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Fitzgerald H, Fitzgerald DA, Selvadurai H. Exercise testing for young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023:S1526-0542(23)00082-9. [PMID: 38176989 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
With increasing competitiveness across the sporting landscape, there is a need for more research into monitoring and managing the young athlete, as the needs of a young athlete are vastly different to those of an older athlete who is already established in their respective sport. As the age of sports specialisation seems to decrease, exercise testing in the younger cohort of athletes is crucial for safety and long-term success. This article provides a comprehensive summary of available testing and monitoring methods that can be used to assist young athletes as they mature and attempt to excel in their chosen sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - D A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - H Selvadurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Healy RD, Smith C, Woessner MN, Levinger I. Relationship between VO2peak, VO2 Recovery Kinetics, and Muscle Function in Older Adults. Gerontology 2023; 69:1278-1283. [PMID: 37660695 PMCID: PMC10634273 DOI: 10.1159/000533920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficiency of the cardiovascular system to recover following an exercise bout is measured by oxygen (VO2) recovery kinetics. In older adults with a chronic disease, a higher aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and faster VO2 recovery kinetics are associated with higher muscle strength and physical capacity. Yet, this relationship in healthy older adults remains unclear. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether a higher VO2peak and faster VO2 recovery kinetics are associated with higher muscle strength and physical performance in healthy community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Thirty-five healthy older adults (female 25/male 10, mean age 73 ± 6 years) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. VO2peak and VO2 recovery kinetics were assessed through gas exchange analysis. Muscle strength was determined by maximal leg (one-repetition maximum on leg press; 1RM) and grip strength, and physical performance was determined by the physical performance test (PPT) which assessed gait speed, stair ascent and descent, and timed up-and-go. RESULTS Higher VO2peak was associated with stronger leg (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) and grip strength (r = 0.39, p < 0.03), but no relationship to PPT (p > 0.05). There was also no relationship between VO2 recovery kinetics and leg and grip strength or PPT (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In healthy community-dwelling older adults, VO2peak, but not VO2 recovery kinetics, is associated with muscle strength. This suggests that muscle strength may be an important factor related to aerobic capacity that could assist in identifying older adults who should be prioritized for resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon D. Healy
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mary N. Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ahmad S, Muzammil M. Revised NIOSH lifting equation: a critical evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2023; 29:358-365. [PMID: 35253606 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The revised NIOSH lifting equation (RNLE) aims to manage lifting-related lower back pain (LBP), by determining safe load limits. Many researchers have studied the multiplier development criteria, the universal applicability of the equation and its ability to identify an increased risk of LBP in lifting tasks. Although a number of strengths of the equation have been highlighted, many limitations have also been identified. The need for new multipliers, such as worker and environmental characteristics, was highlighted in order to make the equation more adaptable. The RNLE was designed to protect 75% of female workers and is therefore inherently conservative. Additionally, as all multipliers have values less than or equal to 1, the recommended weight limits (RWLs) can be further reduced. Thus, new multipliers may be defined, by combining two or more existing multipliers, to make the RWLs more realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Z. H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammad Muzammil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Z. H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Vermue DJ, Dol MV, Ansuategui Echeita J, Dekker R, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Reneman MF. Maximal aerobic capacity is associated with lifting capacity, but not with self-reported functioning measures in patients with primary chronic low back pain: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001253. [PMID: 35692438 PMCID: PMC9137331 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Maximal exercise testing is considered the gold standard to assess V̇O2max. However, maximal exercise testing was previously deemed unfeasible and unsafe in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Consequently, most previous studies on aerobic capacity and functioning in patients with CLBP were performed with submaximal testing protocols. A recent study demonstrated the safety, feasibility and tolerance of maximal exercise testing in patients with CLBP. Therefore, the relation between aerobic capacity and functioning should be reevaluated. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the relationship between maximal aerobic capacity and four measures of functioning: lifting capacity, work ability, pain-related disability and physical functioning in patients with CLBP. Methods The maximal aerobic capacity of patients with CLBP was assessed with a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Functioning was measured with a floor-to-waist lifting capacity test and three questionnaires: Work Ability Score, Pain Disability Index and Physical Functioning subscale of RAND-36. The associations between maximal aerobic capacity and each of the functioning measures were analysed with multiple linear regression analyses while controlling for potential confounders. Results Data of n=74 patients with CLBP were analysed. After controlling for potential confounders, maximal aerobic capacity was moderately associated with lifting capacity (β=0.32, p=0.006), but not with any of the other functioning measures (β=−0.08 to 0.12, p>0.288). Conclusion A higher level of maximal aerobic capacity is moderately associated with a higher lifting capacity, but not with self-reported work ability, pain-related disability and physical functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël J Vermue
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max V Dol
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rienk Dekker
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel F Reneman
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ansuategui Echeita J, Dekker R, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Reneman MF. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic low back pain: feasibility, tolerance and relation with central sensitization. An observational study. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:6287-6294. [PMID: 34428385 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1962991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the feasibility of and pain-related tolerance to a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and the relationship between the aerobic capacity and central sensitization (CS) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS An observational study, combining a cross-sectional and a prospective 24-hour follow-up was performed. Participants underwent a maximal CPET on a cycle ergometer and were assessed with three measures of CS (CS Inventory, quantitative sensory testing and heart rate variability). Before the CPET, immediately afterwards and 24 h after, the Pain Response Questionnaire (PRQ) was filled out. The CPET was considered feasible when >80% performed maximally, and tolerable when <20% reported relevant pain increase, body reactions and additional pain medication use in the PRQ. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship between the aerobic capacity (VO2max) and CS measures, corrected for confounders. RESULTS 74 patients with CLBP participated of which 30 were male, mean age was 40.4 years (SD: 12.4) and median VO2max was 23.9 ml/kg/min (IQR: 18.2-29.4). CPET was completed by 92%. No serious adverse events occurred. A relevant pain increase was reported in the upper legs by 40% immediately after CPET and by 28% 24 h afterwards, 27% reported body reactions after 24 h, and 22% increased pain medication use 24 h after CPET. Very weak and not significant relations (rpartial=-0.21 to 0.05; p > 0.10) were observed between aerobic capacity and CS measures. CONCLUSIONS A maximal CPET is feasible in patients with CLBP. Most, but not all, tolerated it well. CS was not related to aerobic capacity.Implications for rehabilitationMaximal CPET is feasible in patients with CLBP and well tolerated by most patients.Maximal CPET can be safely applied to assess the aerobic capacity of patients with CLBP.Aerobic capacity is unrelated to central sensitization.Outcomes of a maximal CPET and the pain response to straining activity can be used to provide valid information for the decision-making of exercise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Ansuategui Echeita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Dekker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Felix Reneman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gillain S, Boutaayamou M, Schwartz C, Dardenne N, Bruyère O, Brüls O, Croisier JL, Salmon E, Reginster JY, Garraux G, Petermans J. Gait symmetry in the dual task condition as a predictor of future falls among independent older adults: a 2-year longitudinal study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1057-1067. [PMID: 31069697 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the potential consequences of falls among older adults, a major challenge is to identify people at risk before the first event. In this context, gait parameters have been suggested as markers of fall risk. AIM To examine, among older people, the prospective relationship between gait patterns assessed in comfortable and challenging walking conditions, and future fall(s). METHOD A total of 105 adults older than 65 years, living independently at home and without a recent fall history were included in a 2-year, longitudinal, observational study. All underwent physical and functional assessment. Gait speed, stride length, frequency, symmetry and regularity and Minimum Toe Clearance (MTC) were recorded in comfortable (CW), fast (FW) and dual task walking (DTW) conditions. Gait parameter changes occurring between CW and FW and between CW and DTW were calculated and expressed in percent. DTW cost was calculated as the change of DTW relative to CW. Fall events were recorded using fall diaries. Comparisons according to fall occurrence were performed by means of univariate analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Two-year follow-up was available for 96 participants, of whom 35 (36.5%) fell at least once. Comparative analysis showed that future fallers had shorter FW stride length and higher symmetry DTW cost than non-fallers (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that each additional percent of stride symmetry cost was associated with an increase in future fall risk (odds ratio 1.018, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.002-1.033; p = 0.027). DISCUSSION Our results confirm the association between a symmetry decrease in DTW and future fall(s). Indeed in this study, the mean symmetry DTW cost in fallers is almost 20% higher than in non-fallers, meaning a fall risk that is around 36% higher than among non-fallers. CONCLUSION This exploratory study shows the usefulness of considering gait parameters, particularly symmetry in challenging walking conditions, for early identification of future fallers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gillain
- Geriatric Department, Liège University Hospital, C.H.U. site NDB, Route de Gaillarmont, 600, 4032, Chênée, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed Boutaayamou
- INTELSIG Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cedric Schwartz
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis-LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis-LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Brüls
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis-LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis-LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Science of Motricity Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- Neurology Department and GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Ageing, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Garraux
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis-LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Neurology Department and GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean Petermans
- Geriatric Department, Liège University Hospital, C.H.U. site NDB, Route de Gaillarmont, 600, 4032, Chênée, Belgium
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Lu ML, Putz-Anderson V, Garg A, Davis KG. Evaluation of the Impact of the Revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Lifting Equation. HUMAN FACTORS 2016; 58:667-682. [PMID: 26822795 PMCID: PMC4991821 DOI: 10.1177/0018720815623894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to evaluate the impact of the Revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Lifting Equation (RNLE). BACKGROUND The RNLE has been used extensively as a risk assessment method for prevention of low back pain (LBP). However, the impact of the RNLE has not been documented. METHODS A systematic review of the literature on the RNLE was conducted. The review consisted of three parts: characterization of the RNLE publications, assessment of the impact of the RNLE, and evaluation of the influences of the RNLE on ergonomic standards. The literature for assessing the impact was categorized into four research areas: methodology, laboratory, field, and risk assessment studies using the Lifting Index (LI) or Composite LI (CLI), both of which are the products of the RNLE. RESULTS The impact of the RNLE has been both widespread and influential. We found 24 studies that examined the criteria used to define lifting capacity used by the RNLE, 28 studies that compared risk assessment methods for identifying LBP, 23 studies that found the RNLE useful in identifying the risk of LBP with different work populations, and 13 studies on the relationship between LI/CLI and LBP outcomes. We also found evidence on the adoption of the RNLE as an ergonomic standard for use by various local, state, and international entities. CONCLUSION The review found 13 studies that link LI/CLI to adverse LBP outcomes. These studies showed a positive relationship between LI/CLI metrics and the severity of LBP outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lun Lu
- Taft Laboratories, Cincinnati, OhioUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeUniversity of Cincinnati, Ohio
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