a novel factor in the pituitary. In the present study, we investigated the ontogenic profiles of Prx2 and another cognate Prx1 in the rat embryonic pituitary. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed low expression of Prx2 and a marked increase of Prx1 on rat embryonic day (E)20.5. Immunohistochemical analyses using an antibody that recognises both proteins, with the aim of investigating their roles in pituitary organogenesis, demonstrated that PRXs first appear in the Rathke's pouch on E13.5 in the pituitary stem/progenitor cells expressing Prop1 and Sox2. After E16.5, the number of Prx-expressing cells was increased in both anterior and intermediate lobes. SOX2(+) stem/progenitor cells in the intermediate lobe started to produce PRXs, and PRX(+) /SOX2(+) /PROP1(+) -cells were present on the anterior side of the marginal cell layer and were scattered in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. On the other hand, PRX(+) -cells negative for PROP1 and SOX2 were located in the anterior lobe. Analysis of the relationship with pituitary endocrine cells revealed that a part of PRX(+) /PROP1(-) /SOX2(-) -cells in the anterior lobe co-expressed all types of hormones. The proportion of co-localisation of PRXs and hormones was highest on the day each hormone first appeared. These data indicate that PRXs are produced in the pituitary progenitor cells and may play roles in the process of terminal differentiation during early pituitary organogenesis. An in vitro small interfering RNA-knockdown experiment in the pituitary-derived cell line, TtT/GF, revealed that PRX1 and PRX2 play roles in proliferation by different mechanisms because knockdown of Prx2, but not Prx1, induced the p21 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that 76% of PRXs(+) cells were positive for a cell proliferation marker Ki67 in the E18.5 pituitary. This is the first report of the involvement of PRX1 and PRX2 in organogenesis of tissue originating from the ectoderm other than the mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Susa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Ali G, Mohsin S, Khan M, Nasir GA, Shams S, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Nitric oxide augments mesenchymal stem cell ability to repair liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:75. [PMID: 22533821 PMCID: PMC3419634 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a major health problem worldwide and poses a serious obstacle for cell based therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent and important candidate cells for future clinical applications however success of MSC therapy depends upon their homing and survival in recipient organs. This study was designed to improve the repair potential of MSCs by transplanting them in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) pretreated mice with CCl4 induced liver fibrosis. Methods SNP 100 mM, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, was administered twice a week for 4 weeks to CCl4-injured mice. MSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 wild type mice and transplanted in the left lateral lobe of the liver in experimental animals. After 4 weeks, animals were sacrificed and liver improvement was analyzed. Analysis of fibrosis by qRT-PCR and sirius red staining, homing, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum levels between different treatment groups were compared to control. Results Liver histology demonstrated enhanced MSCs homing in SNP-MSCs group compared to MSCs group. The gene expression of fibrotic markers; αSMA, collagen 1α1, TIMP, NFκB and iNOS was down regulated while cytokeratin 18, albumin and eNOS was up-regulated in SNP-MSCs group. Combine treatment sequentially reduced fibrosis in SNP-MSCs treated liver compared to the other treatment groups. These results were also comparable with reduced serum levels of bilirubin and ALP observed in SNP-MSCs treated group. Conclusion This study demonstrated that NO effectively augments MSC ability to repair liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice and therefore is a better treatment regimen to reduce liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Ali
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Manojlovic Z, Stefanovic B. A novel role of RNA helicase A in regulation of translation of type I collagen mRNAs. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:321-34. [PMID: 22190748 PMCID: PMC3264918 DOI: 10.1261/rna.030288.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Type I collagen is composed of two α1(I) polypeptides and one α2(I) polypeptide and is the most abundant protein in the human body. Expression of type I collagen is primarily controlled at the level of mRNA stability and translation. Coordinated translation of α(I) and α2(I) mRNAs is necessary for efficient folding of the corresponding peptides into the collagen heterotrimer. In the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR), collagen mRNAs have a unique 5' stem-loop structure (5' SL). La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (LARP6) is the protein that binds 5' SL with high affinity and specificity and coordinates their translation. Here we show that RNA helicase A (RHA) is tethered to the 5' SL of collagen mRNAs by interaction with the C-terminal domain of LARP6. In vivo, collagen mRNAs immunoprecipitate with RHA in an LARP6-dependent manner. Knockdown of RHA prevents formation of polysomes on collagen mRNAs and dramatically reduces synthesis of collagen protein, without affecting the level of the mRNAs. A reporter mRNA with collagen 5' SL is translated three times more efficiently in the presence of RHA than the same reporter without the 5' SL, indicating that the 5' SL is the cis-acting element conferring the regulation. During activation of quiescent cells into collagen-producing cells, expression of RHA is highly up-regulated. We postulate that RHA is recruited to the 5' UTR of collagen mRNAs by LARP6 to facilitate their translation. Thus, RHA has been discovered as a critical factor for synthesis of the most abundant protein in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Manojlovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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13
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Balic A, Adams D, Mina M. Prx1 and Prx2 cooperatively regulate the morphogenesis of the medial region of the mandibular process. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2599-613. [PMID: 19777594 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking both Prx1 and Prx2 display severe abnormalities in the mandible. Our analysis showed that complete loss of Prx gene products leads to growth abnormalities in the mandibular processes evident as early as embryonic day (E) 10.5 associated with changes in the survival of the mesenchyme in the medial region. Changes in the gene expression in the medial and lateral regions were related to gradual loss of a subpopulation of mesenchyme in the medial region expressing eHand. Our analysis also showed that Prx gene products are required for the initiation and maintenance of chondrogenesis and terminal differentiation of the chondrocytes in the caudal and rostral ends of Meckel's cartilage. The fusion of the mandibular processes in the Prx1/Prx2 double mutants is caused by accelerated ossification. These observations together show that, during mandibular morphogenesis, Prx gene products play multiple roles including the cell survival, the region-specific terminal differentiation of Meckelian chondrocytes and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Balic
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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14
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Mann J, Mann DA. Transcriptional regulation of hepatic stellate cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:497-512. [PMID: 19393271 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a process of cellular transdifferentiation in which, upon liver injury, the quiescent vitamin A storing perisinusoidal HSC is converted into a wound-healing myofibroblast and acquires potent pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic activities. This remarkable phenotypic transformation is underpinned by changes in the expression of a vast number of genes. In this review we survey current knowledge of the transcription factors that either control HSC activation or which regulate specific fibrogenic functions of the activated HSC such as collagen expression, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.
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15
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Huang Z, Wang D, Ihida-Stansbury K, Jones PL, Martin JF. Defective pulmonary vascular remodeling in Smad8 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2791-801. [PMID: 19419974 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), a progressive, lethal condition that results in pathologic changes in the pulmonary arterial tree, eventually leads to right heart failure. Work identifying mutations in the Type II Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) receptor, BmpRII, in families with PAH has implicated Bmp-signaling in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, the effectors downstream of BmpRII in PAH remain unclear since BmpRII signals via Smad-dependent and independent mechanisms. We investigated Smad8 function, a divergent receptor regulated Smad downstream of Bmp-signaling, using gene targeting in mice. We show that Smad8 loss of function in adults resulted in characteristic changes in distal pulmonary arteries including medial thickening and smooth muscle hyperplasia that is observed in patients with PAH. Smad8 mutant pulmonary vasculature had upregulated Activin/Tgfbeta signaling and pathologic remodeling with aberrant Prx1 and Tenascin-C expression. A subset of Smad8 mutants had pulmonary adenomas uncovering a function for Smad8 in normal growth control. These findings implicate Smad8 in both pulmonary hypertension and lung tumorigenesis and support Smad8 as a candidate gene for PAH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M System Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Fritz D, Stefanovic B. RNA-binding protein RBMS3 is expressed in activated hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis and increases expression of transcription factor Prx1. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:585-95. [PMID: 17586524 PMCID: PMC1976254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are mesenchymal cells of the liver, activation of which is responsible for excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix, including type I collagen, and development of liver fibrosis. The activation of HSCs is driven by transcription factors and pair-related homeobox transcription factor Prx1 was identified as one of the transcription factors involved in this process, because transcription of collagen alpha1(I) gene is stimulated by Prx1 in HSCs and in the liver. Here, we show that expression of the RNA-binding protein RBMS3 is upregulated in the activation of HSCs and fibrotic livers. Immunoprecipitation followed by differential display identified Prx1 mRNA as one of the mRNAs interacting with RBMS3. The RBMS3 sequence-specific binding site was mapped to 60 nt located 1946 nt 3' of the stop codon of Prx1 mRNA. Ectopic expression of RBMS3 in quiescent HSCs, which express trace amounts of type I collagen, increased expression of Prx1 mRNA and collagen alpha1(I) mRNA. Expression of reporter Prx1 mRNA containing the RBMS3 binding site was higher than the mRNA lacking this site. Over-expression of RBMS3 further increased the steady-state level of the reporter mRNA-containing RBMS3 binding site, but had no effect on the mRNA lacking this site. Binding of RBMS3 to the Prx1 3' UTR increased the half-life of this mRNA, resulting in increased protein synthesis. These results suggest that RBMS3, by binding Prx1 mRNA in a sequence-specific manner, controls Prx1 expression and indirectly collagen synthesis. This is the first description of the function of RBMS3, as a key regulator of profibrotic potential of HSCs, representing a novel mechanism by which activated HSCs contribute to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
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