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Genetic Characterizations and Molecular Evolution of the Measles Virus Genotype B3's Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in the Elimination Era. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101970. [PMID: 34696400 PMCID: PMC8540759 DOI: 10.3390/v13101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) genotype B3 is one globally significant circulating genotype. Here, we present a systematic description of long-term evolutionary characterizations of the MeV genotype B3's hemagglutinin (H) gene in the elimination era. Our results show that the B3 H gene can be divided into two main sub-genotypes, and the highest intra-genotypic diversity was observed in 2004. MeV genotype B3's H gene diverged in 1976; its overall nucleotide substitution rate is estimated to be 5.697 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year, and is slowing down. The amino acid substitution rate of genotype B3's H gene is also decreasing, and the mean effective population size has been in a downward trend since 2000. Selection pressure analysis only recognized a few sites under positive selection, and the number of positive selection sites is getting smaller. All of these observations may reveal that genotype B3's H gene is not under strong selection pressure, and is becoming increasingly conservative. MeV H-gene or whole-genome sequencing should be routine, so as to better elucidate the molecular epidemiology of MeV in the future.
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Lazar M, Stănescu A, Penedos AR, Pistol A. Characterisation of measles after the introduction of the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 with focus on the laboratory data, 2016 to 2019 outbreak, Romania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31339098 PMCID: PMC6652110 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.29.1900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Since January 2016, a resurgence of measles in Romania has led to the third measles epidemic in the past 12 years; 64 deaths have been confirmed so far–the highest number of measles-related deaths since the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in 2004. Aim To provide an overview on the characterisation on measles in Romania after the introduction of the MMR vaccine with focus on the current outbreak, laboratory and molecular analysis. Methods We performed an analysis of measles incidence and mortality after the introduction of MMR vaccination and a retrospective study using serological and molecular data in three consecutive outbreaks with focus on the current outbreak. Results In the current outbreak, 17,533 measles cases were notified to the national surveillance system, 93% were unvaccinated. Measles virus was isolated from 429 samples and 283 were genotyped. Genotype B3 was predominant (n = 269) and sporadic measles cases associated with D8 genotype (n = 9) were also observed; genotype D4 and D8 were identified in the previous two measles outbreaks. The detection of several distinct measles virus B3 genotypes suggests multiple virus importations to Romania. Conclusion The current outbreak is a consequence of insufficient vaccine coverage. Control measures were implemented to improve uptake of MMR vaccine, including administering the first MMR dose at a younger age (9–11 months) and offering catch-up vaccination to children that have not followed the recommended dosing schedule. More measures are needed to improve the surveillance performance and to achieve high routine MMR vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Lazar
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Earth Environmental and Life Sciences Division, Bucharest, Romania.,Cantacuzino, National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Stănescu
- National Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Control, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Raquel Penedos
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Pistol
- National Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Control, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Faneye AO, Motayo BO, Adeniji JA. Molecular characterization and evolutionary dynamics of measles virus sequences isolated from children in Lagos and Ibadan, South Western, Nigeria. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:309-312. [PMID: 31431423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles infection is endemic in Nigeria, with outbreaks occurring yearly. Genotype B3 is the dominant genotype and the only genotype characterized from Nigeria. The current study investigated the phylogenetic and Bayesian evolutionary dynamics of Nigerian measles virus Nucleoprotein (N) sequences isolated from Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 120 throat swab samples were analysed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian demographic reconstructions were done using MEGA and BEAST software. Measles RNA positivity was 14.2% (17/120), age range 0-1 recorded the highest rate with 40.83%. Study sequences clustered within clade B3.1. The evolutionary rate of analysed B3 sequences was 1.108×10-3, higher posterior density HPD interval (1.462×10-3 - 7.886×10-4)subs/site/year. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRC), was 1991. The Bayesian skyride analysis(BSP) of West African MV cladeB3.1, showed a stable, steady state population demography. This study has reemphasised the dominance of clade B3.1 in Nigeria. We have shown that clade B3.1 was recently introduced into circulation and has a slow population expansion. We advocate for the institution of molecular surveillance country wide in order to help monitor strain diversity and genetic evolution of Measles in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Dascalu S. Measles Epidemics in Romania: Lessons for Public Health and Future Policy. Front Public Health 2019; 7:98. [PMID: 31073518 PMCID: PMC6496956 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly infectious viral disease that continues to be a challenge for many countries worldwide. Although significant improvements have been observed since the introduction of vaccines, measles remains endemic in Romania. Contributing factors include vaccine hesitancy, difficulties in delivering doses to the population, and even the lack of sufficient vaccine supplies. These problems are further exacerbated by an inadequate implementation of public health measures, ranging from inefficient communication programs to the absence of a legislative framework concerning immunization. Moreover, many of the recent outbreaks were associated with chains of transmission in other countries, thus making the control of measles in Romania relevant at an international level. As many difficulties exist, understanding the key factors that limit the success of public health programs may provide guidance in shaping future strategies. Because similar issues are being faced in various other countries, the management of measles in Romania offers valuable lessons for researchers and policy-makers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dascalu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Avian Influenza Virus, Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Woking, United Kingdom
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5
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Abeev A, Zhylkibayev A, Kamalova D, Kusheva N, Nusupbaeva G, Tleumbetova N, Smagul M, Beissenova S, Aubakirova S, Kassenova Z, Demessinova B, Amanbayev A, Ramankulov Y, Shevtsov A. Epidemiological Outbreaks of Measles Virus in Kazakhstan during 2015. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:354-359. [PMID: 29962485 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study involved epidemiological surveillance of the measles virus (MV) in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan during 2015-2016. We detected MV genotype D8 in this season of measles outbreak. A total of 2,341 cases were registered and 19 were identified by genotyping. Sixteen of these samples were attributed to subgroup A of genotype D8, while 3 imported cases were represented by genotypes B3 and H1. Analysis of vaccination coverage showed that a large group of infected people were not vaccinated or did not have a reliable report on their vaccination status. This issue might increase the morbidity rate among the healthy population in outbreak seasons. To prevent the incidence caused by this problem, we have successfully introduced epidemiologic measures for the control of measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Abeev
- National Center for Biotechnology.,Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | | | | | - Nadezhda Kusheva
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | - Gauhar Nusupbaeva
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | - Nazim Tleumbetova
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | - Manar Smagul
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | | | | | - Zhuldiz Kassenova
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | | | - Altay Amanbayev
- Scientific and Practical Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- National Center for Biotechnology.,School of Science and Technology Nazarbayev University
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6
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Ceccarelli G, Vita S, Riva E, Cella E, Lopalco M, Antonelli F, De Cesaris M, Fogolari M, Dicuonzo G, Ciccozzi M, Angeletti S. Susceptibility to measles in migrant population: implication for policy makers. J Travel Med 2018; 25:4711101. [PMID: 29232456 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a large measles outbreak is taking place in WHO European region, currently no data are available on measles immunization coverage in the asylum seeker and migrants hosted in this area. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-six migrants upon their arrival in Italy on March, April and May 2016 were screened for measles virus IgG antibodies by chemiluminescence immunoassay (Liaison XL analyzer, Diasorin, Italy). The virus susceptibility in this cohort, the differences between the official country reported and the observed measles immunization coverage and the impact of current measles outbreak on the asylum seekers hosted in the largest Asylum Seeker centres of Italy, were evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of subjects with positive result for measles IgG antibodies ranged between 79.9% and 100%. In Senegal, Mali, Nigeria, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the measles IgG seroprevalence observed was greater than the vaccinal coverage reported by WHO after I dose of vaccine. Based on data regarding the II dose coverage, the ASs population presented a seroprevalence greater to that expected. CONCLUSION On the basis of the results obtained, extraordinary screening and vaccination campaigns in the migrant population, especially in the course of large outbreaks, could represent a resource to reach an adequate measles immunization coverage and to control this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Migrant and Global Health Research Organisation, Centro di ricerca sulla salute globale e delle popolazioni mobili (Mi-Hero), Via del Pigneto 3, 00176 Roma, Italy.,Sanitary Bureau of Asylum Seekers Center of Castelnuovo di Porto, Via della Circonvallazione della Protezione Civile 1, 00100 Rome, Italy.,Auxilium Società Cooperativa Sociale, Senise (PZ), Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Migrant and Global Health Research Organisation, Centro di ricerca sulla salute globale e delle popolazioni mobili (Mi-Hero), Via del Pigneto 3, 00176 Roma, Italy.,Sanitary Bureau of Asylum Seekers Center of Castelnuovo di Porto, Via della Circonvallazione della Protezione Civile 1, 00100 Rome, Italy.,Auxilium Società Cooperativa Sociale, Senise (PZ), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Sanitary Bureau of Asylum Seekers Center of Castelnuovo di Porto, Via della Circonvallazione della Protezione Civile 1, 00100 Rome, Italy.,Auxilium Società Cooperativa Sociale, Senise (PZ), Italy
| | - Maurizio Lopalco
- Sanitary Bureau of Asylum Seekers Center of Castelnuovo di Porto, Via della Circonvallazione della Protezione Civile 1, 00100 Rome, Italy.,Auxilium Società Cooperativa Sociale, Senise (PZ), Italy
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Marina De Cesaris
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Fogolari
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Giordano Dicuonzo
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Science Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Measles virus envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors transduce quiescent human HSCs at an efficiency without precedent. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2088-2104. [PMID: 29296856 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy trials are now moving toward the use of lentiviral vectors (LVs) with success. However, one challenge in the field remains: efficient transduction of HSCs without compromising their stem cell potential. Here we showed that measles virus glycoprotein-displaying LVs (hemagglutinin and fusion protein LVs [H/F-LVs]) were capable of transducing 100% of early-acting cytokine-stimulated human CD34+ (hCD34+) progenitor cells upon a single application. Strikingly, these H/F-LVs also allowed transduction of up to 70% of nonstimulated quiescent hCD34+ cells, whereas conventional vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-LVs reached 5% at the most with H/F-LV entry occurring exclusively through the CD46 complement receptor. Importantly, reconstitution of NOD/SCIDγc-/- (NSG) mice with H/F-LV transduced prestimulated or resting hCD34+ cells confirmed these high transduction levels in all myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Remarkably, for resting CD34+ cells, secondary recipients exhibited increasing transduction levels of up to 100%, emphasizing that H/F-LVs efficiently gene-marked HSCs in the resting state. Because H/F-LVs promoted ex vivo gene modification of minimally manipulated CD34+ progenitors that maintained stemness, we assessed their applicability in Fanconi anemia, a bone marrow (BM) failure with chromosomal fragility. Notably, only H/F-LVs efficiently gene-corrected minimally stimulated hCD34+ cells in unfractionated BM from these patients. These H/F-LVs improved HSC gene delivery in the absence of cytokine stimulation while maintaining their stem cell potential. Thus, H/F-LVs will facilitate future clinical applications requiring HSC gene modification, including BM failure syndromes, for which treatment has been very challenging up to now.
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8
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A measles outbreak in Sindh, Pakistan caused by a genotype B3 virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3603-3610. [PMID: 28803415 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Measles continues to be a major public health issue causing substantial outbreaks worldwide, mostly affecting young children. Molecular analysis of measles viruses provides important information on outbreak linkages and transmission pathways that can be helpful towards implementation of appropriate control programs. In Pakistan, the control of measles is still tenuous, and progress towards elimination has been irregular and challenging. In the 2013 measles outbreak we received 4,682 sera collected from suspected patients in 23 districts across Sindh. A total of 3,283 samples were confirmed measles positive using IgM ELISA with the highest infection rate in children aged 1-12 months. Males were more affected than females and a visible peak was observed from January to April. Among the 3,283 cases, 59.1% were unvaccinated, 29.6% had received 1 dose and 10.3% had received 2 doses of measles vaccine while 0.85% had an unknown vaccination status. For genotype detection and phylogenetic analysis, 60 throat swab samples were collected from suspected patients below 15 years of age in eight districts of Sindh province. Forty four (73%; 44/60) throat swab samples were successfully genotyped using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the nucleocapsid protein gene revealed that all Pakistani measles virus strains belonged to genotype B3 and were closely related to those isolated from neighboring countries such as Iran, Afghanistan (99.1-100%) and India with 98.6 - 99.6% nucleotide homology. This is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of measles B3 genotype strains from Pakistan and highlights the need for strengthening the surveillance systems and improving immunization coverage across the country.
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9
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Santibanez S, Hübschen JM, Ben Mamou MC, Muscat M, Brown KE, Myers R, Donoso Mantke O, Zeichhardt H, Brockmann D, Shulga SV, Muller CP, O'Connor PM, Mulders MN, Mankertz A. Molecular surveillance of measles and rubella in the WHO European Region: new challenges in the elimination phase. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:516-523. [PMID: 28712666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO European Region (EUR) has adopted the goal of eliminating measles and rubella but individual countries perform differently in achieving this goal. Measles virus spread across the EUR by mobile groups has recently led to large outbreaks in the insufficiently vaccinated resident population. As an instrument for monitoring the elimination process and verifying the interruption of endemic virus transmission, molecular surveillance has to provide valid and representative data. Irrespective of the country's specific situation, it is required to ensure the functionality of the laboratory surveillance that is supported by the WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network. AIMS To investigate whether the molecular surveillance in the EUR is adequate for the challenges in the elimination phase, we addressed the quality assurance of molecular data, the continuity and intensity of molecular monitoring, and the analysis of transmission chains. SOURCES Published articles, the molecular External Quality Assessment Programme of the WHO, the Centralized Information System for Infectious Diseases of the WHO EUR and the WHO Measles and Rubella Nucleotide Surveillance databases served as information sources. CONTENT Molecular proficiency testing conducted by the WHO in 2016 has shown that the expertise for measles and rubella virus genotyping exists in all parts of the EUR. The analysis of surveillance data reported nationally to the WHO in 2013-2016 has revealed some countries with outbreaks but not sufficiently representative molecular data. Long-lasting supranational MV transmission chains were identified. IMPLICATIONS A more systematic molecular monitoring and recording of the transmission pattern for the whole EUR could help to create a meaningful picture of the elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santibanez
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J M Hübschen
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette and Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - M C Ben Mamou
- Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Immunization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Muscat
- Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Immunization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K E Brown
- WHO Global Specialized Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - R Myers
- WHO Global Specialized Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - O Donoso Mantke
- INSTAND e.V. - Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Zeichhardt
- INSTAND e.V. - Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Düsseldorf, Germany; Institut für Virologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Institut für Qualitätssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik - IQVD, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Brockmann
- Epidemiological Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S V Shulga
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - C P Muller
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette and Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - P M O'Connor
- Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Immunization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M N Mulders
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Mankertz
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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Antigenic Drift Defines a New D4 Subgenotype of Measles Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00209-17. [PMID: 28356529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus hemagglutinin (MeV-H) protein is the main target of protective neutralizing antibodies. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize known major antigenic sites in MeV-H, we identified a D4 genotype variant that escapes neutralization by MAbs targeting the neutralizing epitope (NE) antigenic site. By site-directed mutagenesis, L249P was identified as the critical mutation disrupting the NE in this genotype D4 variant. Forty-two available D4 genotype gene sequences were subsequently analyzed and divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of the L249P MeV-H mutation. Further analysis of the MeV-N gene sequences of these 2 groups confirmed that they represent clearly definable, sequence-divergent D4 subgenotypes, which we named subgenotypes D4.1 and D4.2. The subgenotype D4.1 MeVs were isolated predominantly in Kenya and Ethiopia, whereas the MAb-resistant subgenotype D4.2 MeVs were isolated predominantly in France and Great Britain, countries with higher vaccine coverage rates. Interestingly, D4.2 subgenotype viruses showed a trend toward diminished susceptibility to neutralization by human sera pooled from approximately 60 to 80 North American donors. Escape from MAb neutralization may be a powerful epidemiological surveillance tool to monitor the evolution of new MeV subgenotypes.IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a paradigmatic RNA virus, as the antigenic composition of the vaccination has not needed to be updated since its discovery. The vaccine confers protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the function of the hemagglutinin protein. Viral strains are indistinguishable serologically, although characteristic nucleotide sequences differentiate 24 genotypes. In this work, we describe a distant evolutionary branch within genotype D4. Designated subgenotype D4.2, this virus is distinguishable by neutralization with vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies that target the neutralizing epitope (NE). The subgenotype D4.2 viruses have a higher predominance in countries with intermediary levels of vaccine coverage. Our studies demonstrate that subgenotype D4.2 lacks epitopes associated with half of the known antigenic sites, which significantly impacts our understanding of measles virus evolution.
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11
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Urone N, Colomba C, Ferraro D. Characterization of measles virus strains circulating in Southern Italy (Palermo area, Sicily) between 2010 and 2011. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 38:117-121. [PMID: 26723918 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) was classified in 24 genotypes that show a distinct geographic distribution. Genotypes contain multiple distinct lineages. In 2011 large outbreaks of measles occurred in Italy and in many European countries. Aims of this study are to analyze the intra-genotype variability and to follow the importation and the spread of new MV strains in Sicily. A fragment of 450 bps of MV C-terminal nucleoprotein was sequenced from sera of 73 Sicilian patients with symptomatic measles infections, occurred between 2010 and 2011. Five MV strains were D4 genotype and 68 were D8 genotype. The MV/D4 sequences were related to MV/D4-Enfield variant. Two lineages of MV/D8 genotypes, related to MV/D8-Villupuram variant and to a strain found in Birmingham in 2006 respectively, were identified. This is the first study that reports the co-circulation of different MV genotypes and lineages in Sicily suggesting multiple origins of the outbreak that occurred during 2010 and 2011 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Urone
- (a)Sezione di Microbiologia "A.Chiarini", Italy
| | - Claudia Colomba
- Sezione di Malattie Infettive-Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G D'Alessandro" Università di Palermo, Italy
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12
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Salimović-Bešić I, Šeremet M, Hübschen JM, Hukić M, Tihić N, Ahmetagić S, Delibegović Z, Pilav A, Mulaomerović M, Ravlija J, Muller CP, Dedeić-Ljubović A. Epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance of the measles outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, February 2014-April 2015. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:563.e1-7. [PMID: 26928202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A measles outbreak with two epidemic waves involving 4649 probable and laboratory-confirmed cases was recorded in six out of ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between February 2014 and April 2015. The majority of the patients had never received measles vaccination (3115/4649, 67.00%), and the vaccination status of another 23% was unknown (1066/4649). A total of 281 blood samples were tested serologically. Virus detection was performed using 44 nasopharyngeal swabs. About 57% (161/281) of the laboratory-investigated sera were immunoglobulin M positive, and 95% (42/44) of the swabs were reverse transcriptase-PCR positive. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained from 30 swab samples showed circulation of two variants of genotype D8, but no genotype D4 strains as detected in 2007. Similar involvement of all age groups indicates a problem with vaccine refusal resulting from antivaccination activities in addition to gaps in immunization coverage during the war and postwar period (1992-1998). Differences in ethnicity, vaccine coverage, compliance with review policies of vaccination records and potentially also travel habits may partially explain why only six of ten cantons were affected by the outbreak. The second epidemic wave may in part be due to large-scale migrations due to catastrophic floods in 2014. As a result of the epidemic, 6- to 12-month-old children may now be vaccinated against measles during outbreaks, and public health recommendations for interventions have been strengthened. Additional efforts are required to implement the measures throughout the cantons.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Salimović-Bešić
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - M Šeremet
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - J M Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - M Hukić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Ilidža, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Medical Sciences, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - N Tihić
- Department of Microbiology, Polyclinic of Laboratory Diagnostics, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - S Ahmetagić
- Department for Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Z Delibegović
- Department of Microbiology, Polyclinic of Laboratory Diagnostics, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Pilav
- Department for Public Health, Monitoring and Evaluation, Federal Ministry of Health, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Mulaomerović
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - J Ravlija
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - C P Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - A Dedeić-Ljubović
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Hukic M, Ravlija J, Karakas S, Mulaomerovic M, Dedeic Ljubovic A, Salimović-Besic I, Seremet M, Ahmetagic S, Comor A, Feric E. An ongoing measles outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2014 to 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 25764186 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.9.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Between January 2014 and the beginning of February 2015, the Federal Institute of Public Health in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has reported 3,804 measles cases. Notable transmission has been observed in three Central Bosnia Canton municipalities: Bugojno, Fojnica and Travnik. Most cases were unvaccinated 2,680 (70%) or of unknown vaccination status 755 (20%). Health authorities have been checking vaccination records and performing necessary prevention measures. The epidemic is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hukic
- Department of Medical Science, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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14
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Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Chiereghin A, Serra L, Gabrielli L, Lanari M. Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:355-62. [PMID: 25612664 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measles is a serious infectious disease that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Remarkable progress has been made through measles vaccination in reducing the number of people dying from measles. In the last years, concerns about the safety of vaccines have led to decline in immunization coverage rates and new outbreaks of measles in many European countries, including Italy. We believe that it is important to reinforce the message that measles vaccine is safe and highly effective through appropriate information campaigns and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Piccirilli
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology, St. Orsola-Malpighi General Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Magurano F, Baggieri M, Fortuna C, Bella A, Filia A, Rota MC, Benedetti E, Bucci P, Marchi A, Nicoletti L. Measles elimination in Italy: data from laboratory activity, 2011-2013. J Clin Virol 2014; 64:34-9. [PMID: 25728076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Regional Office of the World Health Organization developed a strategic approach to halt the indigenous transmission of measles in its 53 Member States by 2015, World Health Organization [1]. Many European countries, including Italy began the implementation of national programs to reach this goal. OBJECTIVES To describe and discuss the results of laboratory activity in measles surveillance, performed from January 2011 to December 2013 by the Italian National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella. STUDY DESIGN Samples of suspected measles cases were collected from different Italian regions to confirm clinical diagnosis. Anti-measles IgM antibodies detection by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and/or molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay were performed. Positive samples were sequenced for viral characterization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS According to results from the National Reference Laboratory's activity urine and blood seem to be the best specimens for measles laboratory surveillance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a co-circulation of the genotypes D4 and D8 during the reviewed period, a cluster of B3 and sporadic cases of D9 and H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonino Bella
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Filia
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Rota
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Via Giano della Bella 34, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Benedetti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Bucci
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marchi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Loredana Nicoletti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Li S, Qian X, Yuan Z, Sun X, Li C, Tang X, Yang Y, Gong X, Cao G. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:581-90. [PMID: 25281832 PMCID: PMC9425214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000–2012. Methods Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain. Results Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site. Conclusion Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanji Yang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzhen Gong
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Wild-type measles viruses with non-standard genome lengths. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95470. [PMID: 24748123 PMCID: PMC3991672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of the single stranded, negative sense RNA genome of measles virus (MeV) is highly conserved at 15,894 nucleotides (nt). MeVs can be grouped into 24 genotypes based on the highly variable 450 nucleotides coding for the carboxyl-terminus of the nucleocapsid protein (N-450). Here, we report the genomic sequences of 2 wild-type viral isolates of genotype D4 with genome lengths of 15,900 nt. Both genomes had a 7 nt insertion in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the matrix (M) gene and a 1 nt deletion in the 5′ UTR of the fusion (F) gene. The net gain of 6 nt complies with the rule-of-six required for replication competency of the genomes of morbilliviruses. The insertions and deletion (indels) were confirmed in a patient sample that was the source of one of the viral isolates. The positions of the indels were identical in both viral isolates, even though epidemiological data and the 3 nt differences in N-450 between the two genomes suggested that the viruses represented separate chains of transmission. Identical indels were found in the M-F intergenic regions of 14 additional genotype D4 viral isolates that were imported into the US during 2007–2010. Viral isolates with and without indels produced plaques of similar size and replicated efficiently in A549/hSLAM and Vero/hSLAM cells. This is the first report of wild-type MeVs with genome lengths other than 15,894 nt and demonstrates that the length of the M-F UTR of wild-type MeVs is flexible.
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18
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Cutts FT, Lessler J, Metcalf CJE. Measles elimination: progress, challenges and implications for rubella control. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:917-32. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.814847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Necula G, Lazar M, Stanescu A, Pistol A, Santibanez S, Mankertz A, Lupulescu E. Transmission and molecular characterisation of wild measles virus in Romania, 2008 to 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:20658. [PMID: 24342518 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterisation of measles virus is a powerful tool for tracing transmission. Genotyping may prove the absence of endemic circulation of measles virus, i.e. transmission for more than 12 months, which is one of the criteria for verifying elimination of the disease. We have genetically characterised measles viruses detected in Romania from 2008 to 2012, focusing on the recent outbreaks from 2010 to 2012 that affected mainly groups with limited access to healthcare and schools. The findings emphasise the importance of genotyping during the different phases of an outbreak. A total of 8,170 cases were notified, and 5,093 (62%) of the 7,559 possible cases were serologically confirmed. RT-PCR was performed for 104 samples: from the 101 positive samples obtained from sporadic measles cases or clusters from different counties, 73 were genotyped. Sporadic measles cases associated with D4 and D5 viruses were observed from2008 to 2009. Genotype D4-Manchester was predominant in 2011 and 2012. In addition, the related variant D4-Maramures and MVs/Limoges.FRA/17.10[D4] and a few D4-Hamburg strains were detected. The detection of several distinct MV-D4 genotypes suggests multiple virus importations to Romania. The outbreak associated with D4 genotype is the second largest outbreak in Romania in less than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Necula
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and National Influenza Center, Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Molekulare Surveillance belegt Fortschritt im Eliminationsprozess der Masern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56:1238-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Magurano F, Fortuna C, Marchi A, Benedetti E, Bucci P, Baggieri M, Nicoletti L. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Italy, 2002-2007. Virol J 2012; 9:284. [PMID: 23173726 PMCID: PMC3568056 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO/Europe) developed a strategic approach to halt the indigenous transmission of measles in its 53 Member States by 2015. In view of the goal of measles elimination, it is of great importance to assess the circulation of wild-type measles virus (MV). Genetic analysis is indispensable to understand the epidemiology of measles. Methods Urine and saliva samples were collected between May 2002 and December 2007, in order to find the origins and routes of wild type measles virus circulation. RT-PCR was performed on a total of 414 clinical samples of patients from different Italian regions. The results confirmed the genome presence in 199 samples, out of which 179 were sequenced. The sequences were genotyped by comparing the fragment coding for the carboxyl terminus of the nucleoprotein (450 nucleotides) with that one of the WHO reference strains. Results From the year 2002 to the year 2007 phylogenetic analysis of measles sequences showed a predominant circulation of the D7 genotype in the Italian territory for the years 2002–2004. This genotype was replaced by D4 and B3 genotypes in the biennium 2006–2007. During the same period C2, A, D5 and D8 genotypes were also detected. Conclusions Genetic characterization of wild-type MV provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus, and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Knowledge of currently circulating measles virus genotype in Italy will help in monitoring the success of the measles elimination programme and will contribute to evaluate the effectiveness of future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Magurano
- Viral Diseases and Attenuated Vaccines Unit National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS), Rome, Italy.
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22
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Lentiviral vectors displaying modified measles virus gp overcome pre-existing immunity in in vivo-like transduction of human T and B cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1699-712. [PMID: 22617109 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into quiescent T and B cells is important for gene therapy and immunotherapy approaches. Previously, we generated lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with Edmonston (Ed) measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) glycoproteins (H/F-LVs), which allowed efficient transduction of quiescent human T and B cells. However, a major obstacle in the use of H/F-LVs in vivo is that most of the human population is vaccinated against measles. As the MV humoral immune response is exclusively directed against the H protein of MV, we mutated the two dominant epitopes in H, Noose, and NE. LVs pseudotyped with these mutant H-glycoproteins escaped inactivation by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) but were still neutralized by human serum. Consequently, we took advantage of newly emerged MV-D genotypes that were less sensitive to MV vaccination due to a different glycosylation pattern. The mutation responsible was introduced into the H/F-LVs, already mutated for Noose and NE epitopes. We found that these mutant H/F-LVs could efficiently transduce quiescent lymphocytes in the presence of high concentrations of MV antibody-positive human serum. Finally, upon incubation with total blood, mimicking the in vivo situation, the mutant H/F-LVs escaped MV antibody neutralization, where the original H/F-LVs failed. Thus, these novel H/F-LVs offer perspectives for in vivo lymphocyte-based gene therapy and immunotherapy.
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23
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Measles outbreak in an asylum-seekers' shelter in Germany: comparison of the implemented with a hypothetical containment strategy. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:1589-98. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn order to contain a measles outbreak in a German asylum-seekers' shelter, serological testing of all residents was performed, followed by selective vaccination of those with negative test results/not tested. In this paper we describe the outbreak epidemiologically and then compare the implemented strategy with a hypothetical mass vaccination of all individuals unvaccinated or with unknown vaccination status born after 1970 as recommended by the German Standing Committee on Vaccination in terms of potentially avoided cases, logistics, and costs. Three hundred (70%) residents participated in the serological testing, of which 39 (13%) were seronegative. In total, 144 individuals were eligible for vaccination, while a mass vaccination would have targeted 359 persons. However, serological testing was time- and personnel consuming and revealed several logistical problems. Its costs amounted to €90 000, double that of mass vaccination that additionally might have avoided three of the eight cases. Mass vaccination seems the preferred measure for measles outbreak control in such settings.
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Mankertz A, Mihneva Z, Gold H, Baumgarte S, Baillot A, Helble R, Roggendorf H, Bosevska G, Nedeljkovic J, Makowka A, Hutse V, Holzmann H, Aberle SW, Cordey S, Necula G, Mentis A, Korukluoğlu G, Carr M, Brown KE, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, Mulders MN, Santibanez S. Spread of measles virus D4-Hamburg, Europe, 2008-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1396-401. [PMID: 21801615 PMCID: PMC3381563 DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strain of measles virus, D4-Hamburg, was imported from London to Hamburg in December 2008 and subsequently spread to Bulgaria, where an outbreak of >24,300 cases was observed. We analyzed spread of the virus to demonstrate the importance of addressing hard-to-reach communities within the World Health Organization European Region regarding access to medical care and vaccination campaigns. The D4-Hamburg strain appeared during 2009-2011 in Poland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Austria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland, and Belgium and was repeatedly reimported to Germany. The strain was present in Europe for >27 months and led to >25,000 cases in 12 countries. Spread of the virus was prevalently but not exclusively associated with travel by persons in the Roma ethnic group; because this travel extends beyond the borders of any European country, measures to prevent the spread of measles should be implemented by the region as a whole.
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25
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Biological feasibility of measles eradication. Virus Res 2011; 162:72-9. [PMID: 21963661 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the success of global measles control programs, the World Health Organization (WHO), along with its partner agencies, is once again considering the possibility of setting a target date for measles eradication. Measles would be the fourth viral agent to be eradicated joining the successful programs to eradicate smallpox and rinderpest virus, and the continuing effort to eradicate polio virus. A description of the recent progress toward measles eradication was recently published as a supplement in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (15 July, 2011, 204 (Suppl. 1)) and the reader is referred to this document for a detailed summary of the global status of measles control. This review will focus on the biologic and virologic aspects of measles eradication.
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26
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Siedler A, Mankertz A, Feil F, Ahlemeyer G, Hornig A, Kirchner M, Beyrer K, Dreesman J, Scharkus S, Marcic A, Reiter S, Matysiak-Klose D, Santibanez S, Krause G, Wichmann O. Closer to the goal: efforts in measles elimination in Germany 2010. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S373-80. [PMID: 21666187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing 2-dose vaccination coverage has led to an interruption of endemic measles virus circulation in Germany. However, outbreaks after virus importation still occur and contribute to international transmission chains. Between 2003 and 2009, annual measles incidence ranged between 0.2 and 2.8 per 100,000 population. Immunization gaps have been identified especially in secondary-school students and young adults, which is also reflected by a shift in age distribution of reported measles cases toward older age groups. Stronger political commitment and standardized guidelines for outbreak containment were put in place in Germany in the past years, but the last step toward measles elimination cannot be made until the number of susceptible individuals has been further reduced. In addition to routine childhood vaccination, supplementary immunization activities are needed targeting school students and young adults to close critical immunization gaps. Intensification of public awareness and sound information on vaccinations are necessary to convince skeptics and remind the forgetful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Siedler
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Mankertz A, Mulders MN, Shulga S, Kremer JR, Brown KE, Santibanez S, Muller CP, Tikhonova N, Lipskaya G, Jankovic D, Khetsuriani N, Martin R, Gavrilin E. Molecular genotyping and epidemiology of measles virus transmission in the World Health Organization European Region, 2007-2009. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S335-42. [PMID: 21666182 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a goal to eliminate measles in the European Region by 2010. Measles elimination is defined as the interruption of indigenous measles virus (MV) transmission. The molecular epidemiology of MV transmission in the WHO European Region was studied through the investigation of reported cases and outbreaks to monitor the region's progress toward its measles elimination goal. METHODS National and regional laboratories performed molecular characterization of MV detected between 2007 and 2009 in the WHO European Region. To document indigenous transmission and importations into the region, we analyzed genotyping results and epidemiological data on measles outbreaks reported by the member states. RESULTS Since 2007, MV genotype D6 has not been reported in the WHO European Region, suggesting that its chains of transmission have been interrupted, whereas several other MV genotypes are still circulating. Although several European countries have already interrupted indigenous MV transmission, genotyping showed that 3 endemic MV transmission chains have been reestablished in other countries. CONCLUSIONS The WHO European Region 2010 goal will not be met, as indigenous transmission of MV has not been interrupted. As the region begins to document its process of elimination verification to monitor progress toward the goal, countries will need to ensure that genotyping is performed in all measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mankertz
- National Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella/World Health Organization European Regional Reference Laboratory, Robert Koch-Institute, Division of Viral Infection, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Rota PA, Brown K, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Shulga S, Muller CP, Hübschen JM, Siqueira M, Beirnes J, Ahmed H, Triki H, Al-Busaidy S, Dosseh A, Byabamazima C, Smit S, Akoua-Koffi C, Bwogi J, Bukenya H, Wairagkar N, Ramamurty N, Incomserb P, Pattamadilok S, Jee Y, Lim W, Xu W, Komase K, Takeda M, Tran T, Castillo-Solorzano C, Chenoweth P, Brown D, Mulders MN, Bellini WJ, Featherstone D. Global Distribution of Measles Genotypes and Measles Molecular Epidemiology. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S514-23. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although elimination of measles virus (MV) by 2010 was a revised target, a new epidemic has been ongoing in Greece and other European countries. The purpose of this study was the molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the Greek MV circulating strain. Twenty-four MV strains isolated from clinical samples during the 2010 outbreak were genotyped and studied in terms of nucleotide variation and phylogeny. All of the detected viruses were of the D4 genotype, which is circulating in Greece in the Roma population of Bulgarian nationality, the Greek Roma population and the Greek non-minority population, as well as in other EU countries. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses belonged to subgroup 4 of D4 MV strains. It is essential to continue epidemiological surveillance of measles in Greece to monitor the transmission pattern of the virus and the effectiveness of measles immunization, which eventually will lead to its elimination.
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Naseri M, Salimi V, Mokhtari-Azad T, Esteghamati A, Gooya MM, Nadji SA, NoroozBabaei Z, Marashi SM, Saadatmand Z, Rezaei F, Hamkar R, Triki H. Molecular Epidemiology of Measles Virus before and after the 2003 Mass Vaccination Campaign for Measles/Rubella in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 40:41-9. [PMID: 23113053 PMCID: PMC3481721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular epidemiology of measles virus (MV) is important, not only to measure the success of measles vaccination programs but also to monitor the circulation and elimination of the virus worldwide. In this study, we compared MV obtained from patients before the 2003 mass vaccination MR campaign and viruses detected after 2003 until 2008 in Iran. METHODS The nucleoprotein (N) gene of 29 MV strains circulating in Iran between 2002 and 2008 were amplified by RT-PCR and subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Molecular characterization of MV studied here revealed that although the outbreaks in Iran were associated with MV genotype D4, the isolated viruses clearly belonged to several different lineages. Maximum and minimum homology within the 29 Iranian strains in our study was100% and 94.9% within the carboxyl terminus of the N gene, respectively. Using ClustalX program, the alignment of Iranian MV sequences showed nine lineages. CONCLUSION This study provides the usefulness of MV sequence analysis for the demonstration of local interruption of indigenous strain transmission as well as providing a valuable means for monitoring the elimination processes of MV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naseri
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Salimi
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - T Mokhtari-Azad
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding to author: Tel: +98 21 88950595, Fax: +98 21 88962343, E-mail:
| | - A Esteghamati
- Disease Management Center of Health Ministry, Tehran, Iran
| | - MM Gooya
- Disease Management Center of Health Ministry, Tehran, Iran
| | - SA Nadji
- NRITLD, Shaheed Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z NoroozBabaei
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SM Marashi
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Saadatmand
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Rezaei
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Hamkar
- Dept. of Virology Lab, Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Triki
- Labroatory of Clinical Virology, Institute Pasture, Tunisia
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Measles virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer into quiescent lymphocytes requires binding to both SLAM and CD46 entry receptors. J Virol 2011; 85:5975-85. [PMID: 21450813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00324-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into quiescent T and B cells is of importance for gene therapy and immunotherapy approaches to correct hematopoietic disorders. Previously, we generated lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with the Edmonston measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins (Hgps and Fgps) (H/F-LVs), which, for the first time, allowed efficient transduction of quiescent human B and T cells. These target cells express both MV entry receptors used by the vaccinal Edmonston strain, CD46 and signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). Interestingly, LVs pseudotyped with an MV Hgp, blind for the CD46 binding site, were completely inefficient for resting-lymphocyte transduction. Similarly, SLAM-blind H mutants that recognize only CD46 as the entry receptor did not allow stable LV transduction of resting T cells. The CD46-tropic LVs accomplished vector-cell binding, fusion, entry, and reverse transcription at levels similar to those achieved by the H/F-LVs, but efficient proviral integration did not occur. Our results indicate that both CD46 and SLAM binding sites need to be present in cis in the Hgp to allow successful stable transduction of quiescent lymphocytes. Moreover, the entry mechanism utilized appears to be crucial: efficient transduction was observed only when CD46 and SLAM were correctly engaged and an entry mechanism that strongly resembles macropinocytosis was triggered. Taken together, our results suggest that although vector entry can occur through the CD46 receptor, SLAM binding and subsequent signaling are also required for efficient LV transduction of quiescent lymphocytes to occur.
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Epidemiological and molecular assessment of a measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population of northeast Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1727-33. [PMID: 21396148 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881100032x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct measles outbreaks, unrelated from the epidemiological point of view but caused by genetically related strains, occurred in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy. Forty-two cases were reported during the period April-May 2008. In the first outbreak the index case was a teacher who introduced the virus into the Pordenone area, involving eight adolescents and young adults. The other concomitant outbreak occurred in the city of Trieste with 33 cases. The containment of the epidemics can be explained by the high MMR vaccine coverage in an area where the first dose was delivered to 93·4% and the second dose to 88·3% of the target children. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 measles virus strains showed that they belonged to a unique D4 genotype indistinguishable from the MVs/Enfield.GBR/14.07 strain, probably introduced from areas (i.e. Piedmont and Germany) where this genotype was present or had recently caused a large epidemic.
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Kessler JR, Kremer JR, Shulga SV, Tikhonova NT, Santibanez S, Mankertz A, Semeiko GV, Samoilovich EO, Tamfum JJM, Pukuta E, Muller CP. Revealing new measles virus transmission routes by use of sequence analysis of phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:677-83. [PMID: 21106790 PMCID: PMC3043479 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01703-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With improved measles virus (MV) control, the genetic variability of the MV-nucleoprotein hypervariable region (NP-HVR) decreases. Thus, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the origin of a virus using only this part of the genome. During outbreaks in Europe and Africa, we found MV strains with identical NP-HVR sequences. However, these strains showed considerable diversity within a larger sequencing window based on concatenated MV phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes (P/H pseudogenes). In Belarus, Germany, Russia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the P/H pseudogenes provided insights into chains of transmission, whereas identical NP-HVR provided none. In Russia, for instance, the P/H pseudogene identified temporal clusters rather than geographical clusters, demonstrating the circulation and importation of independent variants rather than large local outbreaks lasting for several years, as suggested by NP-HVR. Thus, by extending the sequencing window for molecular epidemiology, a more refined picture of MV circulation was obtained with more clearly defined links between outbreaks and transmission chains. Our results also suggested that in contrast to the P gene, the H gene acquired fixed substitutions that continued to be found in subsequent outbreaks, possibly with consequences for its antigenicity. Thus, a longer sequencing window has true benefits both for the epidemiological surveillance of measles and for the better monitoring of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Kessler
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques R. Kremer
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sergey V. Shulga
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nina T. Tikhonova
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Berlin, Germany
| | - Galina V. Semeiko
- The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, WHO National Measles and Rubella Laboratory, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elena O. Samoilovich
- The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, WHO National Measles and Rubella Laboratory, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Elisabeth Pukuta
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Woo GKS, Wong AH, Lee WY, Lau CS, Cheng PKC, Leung PCK, Lim WWL. Comparison of laboratory diagnostic methods for measles infection and identification of measles virus genotypes in Hong Kong. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1773-81. [PMID: 20827776 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of IgM detection, virus isolation, and RT-PCR for the diagnosis of measles infection were assessed using samples collected from confirmed measles cases from 2006 to 2009. The optimal timing of specimen collection and the preferred specimen type(s) for these tests were also determined. IgM detection showed highest sensitivity when serum samples were collected >or=5 days after rash onset. Virus isolation gave the highest sensitivity when samples were collected <or=3 days after rash onset, with nasopharyngeal aspirate being the best specimen type, followed by urine and throat/combined throat and nasal swab. The highest RT-PCR positive rate (81.0%) was obtained with serum samples collected <or=3 days after rash onset. RT-PCR positive rate of 100% was observed with throat/combined throat and nasal swab, urine and nasopharyngeal aspirate collected <or=16, 4-16, and 4-7 days after rash onset, respectively. The genotype of each measles case was confirmed by sequencing. It was shown that the predominant measles viruses detected in Hong Kong during 2006-2009 belonged to genotype H1 (subtype a) and these strains were related closely to those detected in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson K S Woo
- Virology Division, Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong SAR, China
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36
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Waku-Kouomou D, Freymuth F, du Châtelet IP, Wild TF, Horvat B. Co-circulation of multiple measles virus genotypes during an epidemic in France in 2008. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Curtale F, Perrelli F, Mantovani J, Atti MCD, Filia A, Nicoletti L, Magurano F, Borgia P, Di Lallo D. Description of two measles outbreaks in the Lazio Region, Italy (2006-2007). Importance of pockets of low vaccine coverage in sustaining the infection. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20219143 PMCID: PMC3161360 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the launch of the national plan for measles elimination, in Italy, immunization coverage remains suboptimal and outbreaks continue to occur. Two measles outbreaks, occurred in Lazio region during 2006-2007, were investigated to identify sources of infection, transmission routes, and assess operational implications for elimination of the disease. METHODS Data were obtained from several sources, the routine infectious diseases surveillance system, field epidemiological investigations, and molecular genotyping of virus by the national reference laboratory. RESULTS Overall 449 cases were reported, sustained by two different stereotypes overlapping for few months. Serotype D4 was likely imported from Romania by a Roma/Sinti family and subsequently spread to the rest of the population. Serotype B3 was responsible for the second outbreak which started in a secondary school. Pockets of low vaccine coverage individuals (Roma/Sinti communities, high school students) facilitated the reintroduction of serotypes not endemic in Italy and facilitated the measles infection to spread. CONCLUSIONS Communities with low vaccine coverage represent a more serious public health threat than do sporadic susceptible individuals. The successful elimination of measles will require additional efforts to immunize low vaccine coverage population groups, including hard-to-reach individuals, adolescents, and young adults. An enhanced surveillance systems, which includes viral genotyping to document chains of transmission, is an essential tool for evaluating strategy to control and eliminate measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Curtale
- Unit of Infecious Diseases and Vaccination, Department of Health Prevention and Promotion, Laziosanita' Agenzia di Sanita' Pubblica (ASP), Via Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Perrelli
- Unit of Infecious Diseases and Vaccination, Department of Health Prevention and Promotion, Laziosanita' Agenzia di Sanita' Pubblica (ASP), Via Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Roma, Italy
| | - Jessica Mantovani
- Unit of Infecious Diseases and Vaccination, Department of Health Prevention and Promotion, Laziosanita' Agenzia di Sanita' Pubblica (ASP), Via Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Ciofi degli Atti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Bio-Statistics, Healthcare Department, The Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Filia
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Via Giano della Bella 34 - 00162 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Nicoletti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Borgia
- Scientific Directorate, Laziosanita' Agenzia di Sanita' Pubblica, Via Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Lallo
- Department of Health Prevention and Promotion, Laziosanita' Agenzia di Sanita' Pubblica, Via Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Rome, Italy
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Ji Y, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhu Z, Zuo S, Jiang X, Lu P, Wang C, Liang Y, Zheng H, Liu Y, Mao N, Liang X, Featherstone DA, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Measles resurgence associated with continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses in China, 2005. Virol J 2009; 6:135. [PMID: 19737391 PMCID: PMC2759936 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles morbidity and mortality decreased significantly after measles vaccine was introduced into China in 1965. From 1995 to 2004, average annual measles incidence decreased to 5.6 cases per 100,000 population following the establishment of a national two-dose regimen. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses demonstrated that genotype H1 was endemic and widely distributed throughout the country in China during 1995-2004. A total of 124,865 cases and 55 deaths were reported from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System (NNDRS) in 2005, which represented a 69.05% increase compared with 2004. Over 16,000 serum samples obtained from 914 measles outbreaks and the measles IgM positive rate was 81%. 213 wild-type measles viruses were isolated from 18 of 31 provinces in China during 2005, and all of the isolates belonged to genotype H1. The ranges of the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence homologies of the 213 genotype H1 strains were 93.4%-100% and 90.0%-100%, respectively. H1-associated cases and outbreaks caused the measles resurgence in China in 2005. H1 genotype has the most inner variation within genotype, it could be divided into 2 clusters, and cluster 1 viruses were predominant in China throughout 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Shulga S, Rota P, Kremer J, Naumova M, Muller C, Tikhonova N, Lopareva E, Mamaeva T, Tsvirkun O, Mulders M, Lipskaya G, Gerasimova A. Genetic variability of wild-type measles viruses, circulating in the Russian Federation during the implementation of the National Measles Elimination Program, 2003–2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:528-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Measles risk groups in Spain: implications for the European measles-elimination target. Vaccine 2009; 27:3927-34. [PMID: 19376180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The European Region has set itself the goal of eliminating measles by 2010. Incidence has increased in recent years. This study sought to investigate outbreaks in Spain in the period 2005-2007, in order to identify measles-vulnerable groups and compare Spain to other European countries which have also had measles outbreaks. The pattern observed for Spain proved different to that of other European countries, i.e., whereas young adults and infants aged under 15 months were affected in Spain, children aged under 9 years comprised the predominant group in other European countries. Measles cases in Spain reflect low coverage when vaccination began, a pattern that could be repeated in neighbouring countries. Vaccination efforts should thus be targeted at vulnerable groups, namely: young adults; health professionals; travelling communities; and adopted infants and foreigners from countries with important pockets of susceptibles.
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41
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Rota PA, Featherstone DA, Bellini WJ. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 330:129-50. [PMID: 19203108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles control programs, and virologic surveillance needs to be expanded in all areas of the world and conducted during all phases of measles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rota
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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42
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Wichmann O, Siedler A, Sagebiel D, Hellenbrand W, Santibanez S, Mankertz A, Vogt G, Treeck UV, Krause G. Further efforts needed to achieve measles elimination in Germany: results of an outbreak investigation. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87:108-15. [PMID: 19274362 PMCID: PMC2636188 DOI: 10.2471/blt.07.050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine morbidity and costs related to a large measles outbreak in Germany and to identify ways to improve the country's national measles elimination strategy. METHODS We investigated a large outbreak of measles in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) that occurred in 2006 after 2 years of low measles incidence (< 1 case per 100,000). WHO's clinical case definition was used, and surveillance data from 2006 and 2001 were compared. All cases notified in Duisburg, the most severely affected city, were contacted and interviewed or sent a questionnaire. Health-care provider costs were calculated using information on complications, hospitalization and physician consultations. FINDINGS In NRW, 1749 cases were notified over a 48-week period. Compared with 2001, the distribution of cases shifted to older age groups (especially the 10-14 year group). Most cases (n = 614) occurred in Duisburg. Of these, 81% were interviewed; 15% were hospitalized and two died. Of the 464 for whom information was available, 80% were reported as unvaccinated. Common reasons for non-vaccination were parents either forgetting (36%) or rejecting (28%) vaccination. The average cost per measles case was estimated at 373 euros. CONCLUSION An accumulation of non-immune individuals led to this outbreak. The shift in age distribution has implications for the effectiveness of measles control and the elimination strategy in place. Immediate nationwide school-based catch-up vaccination campaigns targeting older age groups are needed to close critical immunity gaps. Otherwise, the elimination of measles in Germany and thus in Europe by 2010 will not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Wichmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques R Kremer
- Institute of Immunology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Laboratoire National de Santé/CRP-Santé, Luxembourg.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles persists in Europe despite the incorporation of the measles vaccine into routine childhood vaccination programmes more than 20 years ago. Our aim was therefore to review the epidemiology of measles in relation to the goal of elimination by 2010. METHODS National surveillance institutions from 32 European countries submitted data for 2006-07. Data for age-group, diagnosis confirmation, vaccination, hospital treatment, the presence of acute encephalitis as a complication of disease, and death were obtained. 30 countries also supplied data about importation of disease. Clinical, laboratory-confirmed, and epidemiologically linked cases that met the requirements for national surveillance were analysed. Cases were separated by age: younger than 1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years, and older than 20 years. Countries with indigenous measles incidence per 100 000 inhabitants per year of 0, less than 0.1, 0.1-1, and more than 1 were grouped into categories of zero, low, moderate, and high incidence, respectively. FINDINGS For the 2 years of the study, 12 132 cases of measles were recorded with most cases (n=10 329; 85%) from five countries: Romania, Germany, UK, Switzerland, and Italy. Most cases were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children; however, almost a fifth were aged 20 years or older. For the same 2 years, seven measles-related deaths were recorded. High measles incidence in some European countries revealed suboptimum vaccination coverage. Of the 210 cases that were reported as being imported, 117 (56%) came from another country within Europe and 43 (20%) from Asia. INTERPRETATION The suboptimum vaccination coverage raises serious doubts that the goal of elimination by 2010 can be attained. Achievement and maintenance of optimum vaccination coverage and improved surveillance are the cornerstones of the measles elimination plan for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Muscat
- EUVAC.NET hub, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carr MJ, Conway A, Waters A, Moran J, Hassan J, Hall WW, Connell J. Molecular epidemiology of circulating measles virus in Ireland 2002-2007. J Med Virol 2008; 81:125-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Phylogenetic analysis of rubella virus strains from an outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:158-63. [PMID: 19020066 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00469-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of rubella affected 460 individuals in 2004 and 2005 in the community of Madrid, Spain. Most of the patients were nonvaccinated Latin American immigrants or Spanish males. This study presents the first data on rubella virus genotypes in Spain. Forty selected clinical samples (2 urine, 5 serum, 3 blood, 2 saliva, and 28 pharyngeal exudate samples) from 40 cases were collected. The 739-nucleotide sequence recommended by the World Health Organization obtained from viral RNA in these samples was analyzed by using the MEGA v4.0 software. Seventeen isolates were obtained from 40 clinical samples from the outbreak, including two isolated from congenital rubella syndrome cases. Only viral RNA of genotype 1j was detected in both isolates and clinical specimens. Two variations in amino acids, G253C and T394S, which are involved in neutralization epitopes arose during the outbreak, but apparently there was no positive selection of either of them. The origin of the outbreak remains unknown because of poor virologic surveillance in Latin America and the African countries neighboring Spain. On the other hand, this is the first report of this genotype in Europe. The few published sequences of genotype 1j indicate that it comes from Japan and the Philippines, but there are no epidemiological data supporting this as the origin of the Madrid outbreak.
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Kaler SG. Diseases of poverty with high mortality in infants and children: malaria, measles, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal illnesses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1136:28-31. [PMID: 18579873 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1425.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, measles, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal illnesses are common pediatric medical problems that are often fatal in the context of extreme poverty. In nonpoor environments, however, these infections are controlled and managed in ways that minimize mortality. From a scientific perspective, genetic variation among microbes is a frequent and important component of their epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. From a public health perspective, relatively simple measures can reduce the mortal effects of these diseases until successful vaccines become available and immunizations programs are established. Infants and children are especially vulnerable to poor outcomes from infections when undernutrition and other circumstances of poverty are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Kaler
- Unit on Pediatric Genetics, Program in Molecular Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1832, USA.
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48
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Bankamp B, Lopareva EN, Kremer JR, Tian Y, Clemens MS, Patel R, Fowlkes AL, Kessler JR, Muller CP, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic variability and mRNA editing frequencies of the phosphoprotein genes of wild-type measles viruses. Virus Res 2008; 135:298-306. [PMID: 18490071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes are routinely used for molecular epidemiologic studies of measles virus (MV). However, the amount of genetic diversity contained in other genes of MV has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this report, the nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) genes from 34 wild-type strains representing 15 genotypes of MV were analyzed and found to be almost as variable as the H genes but less variable than the N genes. Deduced amino acid sequences of the three proteins encoded by the P gene, P, V and C, demonstrated considerably higher variability than the H proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed the same tree topography for the P gene sequences as previously seen for the N and H genes. RNA editing of P gene transcripts affects the relative ratios of P and V proteins, which may have consequences for pathogenicity. Wild-type isolates produced more transcripts with more than one G insertion; however, there was no significant difference in the use of P and V open reading frames, suggesting that the relative amounts of P and V proteins in infected cells would be similar for both vaccine and wild-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bankamp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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