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Kobayashi M, Pilishvili T, Farrar JL, Leidner AJ, Gierke R, Prasad N, Moro P, Campos-Outcalt D, Morgan RL, Long SS, Poehling KA, Cohen AL. Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72:1-39. [PMID: 37669242 PMCID: PMC10495181 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7203a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This report compiles and summarizes all published recommendations from CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of pneumococcal vaccines in adults aged ≥19 years in the United States. This report also includes updated and new clinical guidance for implementation from CDC Before 2021, ACIP recommended 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) alone (up to 2 doses), or both a single dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in combination with 1–3 doses of PPSV23 in series (PCV13 followed by PPSV23), for use in U.S. adults depending on age and underlying risk for pneumococcal disease. In 2021, two new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), a 15-valent and a 20-valent PCV (PCV15 and PCV20), were licensed for use in U.S. adults aged ≥18 years by the Food and Drug Administration ACIP recommendations specify the use of either PCV20 alone or PCV15 in series with PPSV23 for all adults aged ≥65 years and for adults aged 19–64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors who have not received a PCV or whose vaccination history is unknown. In addition, ACIP recommends use of either a single dose of PCV20 or ≥1 dose of PPSV23 for adults who have started their pneumococcal vaccine series with PCV13 but have not received all recommended PPSV23 doses. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding use of a supplemental PCV20 dose for adults aged ≥65 years who have completed their recommended vaccine series with both PCV13 and PPSV23 Updated and new clinical guidance for implementation from CDC includes the recommendation for use of PCV15 or PCV20 for adults who have received PPSV23 but have not received any PCV dose. The report also includes clinical guidance for adults who have received 7-valent PCV (PCV7) only and adults who are hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
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Shi W, Du Q, Yuan L, Gao W, Wang Q, Yao K. Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Biological Characteristics of Non-13-Valent-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Serogroup 15 Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated From Children in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:778985. [PMID: 35069480 PMCID: PMC8766798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The isolation rate of serogroup 15 Streptococcus pneumoniae has been increasing since developing countries began administering the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Methods: We detected the antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of 126 serogroup 15 S. pneumoniae strains isolated from children in China. Serotypes were determined via the Quellung reaction. Antibiotic resistance was tested using the E-test or disc diffusion method. Sequence types were assigned via multilocus sequence typing. Data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software. Results: The frequencies of S. pneumoniae serotypes 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15F were 29.37, 40.48, 28.57, and 1.59%, respectively. Continuous-monitoring data from Beijing showed that the annual isolation rates of serogroup 15 S. pneumoniae were 7.64, 7.17, 2.58, 4.35, 3.85, 7.41, and 10.53%, respectively, from 2013 to 2019. All 126 serogroup 15 strains were susceptible to vancomycin and ceftriaxone. The non-susceptibility rate to penicillin was 78.57%. All strains were resistant to erythromycin with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The multidrug resistance rate was 78.57%. The most common clonal complexes were CC3397, CC6011, CC10088, CC9785, and ST8589. Conclusion: Serogroup 15 S. pneumoniae is common among children in China, and these strains should be continuously monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sanchez GV, Bourne CL, Davidson SL, Ellis M, Feldstein LR, Fay K, Brown NE, Geeter EF, Foster LL, Gilmore C, McIntyre MG, Taylor B, Velusamy S, Chochua S, Matanock AM. Pneumococcal Disease Outbreak at a State Prison, Alabama, USA, September 1-October 10, 2018 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1949-1952. [PMID: 34152958 PMCID: PMC8237874 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.203678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A pneumococcal disease outbreak caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F occurred in a state prison in Alabama, USA. Among 1,276 inmates, 40 cases were identified (3 confirmed, 2 probable, 35 suspected). Close living quarters, substance use, and underlying conditions likely contributed to disease risk. Prophylaxis for close contacts included azithromycin and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
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Amin-Chowdhury Z, Iyanger N, Ramsay ME, Ladhani SN. Outbreaks of severe pneumococcal disease in closed settings in the conjugate vaccines era, 2010-2018: A systematic review to inform national guidance in the UK. J Infect 2019; 79:495-502. [PMID: 31629865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumococcal outbreaks are rare but they still occur, particularly in closed settings usually involving vulnerable groups. We undertook a systematic review to identify strategies for controlling pneumococcal outbreaks since the licensure of higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). METHODS A systematic literature search was performed for pneumococcal outbreaks published since 2010. A cluster was defined as two or more cases of severe pneumococcal disease in a closed setting within 14 days. RESULTS Eleven reports were identified, including seven caused by serotypes in both the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) and the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23); two were due to a PCV13-only serotype (6A) and one each by a PCV13-related serotype (6C) and a non-vaccine serotype (15A). Eight reported infection control measures, including reinforcing hand washing, respiratory hygiene and patient cohorting. PPV23 was used in five outbreaks, while PCV13 and both vaccines were used in one outbreak each. Different antibiotics were used for chemoprophylaxis in eight outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Most pneumococcal outbreaks are currently caused by vaccine-preventable serotypes, and PPV23 is the preferred vaccine in more than half the outbreaks. Early implementation of infection control measures is important, and antibiotic chemoprophylaxis should be considered for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahin Amin-Chowdhury
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Nalini Iyanger
- North East and North Central London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Zivich PN, Grabenstein JD, Becker-Dreps SI, Weber DJ. Streptococcus pneumoniae outbreaks and implications for transmission and control: a systematic review. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 30410854 PMCID: PMC6217781 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is capable of causing multiple infectious syndromes and occasionally causes outbreaks. The objective of this review is to update prior outbreak reviews, identify control measures, and comment on transmission. METHODS We conducted a review of published S. pneumoniae outbreaks, defined as at least two linked cases of S. pneumoniae. RESULTS A total of 98 articles (86 respiratory; 8 conjunctivitis; 2 otitis media; 1 surgical site; 1 multiple), detailing 94 unique outbreaks occurring between 1916 to 2017 were identified. Reported serotypes included 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7F, 8, 12F, 14, 20, and 23F, and serogroups 6, 9, 15, 19, 22. The median attack rate for pneumococcal outbreaks was 7.0% (Interquartile range: 2.4%, 13%). The median case-fatality ratio was 12.9% (interquartile range: 0%, 29.2%). Age groups most affected by outbreaks were older adults (60.3%) and young adults (34.2%). Outbreaks occurred in crowded settings, such as universities/schools/daycares, military barracks, hospital wards, and long-term care facilities. Of outbreaks that assessed vaccination coverage, low initial vaccination or revaccination coverage was common. Most (73.1%) of reported outbreaks reported non-susceptibility to at least one antibiotic, with non-susceptibility to penicillin (56.0%) and erythromycin (52.6%) being common. Evidence suggests transmission in outbreaks can occur through multiple modes, including carriers, infected individuals, or medical devices. Several cases developed disease shortly after exposure (< 72 h). Respiratory outbreaks used infection prevention (55.6%), prophylactic vaccination (63.5%), and prophylactic antibiotics (50.5%) to prevent future cases. PPSV23 covered all reported outbreak serotypes. PCV13 covered 10 of 16 serotypes. For conjunctival outbreaks, only infection prevention strategies were used. CONCLUSIONS To prevent the initial occurrence of respiratory outbreaks, vaccination and revaccination is likely the best preventive measure. Once an outbreak occurs, vaccination and infection-prevention strategies should be utilized. Antibiotic prophylaxis may be considered for high-risk exposed individuals, but development of antibiotic resistance during outbreaks has been reported. The short period between initial exposure and development of disease indicates that pneumococcal colonization is not a prerequisite for pneumococcal respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N. Zivich
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | | | - Sylvia I. Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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6
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Olanrewaju MB, Olusola A, Victor N, Olabode S, Joseph O, Akiniyi A, Iheanyi O. Trend of invasive pneumococal disease (IPD) in a South Western, Nigerian hospital. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 23:140. [PMID: 27279965 PMCID: PMC4885718 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.23.140.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of the Heptavalent-pneumococcal vaccine (PCV-7) by private pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria, has generated interest in invasive bacterial diseases particularly IPD. Our objective in this study is to investigate the trend and occurrence rate of IPD in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Suspected IPD cases were assessed from Jan 2010 to Dec 2010 for demographic and Microbiological characteristics. Bacterial isolations and antibiotics susceptibility testing followed standard bacteriological procedure. Overall 471 cases of probable IPD was assessed, with 21(4.5%) cases of suspected pneumonia, 109(23.1%) cases of suspected meningitis, and 341(72.4%) cases of suspected septicaemia. Confirmed IPD cases were 9 with 2 cases of meningitis, 3 cases of septicaemia and 4 cases of pneumonia. Age range distribution showed, high distribution of IPD cases among children >1 with 5(55.6%) there was a statistically significant difference in gender p< 0.05 (X2 test) with females recording a higher occurrence than males. We conclude by advocating for better detection methods against IPD meningitis cases, and continuous surveillance into the serotypes of streptococcus pneumonia as well inclusion of the PCV vaccine into our childhood immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akingbade Olusola
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Nwadike Victor
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Shobayo Olabode
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ogiogwa Joseph
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akinduti Akiniyi
- Department of Vetenary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,Nigeria
| | - Okonko Iheanyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Port-Harcort, Nigeria
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Prebil K, Beović B, Paragi M, Seme K, Kastrin T, Plesničar BK, Petek B, Martinčič Ž. First report of an outbreak of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6A. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 128:68-70. [PMID: 26466838 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Five patients in a geropsychiatric unit of a psychiatric hospital became abruptly ill with pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6A. Four other residents were colonized with the same serotype, which has previously not been reported in association with pneumonia outbreaks. Furthermore, serotype 6A is not included in all vaccine types, which may be important for the choice of vaccine in some settings. All isolates showed identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis restriction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Prebil
- University Psychiatric Hospital Ljubljana, Studenec 48, 1260, Ljubljana Polje, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Beović
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1252, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Metka Paragi
- Department for Public Health Microbiology, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Grablovičeva 44, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Kastrin
- Department for Public Health Microbiology, Centre for Medical Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Grablovičeva 44, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Bojana Petek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Martinčič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mameli C, Fabiano V, Daprai L, Bedogni G, Faccini M, Garlaschi ML, Penagini F, Dilillo D, Torresani E, Gramegna M, Zuccotti GV. A longitudinal study of streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in healthy children in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:811-7. [PMID: 25751237 PMCID: PMC4514434 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1010945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Few epidemiological data are available after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in 2010. We performed repeat nasopharyngeal swabs and evaluated the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and its association with PCV13 vaccine status in healthy Italian children aged 3-59 months. SP serotypes were assessed by the Quellung reaction. 618 children appropriately (28%) or incompletely (72%) vaccinated for age with PCV13 were available at baseline (T0). 515 were re-evaluated at 6 months from baseline (T6) and 436 at 12 months from baseline (T12). The percentage of appropriately vaccinated subjects at T0, T6 and T12 was 28%, 67% and 92%, respectively. Random effects logistic regression models with robust 95% confidence intervals was used to estimate the time-related changes in SP and PCV13 carriage and marginal probabilities were obtained from such models. The age-corrected probability of SP carriage was 0.31 (95% CI 0.22 - 0.41) at T0, 0.32 (0.24 - 0.40) at T6 and 0.28 (0.20 - 0.35) at T12. The probability of PCV13 serotypes carriage was 0.025 (0.001 - 0.050) at T0, 0.018 (0.001 - 0.039) at T6 and 0.010 (0.001 - 0.023) at T12. A decrease in PCV13 serotypes and a shift in non-PCV13 serotypes colonization was observed. In particular, the 15A serotype accounted for 4%, 8% and 23% of SP isolates at T0, T6 and T12, respectively. In conclusion, the benefits of the PCV13 vaccination on SP carriage increase with increasing coverage rates. The shift of SP isolates toward non-PCV13 serotypes needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital “V. Buzzi"; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital “V. Buzzi"; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Daprai
- Microbiology Laboratory; IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit; Liver Research Center; Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marino Faccini
- Prevention Department; Local Health Authority; Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Garlaschi
- Microbiology Laboratory; IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Penagini
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital “V. Buzzi"; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Dilillo
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital “V. Buzzi"; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Erminio Torresani
- Microbiology Laboratory; IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gramegna
- Unità Organizzativa Governo della Prevenzione e Tutela sanitaria; Direzione Generale Sanità; Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital “V. Buzzi"; University of Milan; Milan, Italy
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Kuroki T, Ishida M, Suzuki M, Furukawa I, Ohya H, Watanabe Y, Konnai M, Aihara Y, Chang B, Ariyoshi K, Oishi K, Ohnishi M, Morimoto K. Outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 pneumonia in extremely elderly people in a nursing home unit in Kanagawa, Japan, 2013. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1197-8. [PMID: 24925560 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Kuroki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
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Lee MR, Chen CM, Chuang TY, Huang YT, Hsueh PR. Capsular serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease from 2009–2012 with an emphasis on serotype 19A in bacteraemic pneumonia and empyema and β-lactam resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Strachan JE, Rowe SL, Dunne EM, Hogg GG. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine in Victoria. Med J Aust 2013; 199:461-3. [DOI: 10.5694/mja13.10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Strachan
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Stacey L Rowe
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Department of Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | - Geoffrey G Hogg
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
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12
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Abstract
This month, on November 12, the world will recognize the fourth annual World Pneumonia Day. First launched in 2009 by a coalition of global health leaders (1), World Pneumonia Day aims to raise awareness about pneumonia's toll on the world's children and to promote interventions to protect against, treat, and prevent the disease. Pneumonia continues to be the leading killer of young children around the world, causing ≈14% of all deaths in children 1 month to 5 years of age (2). It is a critical disease for countries to conquer in order to reach Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing the child mortality rate by two thirds from 1990 to 2015 (3). Most children who die from pneumonia live in developing countries, where such factors as malnutrition, crowding, and lack of access to quality health care increase the risk for death. Pneumonia kills few children in industrialized countries, although it remains among the top 10 causes of deaths in the United States, for example, because of deaths in older adults (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Hajjeh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,GA 30333, USA.
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13
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Muñoz-Almagro C, Navarro-Torne A, Pallares R. Epidemiologic and clinical implications of second-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:184-90. [PMID: 23381547 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is based on published literature about some of the potential advantages and challenges of the second generation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, with special reference to 13-valent vaccine in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Molecular Microbiology Department, University Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, 08950, Barcelona, Spain,
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