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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Multidrug-resistant conjugative plasmid carrying mphA confers increased antimicrobial resistance in Shigella. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6947. [PMID: 38521802 PMCID: PMC10960829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children < 5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaduzzaman Asad
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Moriam Akter Munni
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ruma Begum
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Morium Akter Mukta
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Saif
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Nayeem Faruque
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shoma Hayat
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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Shoja S, Ghasemi S, Dastranj M, Shamseddin J, Ebrahimi N, Alizade H, Farahani A. Characterization of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical isolates of Shigella from patients in the southern region of Iran. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:611. [PMID: 38115112 PMCID: PMC10731726 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella spp., which are facultative anaerobic bacilli within the Enterobacteriaceae family, present a significant public health burden due to their role as prominent contributors to diarrheal diseases worldwide. A molecular analysis can facilitate the identification and assessment of outbreaks involving this bacterium. So, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and clonal relatedness of clinical Shigella spp. isolates obtained from patients with diarrhea in Hormozgan province, South of Iran. METHODS From 2019 to 2021, a cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 448 stool samples obtained from patients who were experiencing diarrhea, in the southern region of Iran. Shigella spp. isolates were identified based on biochemical and serological tests. All Shigella species were verified using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by susceptibility testing to antimicrobial agents. Subsequently, genotyping of all Shigella species was conducted using ERIC-PCR. RESULTS Out of a total of 448 stool samples, the presence of Shigella was detected in 62 cases, accounting for a prevalence rate of 13.84%. Among the identified isolates, the majority were attributed to S. flexneri, representing 53.23% of the cases. This was followed by S. sonnei at 24.19% and S. boydii at 22.58%. Notably, no instances of S. dysenteriae were found. The highest prevalence of Shigella isolates was observed in infants and children under the age of five. A significant proportion of the identified isolates demonstrated resistance to various antibiotics. Specifically, high resistance rates were noted for ampicillin (90.78%), piperacillin-tazobactam (87.1%), cefixime (83.87%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (83.87%), cefotaxime (82.26%), and ceftriaxone (80.65%). In addition, a substantial number (87.1%) of the isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. Using the ERIC-PCR method, a total of 11 clusters and 6 distinct single types were identified among all the Shigella isolates. CONCLUSION A notable occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Shigella species has been noted, with multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains presenting an increasing challenge for treating shigellosis worldwide, and this includes Iran. Techniques such as ERIC-PCR are useful for assessing the genetic variation and connections between Shigella strains, which indirectly contributes to understanding antimicrobial resistance patterns. Further research is needed to explore the specific correlation between resistance genes and ERIC genotyping patterns in Shigella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shoja
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Saba Ghasemi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dastranj
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Jebreil Shamseddin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Nasim Ebrahimi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Alizade
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh: a plasmid-mediated transfer of mphA macrolide resistance gene. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3080386. [PMID: 37461575 PMCID: PMC10350201 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3080386/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children <5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israt Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Ruma Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Kazi Saif
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Shoma Hayat
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
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Muzembo BA, Kitahara K, Mitra D, Ohno A, Khatiwada J, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. Shigellosis in Southeast Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 52:102554. [PMID: 36792021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia is attractive for tourism. Unfortunately, travelers to this region are at risk of becoming infected with Shigella. We conducted a meta-analysis to provide updates on Shigella prevalence in Southeast Asia, along with their serogroups and serotypes. METHODS We conducted a systematic search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to November 2022. We selected studies that detected Shigella in stools by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two reviewers extracted the data using a standardized form and performed quality assessments using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of Shigella. RESULTS During our search, we identified 4376 studies. 29 studies (from six Southeast Asian countries) were included in the systematic review, 21 each in the meta-analysis of the prevalence of Shigella (Sample size: 109545) and the prevalence of Shigella serogroups. The pooled prevalence of Shigella was 4% (95% CI: 4-5%) among diarrhea cases. Shigella sonnei was the most abundant serogroup in Thailand (74%) and Vietnam (57%), whereas Shigella flexneri was dominant in Indonesia (72%) and Cambodia (71%). Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii were uncommon (pooled prevalence of 1% each). The pooled prevalence of Shigella was 5% (95% CI: 4-6%) in children aged <5 years. The pooled prevalence showed a decreasing trend comparing data collected between 2000-2013 (5%; 95% CI: 4-6%) and between 2014-2022 (3%; 95% CI: 2-4%). Shigella prevalence was 6% in studies that included participants with mixed pathogens versus 3% in those without. Shigella flexneri serotype 2a was the most frequently isolated (33%), followed by 3a (21%), 1b (10%), 2b (3%), and 6 (3%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence for the development of effective Shigella vaccines for residents of endemic regions and travellers to these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Sabour S, Teimourpour A, Mohammadshahi J, Peeridogaheh H, Teimourpour R, Azimi T, Hosseinali Z. Molecular detection and characterization of Shigella spp. harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in children with diarrhea in northwest Iran. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:19. [PMID: 36480097 PMCID: PMC9732178 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is one of the acute bowel infections and remains a serious public health problem in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to survey the distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in northwest Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, from January 2019 to December 2020, 1280 fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Ardabil, Iran. Multiplex PCR assay was applied for the presence of ipaH, invC, wbgZ, rfpB, and rfc genes to detect Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using the Double Disc Test (DDT). The frequency of main ESBL encoding genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM was detected using multiplex PCR. The genetic similarity of S. sonnei isolates was determined using ERIC PCR. A total of 49 Shigella isolates (3.8%; 49/1280) including 42 (85.7%) S. sonnei, 5 (10.2%) S. flexneri, and 2 (4%) S. dysenteriae were identified. S. boydii was not detected in any fecal samples. ESBLs were produced by 10.2% of Shigella spp. including 3 S. sonnei, 1 S. flexneri, and 1 S. dysenteriae. The ESBL encoding genes include blaCTX-M and blaTEM found in 65.3% and 61.2% of isolates, respectively. blaSHV gene was not detected in any isolates. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed the differentiation of 42 S. sonnei strains into 6 clusters. Our study revealed a high frequency of ESBL-encoding genes among Shigella spp. in northwest Iran. The high prevalence of S. sonnei harboring ESBL genes, in the present work, is the main challenge for dysentery treatment, and this concern justifies the need for effective and regular monitoring of antibiotic usage among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sabour
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Teimourpour
- grid.418552.fBlood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mohammadshahi
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeridogaheh
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Teimourpour
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Genomics Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseinali
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
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Zhang W, Zhou CL, Hu Y, Lin L, Li J, Xu Y, Cui S. Dissemination of Multiple Drug-Resistant Shigella flexneri 2a Isolates Among Pediatric Outpatients in Urumqi, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:522-528. [PMID: 35917515 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug-resistant (MDR) Shigella isolates have been reported worldwide. Between May 2017 and September 2018, 55 Shigella flexneri 2a isolates were collected from 3322 stool samples of 0-10-year-old outpatients with diarrhea at the Children's Hospital of Urumqi, China. All isolates were characterized using serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing. A total of 54 of 55 (98.2%) isolates exhibited MDR phenotypes and had accumulated multiple resistance determinants, particularly of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins preferred for shigellosis treatment: point mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of topoisomerases (GyrA (S83L, D87N) and ParC (S80I) [n = 9]; GyrA (S83L) and ParC (S80I) [n = 45]) and acquisition of qnrS1 (n = 3) and blaCTX-M (n = 8). Over 70% of isolates acquired two point mutations of GyrA (S83L) and ParC (S80I) in QRDRs and 11 highly resistant isolates accumulated three point mutations in QRDRs or acquired qnrS1. Four S. flexneri 2a isolates from three single-nucleotide polymorphism clusters exhibited coresistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, or azithromycin (AZM), which are used as first- and second-line shigellosis treatment antimicrobials in clinics. Our data indicated that fluoroquinolones should be terminated in shigellosis treatment for outpatients in Urumqi. The transferable antimicrobial resistance determinants have been identified for third-generation cephalosporins and AZM. Novel strategies are urgently required for developing empirical medication to reduce the antimicrobial selective pressure and prevent dissemination of MDR S. flexneri 2a isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Examination, The Children's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Christine L Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Biological Detection, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Biological Detection, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Biological Detection, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- Department of Biological Detection, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Biological Detection, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Update on Shigella and nontyphoidal Salmonella antimicrobial drug resistance: Implications on empiric treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in Cambodia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0067121. [PMID: 34398671 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00671-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on causative diarrheal pathogens and their associated antimicrobial susceptibility remains limited for Cambodia. This study describes antimicrobial resistance patterns for Shigella and nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates collected in Cambodia over a five-year period. Multidrug resistance was shown in 98% of Shigella isolates, with 70%, 11%, and 29% of isolates being resistant to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and cephalosporin, respectively. As many as 11% of Shigella isolates were resistant to nearly all oral and parenteral drugs typically used for shigellosis, demonstrating extreme drug-resistance phenotypes. Although a vast majority of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates remained susceptible to cephalosporins (99%) and macrolides (98%), decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was found in 67% of isolates, which is notably higher than previous reports. In conclusion, increasing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella and nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major concern for selecting empiric treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in Cambodia. Treatment practices should be updated and follow local antimicrobial resistance data for the identified pathogens.
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Darton TC, Thi Hong Chau T, Parry CM, Campbell JI, Minh Ngoc N, Le Chau Ngoc T, Thanh Tuyen H, Thuy Duong V, Thanh Hoang Nhat L, van Minh P, Kestelyn E, Thwaites GE, Huu Tung T, Baker S. The CIPAZ study protocol: an open label randomised controlled trial of azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of children hospitalised with dysentery in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16093.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeal disease remains a common cause of illness and death in children <5 years of age. Faecal-oral infection by Shigella spp. causing bacillary dysentery is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea, particularly in low and middle-income countries. In Southeast Asia, S. sonnei predominates and infections are frequently resistant to first-line treatment with the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin. While resistance to all antimicrobials is increasing, there may be theoretical and clinical benefits to prioritizing treatment of bacillary dysentery with the azalide, azithromycin. In this study we aim to measure the efficacy of treatment with azithromycin compared with ciprofloxacin, the current standard of care, for the treatment of children with bacillary dysentery. Methods and analysis: We will perform a multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled trial of two therapeutic options for the antimicrobial treatment of children hospitalised with dysentery. Children (6–60 months of age) presenting with symptoms and signs of dysentery at Children’s Hospital 2 in Ho Chi Minh City will be randomised (1:1) to treatment with either oral ciprofloxacin (15mg/kg/twice daily for 3 days, standard-of-care) or oral azithromycin (10mg/kg/daily for 3 days). The primary endpoint will be the proportion of treatment failure (defined by clinical and microbiological parameters) by day 28 (+3 days) and will be compared between study arms by logistic regression modelling using treatment allocation as the main variable. Ethics and dissemination: The study protocol (version 1.2 dated 27th December 2018) has been approved by the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (47–18) and the ethical review boards of Children's Hospital 2 (1341/NĐ2-CĐT). The study has also been approved by the Vietnamese Ministry of Health (5044/QĐ-BYT). Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03854929 (February 26th 2019).
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Riddle MS. Travel, Diarrhea, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance and Practice Guidelines—a Holistic Approach to a Health Conundrum. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Teimourpour R, Babapour B, Esmaelizad M, Arzanlou M, Peeri-Doghaheh H. Molecular characterization of quinolone resistant Shigella spp. isolates from patients in Ardabil, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:496-501. [PMID: 32148681 PMCID: PMC7048964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Shigella is an etiological agent of shigellosis. Antibiotic therapy has a critical role in decreasing serious complications of shigellosis. The present study aimed to determine the multi-drug resistance strains and to detect fluoroquinolone related mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this descriptive, cross sectional study, a total of 113 Shigella isolates were collected from 1280 patients admitted to Bu-Ali hospital in Ardabil province during 2015-17. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was evaluated using Kirby Bauer method and finally, the MICs of ciprofloxacin were determined. In order to determine any mutations in QRDR region, parC and gyrA genes of resistant strains were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS Shigella spp. isolates were identified using ipaH amplification and rfc and wbgz genes were used for molecular detection of S. flexneri and S. soneii, respectively. Our results showed that the predominant species in Ardabil province was S. sonnei (69.91%). Most of isolates (82%) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX); 51% were nalidixic acid resistant and 4.4% were floroquinolones resistant. All examined isolates were susceptible to imipenem (100%). Mutation in gyrA and parC genes were detected in all fluoroquinolone resistant isolates (5 isolates). Although, in this study the rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin was low, but in the lack of preventive strategy it will be a major challenge of public health in future. CONCLUSION This study provided information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella isolates in Ardabil province, Iran. Also this study showed a high-level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics among Shigella isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Teimourpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behnam Babapour
- Microbiology Laboratory, Bu-Ali Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Majid Esmaelizad
- Department of Biotechnology, Central Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanlou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeri-Doghaheh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,Corresponding author: Hadi Peeri-Doghaheh, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran., Telefax: +984555333776,
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Chung The H, Baker S. Out of Asia: the independent rise and global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29595412 PMCID: PMC5989582 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella are ranked among the most prevalent aetiologies of diarrhoeal disease worldwide, disproportionately affecting young children in developing countries and high-risk communities in developed settings. Antimicrobial treatment, most commonly with fluoroquinolones, is currently recommended for Shigella infections to alleviate symptoms and control disease transmission. Resistance to fluoroquinolones has emerged in differing Shigella species (S. dysenteriae, flexneri and sonnei) since the turn of the 21st century, originating in endemic areas, and latterly spreading into non-endemic regions. Despite occurring independently, the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in these different Shigella species shares striking similarities regarding their epidemiology and resistance mechanisms. Here, we review and discuss the current epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella species, particularly in the light of recent genomic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Belotserkovsky I, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia Coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:1-26. [PMID: 30218158 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. Among the latter is the large virulence plasmid encoding for a type three secretion system (T3SS), which enables translocation of virulence proteins (effectors) from the bacterium directly into the host cell cytoplasm. These effectors enable the pathogen to subvert epithelial cell functions, promoting its own uptake, replication in the host cytosol, and dissemination to adjacent cells while concomitantly inhibiting pro-inflammatory cell death. Furthermore, T3SS effectors are directly involved in Shigella manipulation of immune cells causing their dysfunction and promoting cell death. In the current chapter, we first describe the evolution of the enteroinvasive pathovars and then summarize the overall knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of these bacteria, with a particular focus on Shigella flexneri. Subversion of host cell functions in the human gut, both epithelial and immune cells, by different virulence factors is especially highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Belotserkovsky
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France
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Medeiros PHQS, Lima AÂM, Guedes MM, Havt A, Bona MD, Rey LC, Soares AM, Guerrant RL, Weigl BH, Lima IFN. Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 90:198-205. [PMID: 29217418 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Ângelo Moreira Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marjorie Moreira Guedes
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Duarte Bona
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Rey
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alberto Melo Soares
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Richard Littleton Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ila Fernanda Nunes Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid (IBISAB), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Zhu Z, Cao M, Zhou X, Li B, Zhang J. Epidemic characterization and molecular genotyping of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea in Northwest China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:92. [PMID: 28878891 PMCID: PMC5585892 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread presence of antibiotics resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria can cause enormous problems. Food animals are one of the main reservoirs of intestinal pathogens that pose a potential risk to human. Analyzing the epidemiological characteristics and resistance patterns of Shigella flexneri in calves is necessary for animal and human health. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 54 Shigella flexneri isolates, including six serotypes (1a, 2a, 2b, 4a, 6 and Xv), were collected from 837 fecal samples obtained from 2014 to 2016. We performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and applied the restriction enzyme NotI to analyze the genetic relatedness among the 54 isolates and to categorize them into 31 reproducible and unique PFGE patterns. According to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, all 26 Shigella flexneri 2a serotypes were resistant to cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolones. The genes blaTEM-1 , blaOXA-1 , and blaCTX-M-14 were detected in 19 cephalosporin-resistant S. flexneri 2a isolates. Among 14 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was largely present in each strain, followed by qnrS (5). Only one ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate harbored the qepA gene. Sequencing the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates revealed two point mutations in gyrA (S83 L, D87N/Y) and a single point mutation in parC (S80I). Interestingly, two gyrA (D87N/Y) strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS The current study enhances our knowledge of Shigella in cattle, although continual surveillance is necessary for the control of shigellosis. The high level of cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella warns us of a potential risk to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Cao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Tribble DR. Resistant pathogens as causes of traveller's diarrhea globally and impact(s) on treatment failure and recommendations. J Travel Med 2017; 24:S6-S12. [PMID: 28520997 PMCID: PMC5731445 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Diarrhea is a frequent clinical syndrome affecting international travellers. Bacterial etiologic agents have a long history of emergent antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antibiotics. Current approaches applying first-line antimicrobial therapy are being challenged by increasingly resistant organisms. This review summarizes recent epidemiological and clinical evidence of antibiotic resistance among enteropathogens causing traveller's diarrhea and the subsequent impact on current treatment recommendations. METHODS : The PubMed database was systemically searched for articles related to antibiotic susceptibility and diarrheal pathogens. RESULTS : Antibiotic resistance related to travellers' diarrhea has increased in recent years. Most notably, fluoroquinolone resistance has expanded from the Campylobacter -associated cases well documented in Southeast Asia in the 1990s to widespread occurrence, as well as increases among other common bacterial enteropathogens including, enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli , Shigella and non-typhoidal Salmonella . Multidrug resistance among enteropathogenic Enterobacteriacae and Campylobacter species create further challenges with the selection of empiric therapy. Treatment failures requiring early use of alternative agents, as well as delayed recovery comparable to placebo rates emphasize the impact of antimicrobial resistance on effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS : Although there are limitations in the available data, the increasing antibiotic resistance and adverse impact on clinical outcome require continued surveillance and reconsideration of practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-5119, USA
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Nature nurtures the design of new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:527-533. [PMID: 27899792 PMCID: PMC5509991 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythromycin and its analogs are used to treat respiratory tract and other infections. The broad use of these antibiotics during the last 5 decades has led to resistance that can range from 20% to over 70% in certain parts of the world. Efforts to find macrolides that were active against macrolide-resistant strains led to the development of erythromycin analogs with alkyl-aryl side chains that mimicked the sugar side chain of 16-membered macrolides, such as tylosin. Further modifications were made to improve the potency of these molecules by removal of the cladinose sugar to obtain a smaller molecule, a modification that was learned from an older macrolide, pikromycin. A keto group was introduced after removal of the cladinose sugar to make the new ketolide subclass. Only one ketolide, telithromycin, received marketing authorization but because of severe adverse events, it is no longer widely used. Failure to identify the structure-relationship responsible for this clinical toxicity led to discontinuation of many ketolides that were in development. One that did complete clinical development, cethromycin, did not meet clinical efficacy criteria and therefore did not receive marketing approval. Work on developing new macrolides was re-initiated after showing that inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the imidazolyl-pyridine moiety on the side chain of telithromycin was likely responsible for the severe adverse events. Solithromycin is a fourth-generation macrolide that has a fluorine at the 2-position, and an alkyl-aryl side chain that is different from telithromycin. Solithromycin interacts at three sites on the bacterial ribosome, has activity against strains resistant to older macrolides (including telithromycin), and is mostly bactericidal. Pharmaceutical scientists involved in the development of macrolide antibiotics have learned from the teachings of Professor Satoshi Omura and progress in this field was not possible without his endeavors.
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