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Isidoro C. Pathophysiology of Lysosomes in a Nutshell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10688. [PMID: 37445864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles present in all nucleated mammalian cells [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanoBioImaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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2
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Secomandi E, Salwa A, Vidoni C, Ferraresi A, Follo C, Isidoro C. High Expression of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsin D Confers Better Prognosis in Neuroblastoma Patients by Contrasting EGF-Induced Neuroblastoma Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4782. [PMID: 35563171 PMCID: PMC9101173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a malignant extracranial solid tumor arising from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and is often associated with N-MYC amplification. Cathepsin D has been associated with chemoresistance in N-MYC-overexpressing neuroblastomas. Increased EGFR expression also has been associated with the aggressive behavior of neuroblastomas. This work aimed to understand the mechanisms linking EGFR stimulation and cathepsin D expression with neuroblastoma progression and prognosis. Gene correlation analysis in pediatric neuroblastoma patients revealed that individuals bearing a high EGFR transcript level have a good prognosis only when CTSD (the gene coding for the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D, CD) is highly expressed. Low CTSD expression was associated with poor clinical outcome. CTSD expression was negatively correlated with CCNB2, CCNA2, CDK1 and CDK6 genes involved in cell cycle division. We investigated the biochemical pathways downstream to EGFR stimulation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells engineered for overexpressing or silencing of CD expression. Cathepsin D overexpression decreased the proliferative potential of neuroblastoma cells through downregulation of the pro-oncogenic MAPK signaling pathway. EGFR stimulation downregulated cathepsin D expression, thus favoring cell cycle division. Our data suggest that chemotherapeutics that inhibit the EGFR pathway, along with stimulators of cathepsin D synthesis and activity, could benefit neuroblastoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (C.V.); (A.F.); (C.F.)
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Moraes JDN, Francisco AF, Dill LM, Diniz RS, Oliveira CSD, Silva TMRD, Caldeira CADS, Corrêa EDA, Coutinho-Neto A, Zanchi FB, Fontes MRDM, Soares AM, Calderon LDA. New multienzymatic complex formed between human cathepsin D and snake venom phospholipase A2. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20220002. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleff Ferreira Francisco
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Souza Diniz
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Berton Zanchi
- Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil; Aparicio Carvalho University Center (FIMCA), Brazil
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Yang J, Ding X, Meng S, Cai J, Zhou W. The c.863A>G (p.Glu288Gly) variant of the CTSD gene is not associated with CLN10 disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1777. [PMID: 34331747 PMCID: PMC8580076 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartic protease encoded by the CTSD gene. It plays important roles in many biological processes. Biallelic loss‐of‐function mutation of CTSD is considered a cause of CLN10 disease. CLN10 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is one of 14 types of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). To date, only a few cases of CLN10 and 12 disease‐causing mutations have been reported worldwide. Methods Exome sequencing was performed on a 15‐year‐old girl with pervasive brain developmental disorder. The effects of the identified variants were investigated through multiple functional experiments. Results There were no differences in mRNA and protein expression, intracellular localization, maturation, and proteolytic activity between the cells with the mutant CTSD gene and those with the wild‐type CTSD gene. Conclusion These results suggest that the c.863A>G (p.Glu288Gly) homozygous variant is not a pathogenic variation, but a benign variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoting Ding
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shasha Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhua Cai
- Department of Radiology of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihui Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Di YQ, Han XL, Kang XL, Wang D, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Autophagy triggers CTSD (cathepsin D) maturation and localization inside cells to promote apoptosis. Autophagy 2021; 17:1170-1192. [PMID: 32324083 PMCID: PMC8143247 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1752497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CTSD/CathD/CATD (cathepsin D) is a lysosomal aspartic protease. A distinguishing characteristic of CTSD is its dual functions of promoting cell proliferation via secreting a pro-enzyme outside the cells as a ligand, and promoting apoptosis via the mature form of this enzyme inside cells; however, the regulation of its secretion, expression, and maturation is undetermined. Using the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera, a serious agricultural pest, as a model, we revealed the dual functions and regulatory mechanisms of CTSD secretion, expression, and maturation. Glycosylation of asparagine 233 (N233) determined pro-CTSD secretion. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) promoted CTSD expression. Macroautophagy/autophagy triggered CTSD maturation and localization inside midgut cells to activate CASP3 (caspase 3) and promote apoptosis. Pro-CTSD was expressed in the pupal epidermis and was secreted into the hemolymph to promote adult fat body endoreplication/endoreduplication, cell proliferation, and association. Our study revealed that the differential expression and autophagy-mediated maturation of CTSD in tissues determine its roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation, thereby determining the cell fates of tissues during lepidopteran metamorphosis.Abbreviations: 20E: 20-hydroxyecdysone; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AKT: protein kinase B; ATG1: autophagy-related 1; ATG4: autophagy-related 4; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CQ: choroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPBS: dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; DsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EcR: ecdysone receptor; EcRE: ecdysone response element; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine; G-m-CTSD: glycosylated-mautre-CTSD; G-pro-CTSD: glycosylated-pro-CTSD; HaEpi: Helicoverpa armigera epidermal cell line; HE staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; IgG: immunoglobin G; IM: imaginal midgut; JH: juvenile hormone; Kr-h1: krueppel homologous protein 1; LM: larval midgut; M6P: mannose-6-phosphate; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCD: programmed cell death; PNGase: peptide-N-glycosidase F; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SYX17: syntaxin 17; USP1: ultraspiracle isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Le Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R. The Ins and Outs of Cathepsins: Physiological Function and Role in Disease Management. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071679. [PMID: 32668602 PMCID: PMC7407943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal proteases that are mainly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments where they play a vital role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immune responses among a host of other functions. The discovery that cathepsins are secreted and remain functionally active outside of the lysosome has caused a paradigm shift. Contemporary research has unraveled many versatile functions of cathepsins in extralysosomal locations including cytosol and extracellular space. Nevertheless, extracellular cathepsins are majorly upregulated in pathological states and are implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the cathepsins during pathological conditions, much research is focused on using cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A tailored therapeutic approach using selective cathepsin inhibitors is constantly emerging to be safe and efficient. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based approaches for the identification of novel physiological substrates offers a major opportunity to understand the mechanism of cathepsin action. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the role of cathepsins in health and disease, discuss their potential as biomarkers of disease progression, and shed light on the potential of extracellular cathepsin inhibitors as safe therapeutic tools.
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Mahajan UM, Goni E, Langhoff E, Li Q, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Kruger S, Ormanns S, Halloran C, Ganeh P, Marron M, Lämmerhirt F, Zhao Y, Beyer G, Weiss FU, Sendler M, Bruns CJ, Kohlmann T, Kirchner T, Werner J, D’Haese JG, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Heinemann V, Neoptolemos JP, Büchler MW, Belka C, Boeck S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Cathepsin D Expression and Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2020; 4:pkz060. [PMID: 32296755 PMCID: PMC7050148 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin-D (CatD), owing to its dual role as a proteolytic enzyme and as a ligand, has been implicated in cancer progression. The role of CatD in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is unknown. METHODS CatD expression quantified by immunohistochemistry of tumor-tissue microarrays of 403 resected pancreatic cancer patients from the ESPAC-Tplus trial, a translational study within the ESPAC (European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer) trials, was dichotomously distributed to low and high H scores (cut off 22.35) for survival and multivariable analysis. The validation cohort (n = 69) was recruited based on the hazard ratio of CatD from ESPAC-Tplus. 5-fluorouracil-, and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines were employed for mechanistic experiments. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Median overall survival was 23.75 months and median overall survival for patients with high CatD expression was 21.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.31 to 24.80) months vs 27.20 (95% CI = 23.75 to 31.90) months for low CatD expression (χ2 LR, 1DF = 4.00; P = .04). Multivariable analysis revealed CatD expression as a predictive marker in gemcitabine-treated (z stat = 2.33; P = .02) but not in 5-fluorouracil-treated (z stat = 0.21; P = .82) patients. An independent validation cohort confirmed CatD as a negative predictive marker for survival (χ2 LR, 1DF = 6.80; P = .009) and as an independent predictive marker in gemcitabine-treated patients with a hazard ratio of 3.38 (95% CI = 1.36 to 8.38, P = .008). Overexpression of CatD was associated with a concomitant suppression of the acid sphingomyelinase, and silencing of CatD resulted in upregulation of acid sphingomyelinase with rescue of gemcitabine resistance. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant gemcitabine is less effective in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with high CatD expression, and thus CatD could serve as a marker for biomarker-driven therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal M Mahajan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Goni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Enno Langhoff
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eithne Costello
- National Institute for Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- National Institute for Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephan Kruger
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Halloran
- National Institute for Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Paula Ganeh
- National Institute for Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Manuela Marron
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Felix Lämmerhirt
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, and Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Beyer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, and Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kohlmann
- Department of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan G D’Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- National Institute for Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Boeck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jantas D, Chwastek J, Grygier B, Lasoń W. Neuroprotective Effects of Necrostatin-1 Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage: an Involvement of Cathepsin D Inhibition. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:525-542. [PMID: 31960265 PMCID: PMC7062871 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a recently discovered form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, can be implicated in many pathological conditions including neuronal cell death. Moreover, an inhibition of this process by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. However, the involvement of this type of cell death in oxidative stress–induced neuronal cell damage is less recognized. Therefore, we tested the effects of Nec-1, an inhibitor of necroptosis, in the model of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and murine hippocampal HT-22 cell lines. The data showed that Nec-1 (10–40 μM) attenuated the cell death induced by H2O2 in undifferentiated (UN-) and neuronal differentiated (RA-) SH-SY5Y cells with a higher efficacy in the former cell type. Moreover, Nec-1 partially reduced cell damage induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y cells. The protective effect of Nec-1 was of similar magnitude as the effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor in both cell phenotypes and this effect were not potentiated after combined treatment. Furthermore, the non-specific apoptosis and necroptosis inhibitor curcumin augmented the beneficial effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-evoked cell damage albeit only in RA-SH-SY5Y cells. Next, it was found that the mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of Nec-1 against H2O2-induced cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells involved the inhibition of lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, but not caspase-3 or calpain activities. In HT-22 cells, Nec-1 was protective in two models of oxidative stress (H2O2 and glutamate) and that effect was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. Our data showed neuroprotective effects of the necroptosis inhibitor, Nec-1, against oxidative stress–induced cell damage and pointed to involvement of cathepsin D inhibition in the mechanism of its action. Moreover, a cell type–specific interplay between necroptosis and apoptosis has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Chwastek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Martínez-Alarcón D, Saborowski R, Rojo-Arreola L, García-Carreño F. Is digestive cathepsin D the rule in decapod crustaceans? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 215:31-38. [PMID: 29032300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D is an aspartic endopetidase with typical characteristics of lysosomal enzymes. Cathepsin D activity has been reported in the gastric fluid of clawed lobsters where it acts as an extracellular digestive enzyme. Here we investigate whether cathepsin D is unique in clawed lobsters or, instead, common in decapod crustaceans. Eleven species of decapods belonging to six infraorders were tested for cathepsin D activity in the midgut gland, the muscle tissue, the gills, and when technically possible, in the gastric fluid. Cathepsin D activity was present in the midgut gland of all 11 species and in the gastric fluid from the seven species from which samples could be taken. All sampled species showed higher activities in the midgut glands than in non-digestive organs and the activity was highest in the clawed lobster. Cathepsin D mRNA was obtained from tissue samples of midgut gland, muscle, and gills. Analyses of deduced amino acid sequence confirmed molecular features of lysosomal cathepsin D and revealed high similarity between the enzymes from Astacidea and Caridea on one side, and the enzymes from Penaeoidea, Anomura, and Brachyura on the other side. Our results support the presence of cathepsin D activity in the midgut glands and in the gastric fluids of several decapod species suggesting an extracellular function of this lysosomal enzyme. We discuss whether cathepsin D may derive from the lysosomal-like vacuoles of the midgut gland B-cells and is released into the gastric lumen upon secretion by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martínez-Alarcón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Liliana Rojo-Arreola
- CONACYT- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz BCS 23096, Mexico.
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10
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Bernardo MM, Dzinic SH, Matta MJ, Dean I, Saker L, Sheng S. The Opportunity of Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer With Context-Sensitive Tumor Suppressor Maspin. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1639-1647. [PMID: 28262971 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To improve the precision of molecular diagnosis and to develop and guide targeted therapies of breast cancer, it is essential to determine the mechanisms that underlie the specific tumor phenotypes. To this end, the application of a snapshot of gene expression profile for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis is fundamentally challenged since the tissue-based data are derived from heterogonous cell types and are not likely to reflect the dynamics of context-dependent tumor progression and drug sensitivity. The intricate network of epithelial differentiation program can be concertedly controlled by tumor suppressor maspin, a homologue of clade B serine protease inhibitors (serpin), through its multifaceted molecular interactions in multiple subcellular localizations. Unlike most other serpins that are expressed in multiple cell types, maspin is epithelial specific and has distinct roles in luminal and myoepithelial cells. Endogenously expressed maspin has been found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and detected on the surface of cell membrane. It is also secreted free and as an exosomal cargo protein. Research in the field has led to the identification of the maspin targets and maspin-associated molecules, as well as the structural determinants of its suppressive functions. The current review discusses the possibility for maspin to serve as a cell type-specific and context-sensitive marker to improve the precision of breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. These advancements further suggest a new window of opportunity for designing novel maspin-based chemotherapeutic agents with improved anti-cancer potency. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1639-1647, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida M Bernardo
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Sijana H Dzinic
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Maria J Matta
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Ivory Dean
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Lina Saker
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
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Li X, Dai J, Tang Y, Li L, Jin G. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Tachyplesin I Targets in U251 Gliomaspheres. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15010020. [PMID: 28106765 PMCID: PMC5295240 DOI: 10.3390/md15010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachyplesin I is a cationic peptide isolated from hemocytes of the horseshoe crab and its anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated in several tumor cells. However, there is limited information providing the global effects and mechanisms of tachyplesin I on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, by using two complementary proteomic strategies (2D-DIGE and dimethyl isotope labeling-based shotgun proteomics), we explored the effect of tachyplesin I on the proteome of gliomaspheres, a three-dimensional growth model formed by a GBM cell line U251. In total, the expression levels of 192 proteins were found to be significantly altered by tachyplesin I treatment. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that many of them were cytoskeleton proteins and lysosomal acid hydrolases, and the mostly altered biological process was related to cellular metabolism, especially glycolysis. Moreover, we built protein-protein interaction network of these proteins and suggested the important role of DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A) in the signal-transduction cascade of tachyplesin I. In conclusion, we propose that tachyplesin I might down-regulate cathepsins in lysosomes and up-regulate TOP2A to inhibit migration and promote apoptosis in glioma, thus contribute to its anti-tumor function. Our results suggest tachyplesin I is a potential candidate for treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 2190 Liuxian Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianguo Dai
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 2190 Liuxian Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yongjun Tang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 2190 Liuxian Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 2190 Liuxian Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Gang Jin
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 2190 Liuxian Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Eatemadi A, Aiyelabegan HT, Negahdari B, Mazlomi MA, Daraee H, Daraee N, Eatemadi R, Sadroddiny E. Role of protease and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:221-231. [PMID: 28006747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death in 2015, and it has been estimated to surpass heart diseases as the leading cause of death in the next few years. Several mechanisms are involved in cancer pathogenesis. Studies have indicated that proteases are also implicated in tumor growth and progression which is highly dependent on nutrient and oxygen supply. On the other hand, protease inhibitors could be considered as a potent strategy in cancer therapy. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. In this review, we focus on the role of different types of proteases and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eatemadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran.
| | - Hammed T Aiyelabegan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Vidoni C, Follo C, Savino M, Melone MAB, Isidoro C. The Role of Cathepsin D in the Pathogenesis of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:845-70. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Carlo Follo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Miriam Savino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
| | - Mariarosa A. B. Melone
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine and Surgery; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,”; Novara Italy
- InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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14
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Sun T, Jiang D, Zhang L, Su Q, Mao W, Jiang C. Expression profile of cathepsins indicates the potential of cathepsins B and D as prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:575-583. [PMID: 26870250 PMCID: PMC4727043 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in women and contributes to 32% of all female cancer cases. Cathepsins, a family of proteins, are known to have a critical role in human cancers. However, previous studies on the systematic analysis of the role of cathepsin family members in breast cancer are limited. The aim of the present study was to identify biological markers to predict prognosis and treatment response of breast cancer patients, as well as to elucidate novel therapeutic targets. The present study analyzed the expression of six members of cathepsin family, including cathepsins B, G, D, K, L and V in 188 breast cancer tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. The data showed that all members of the tested cathepsin families featured cytoplasmic staining. Notably, expression of cathepsin L was associated with advanced tumor stages, while cathepsins B and K expression levels were associated with positive estrogen receptor expression; in addition, cathepsin K expression was also demonstrated to be associated with progesterone receptor expression. Cathepsins V and D expression levels were found to be associated with breast cancer metastasis, while the expression levels of cathepsins B and D were associated with poor disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. In addition, univariate analysis demonstrated that breast cancer metastasis to the bone and the expression of cathepsin B protein were associated with poor disease-free survival. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the altered expression of cathepsins, in particular cathepsins B and D, contributed to the progression of breast cancer and poor disease-free survival in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Daqing Jiang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Qinglong Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Central Hospital of Chaoyang, Chaoyang, Liaoning 100000, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yongchuan People's Hospital, Yongchuan, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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15
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Alteration of cathepsin D trafficking induced by hypoxia and extracellular acidification in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochimie 2015; 121:123-30. [PMID: 26582416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment that surrounds tumor cells is characterized by hypoxic conditions and extracellular acidity. These hostile conditions induce crucial changes in cell behavior and can promote the secretion of many soluble factors such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. The lysosomal aspartyl-endopeptidase cathepsin D (CD) is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with a metastatic risk. In this study, the transport of CD was investigated in a model of breast cancer cells line (MCF-7) cultivated under hypoxia and acidification of media. CD secretion was assessed using Western blot analysis and protease activity was measured in conditioned culture media. We demonstrate that cultured MCF-7 cells secrete an active 52 kDa pCD precursor and report that under hypoxia there was an increased amount of pCD secreted. More surprisingly, extracellular acidification (pH 6 and 5.6) induced the secretion of the fully-mature and active (34 kDa + 14 kDa) double chain CD. Our findings reflect the fact that chemical anomalies influence the secretion path of CD in a breast cancer cell model, resulting in altered trafficking of the mature form. This important result may provide new arguments in favor of the role of extracellular CD in the degradation of the matrix proteins that constitute the breast tumor microenvironment.
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16
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Lezhnina K, Kovalchuk O, Zhavoronkov AA, Korzinkin MB, Zabolotneva AA, Shegay PV, Sokov DG, Gaifullin NM, Rusakov IG, Aliper AM, Roumiantsev SA, Alekseev BY, Borisov NM, Buzdin AA. Novel robust biomarkers for human bladder cancer based on activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9022-32. [PMID: 25296972 PMCID: PMC4253415 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently proposed a new bioinformatic algorithm called OncoFinder for quantifying the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. It was proved advantageous for minimizing errors of high-throughput gene expression analyses and showed strong potential for identifying new biomarkers. Here, for the first time, we applied OncoFinder for normal and cancerous tissues of the human bladder to identify biomarkers of bladder cancer. Using Illumina HT12v4 microarrays, we profiled gene expression in 17 cancer and seven non-cancerous bladder tissue samples. These experiments were done in two independent laboratories located in Russia and Canada. We calculated pathway activation strength values for the investigated transcriptomes and identified signaling pathways that were regulated differently in bladder cancer (BC) tissues compared with normal controls. We found, for both experimental datasets, 44 signaling pathways that serve as excellent new biomarkers of BC, supported by high area under the curve (AUC) values. We conclude that the OncoFinder approach is highly efficient in finding new biomarkers for cancer. These markers are mathematical functions involving multiple gene products, which distinguishes them from “traditional” expression biomarkers that only assess concentrations of single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lezhnina
- Pathway Pharmaceuticals, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4. Canada Cancer and Aging Research Laboratories, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander A Zhavoronkov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia. Insilico Medicine, Inc, ETC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Faculty of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
| | | | - Anastasia A Zabolotneva
- Group for Genomic Regulation of Cell Signaling Systems, Shemyakn-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter V Shegay
- P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncological Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nurshat M Gaifullin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, Russia. Russian medical postgraduate academy,Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor G Rusakov
- P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncological Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Aliper
- Pathway Pharmaceuticals, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Roumiantsev
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncological Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay M Borisov
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton A Buzdin
- Pathway Pharmaceuticals, Wan Chai, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachyov Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia. Group for Genomic Regulation of Cell Signaling Systems, Shemyakn-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Ferreira R, Oliveira P, Martins T, Magalhães S, Trindade F, Pires MJ, Colaço B, Barros A, Santos L, Amado F, Vitorino R. Comparative proteomic analyses of urine from rat urothelial carcinoma chemically induced by exposure to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1594-602. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is estimated to be the ninth most common malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and progression despite therapy, early diagnosis being crucial for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Telma Martins
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Sandra Magalhães
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Pires
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- CITAB
- Department of Veterinary Science
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- Portugal
| | - António Barros
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Lúcio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto
- Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
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18
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Varley KE, Gertz J, Roberts BS, Davis NS, Bowling KM, Kirby MK, Nesmith AS, Oliver PG, Grizzle WE, Forero A, Buchsbaum DJ, LoBuglio AF, Myers RM. Recurrent read-through fusion transcripts in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 146:287-97. [PMID: 24929677 PMCID: PMC4085473 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Read-through fusion transcripts that result from the splicing of two adjacent genes in the same coding orientation are a recently discovered type of chimeric RNA. We sought to determine if read-through fusion transcripts exist in breast cancer. We performed paired-end RNA-seq of 168 breast samples, including 28 breast cancer cell lines, 42 triple negative breast cancer primary tumors, 42 estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer primary tumors, and 56 non-malignant breast tissue samples. We analyzed the sequencing data to identify breast cancer associated read-through fusion transcripts. We discovered two recurrent read-through fusion transcripts that were identified in breast cancer cell lines, confirmed across breast cancer primary tumors, and were not detected in normal tissues (SCNN1A-TNFRSF1A and CTSD-IFITM10). Both fusion transcripts use canonical splice sites to join the last splice donor of the 5′ gene to the first splice acceptor of the 3′ gene, creating an in-frame fusion transcript. Western blots indicated that the fusion transcripts are translated into fusion proteins in breast cancer cells. Custom small interfering RNAs targeting the CTSD-IFITM10 fusion junction reduced expression of the fusion transcript and reduced breast cancer cell proliferation. Read-through fusion transcripts between adjacent genes with different biochemical functions represent a new type of recurrent molecular defect in breast cancer that warrant further investigation as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Both breast cancer associated fusion transcripts identified in this study involve membrane proteins (SCNN1A-TNFRSF1A and CTSD-IFITM10), which raises the possibility that they could be breast cancer-specific cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Varley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
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19
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Johnson IR, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Butler LM, Brooks DA. Prostate cell lines as models for biomarker discovery: performance of current markers and the search for new biomarkers. Prostate 2014; 74:547-60. [PMID: 24435746 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cell lines have been used in the search for biomarkers that are suitable for prostate cancer diagnosis. Unfortunately, many cell line studies have only involved single cell lines, partially characterized cell lines or were performed without controls, and this may have been detrimental to effective biomarker discovery. We have analyzed a panel of prostate cancer and nonmalignant control cell lines using current biomarkers and then investigated a set of prospective endosomal and lysosomal proteins to search for new biomarkers. METHODS Western blotting was used to define the amount of protein and specific molecular forms in cell extracts and culture media from a panel of nonmalignant (RWPE-1, PNT1a, PNT2) and prostate cancer (22RV1, CaHPV10, DU-145, LNCaP) cell lines. Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS HPV-18 transfected cell lines displayed a different pattern of protein and gene expression when compared to the other cell lines examined, suggesting that these cell lines may not be the most optimal for prostate cancer biomarker discovery. There was an increased amount of prostatic acid phosphatase and kallikrein proteins in LNCaP cell extracts and culture media, but variable amounts of these proteins in other prostate cancer cell lines. There were minimal differences in the amounts of lysosomal proteins detected in prostate cancer cells and culture media, but two endosomal proteins, cathepsin B and acid ceramidase, had increased gene and protein expression, and certain molecular forms showed increased secretion from prostate cancer cells (P ≤ 0.05). LIMP-2 gene and protein expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer compared to nonmalignant cell lines (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While the existing prostate cancer biomarkers and lysosomal proteins investigated here were not able to specifically differentiate between a panel of nonmalignant and prostate cancer cell lines, endosomal proteins showed some discriminatory capacity. LIMP-2 is a critical regulator of endosome biogenesis and the increased expression observed in prostate cancer cells indicated that other endosome related proteins may also be upregulated and could be investigated as novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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20
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Wei SH, Li W, Liu Y, Gao DEK, Pan J, Gu CW, Wu HR. Disturbance of autophagy-lysosome signaling molecule expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:635-640. [PMID: 24527069 PMCID: PMC3919863 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is classified as type II programmed cell death and may participate in tumorigenesis. However, changes in autophagy-lysosome signaling and the relationship between the apoptotic cascade and gastric cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the induction of autophagy in poorly differentiated human gastric adenocarcinoma. Immunoblotting revealed markedly induced autophagy in low grade differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, indicated by elevation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-I/II conversion and Beclin 1 in human gastric carcinomas. In addition, the diffuse (poorly differentiated) subtype showed significantly elevated Lamp2 and cathepsin B protein levels. Concomitantly, significant induction of anti-apoptotic events were indicated by changes in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein levels. Notably, confocal laser microscope data indicated co-expression of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 in poorly differentiated human gastric adenocarcinoma. Results of this study indicate that the autophagy-lysosome signaling participates in poorly differentiated human gastric adenocarcinoma and there are intracellular links between autophagic signaling and the apoptotic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - DE-Kang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Wei Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Rong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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21
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Tan GJ, Peng ZK, Lu JP, Tang FQ. Cathepsins mediate tumor metastasis. World J Biol Chem 2013; 4:91-101. [PMID: 24340132 PMCID: PMC3856311 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v4.i4.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are highly expressed in various human cancers, associated with tumor metastasis. It is superfamily, concluding A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, L, K, O, S, V, and W family members. As a group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases, each member has a different function, playing different roles in distinct tumorigenic processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Cathepsins belong to a diverse number of enzyme subtypes, including cysteine proteases, serine proteases and aspartic proteases. The contribution of cathepsins to invasion in human cancers is well documented, although the precise mechanisms by which cathepsins exert their effects are still not clear. In the present review, the role of cathepsin family members in cancer is discussed.
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22
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Achour O, Bridiau N, Kacem M, Delatouche R, Bordenave-Juchereau S, Sannier F, Thiéry V, Piot JM, Maugard T, Arnaudin I. Cathepsin D activity and selectivity in the acidic conditions of a tumor microenvironment: Utilization in the development of a novel Cathepsin D substrate for simultaneous cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biochimie 2013; 95:2010-7. [PMID: 23871913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pro-Cathepsin D (pCD) is an aspartyl endopeptidase which is over expressed in many cancers. This over expression generally led to its secretion into the extracellular culture medium of cancer cells. Moreover, pCD can auto activate and cleave its substrates at an acidic pH compatible with that found in tumor microenvironments (TME). Thus, exploiting these two pathological characteristics of TME offers the opportunity to develop new protease-activated vector on the basis of their specific substrate structures. The aim of this study was to validate new pCD substrates in the extracellular pH conditions of TME. As a first step, we investigated the effect of pH on the catalytic activity and selectivity of mature Cathepsin D (CD). It was found that the increase in the pH of the media led to a decrease in the reaction rate. However, the specificity of mature CD was not affected by a variation in pH. In the second step, the effect of the substrate structure was studied. We demonstrated that the substrate structure had a significant effect on the catalytic activity of CD. In fact, some modifications in peptide structure induced a change in the catalytic behavior that involved a substrate activation phenomenon. We suggest that this activation may be related to the amphiphilic nature of the modified peptide that may induce an interfacial activation mechanism. Finally, pCD, which is the major form found in the extracellular culture medium of cancer cells, was used. We demonstrated that the proform of CD cleave the modified peptide 5 at pH 6.5 with the same cleavage selectivity obtained with the mature form of the protease. These data provide a better understanding of CD behavior in tumor microenvironment conditions and this knowledge can be used to develop more specific tools for diagnosis and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Achour
- Université de La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Département de Biotechnologies, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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23
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Abstract
CD (cathepsin D) is a ubiquitous lysosomal hydrolase involved in a variety of pathophysiological functions, including protein turnover, activation of pro-hormones, cell death and embryo development. CD-mediated proteolysis plays a pivotal role in tissue and organ homoeostasis. Altered expression and compartmentalization of CD have been observed in diseased muscle fibres. Whether CD is actively involved in muscle development, homoeostasis and dystrophy remains to be demonstrated. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a valuable ‘in vivo’ vertebrate model for muscular degeneration and congenital myopathies. In this work, we report on the perturbance of the somitic musculature development in zebrafish larvae caused by MPO (morpholino)-mediated silencing of CD in oocytes at the time of fertilization. Restoring CD expression, using an MPO-non-matching mutated mRNA, partially rescued the normal phenotype, confirming the indispensable role of CD in the correct development and integrity of the somitic musculature. This is the first report showing a congenital myopathy caused by CD deficiency in a vertebrate experimental animal model.
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Effects of Rab27a on proliferation, invasion, and anti-apoptosis in human glioma cell. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2195-203. [PMID: 23553027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between Rab27a and the characteristics of glioma cell U251 such as proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion and to provide an experimental basis for future therapy in human glioma. Recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.1-Rab27a was constructed and transfected into U251 cells with the help of Lipofectamine™2000. The expression of Rab27a was detected by Western blot. Cell viability, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and cell migration were analyzed, respectively, by (3-(4,5)-dimethylthi-azol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell invasion chamber methods. Meanwhile, the effect of Rab27a on secretion of cathepsin D in U251 cells was also examined. With the help of luciferase reporter assay system, the relationship between miR-124 and gene Rab27a expression was explored. Western blot showed that the expression of Rab27a was significantly increased in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group (p < 0.01) and that was significantly decreased in Rab27a-shRNA transfection group (p < 0.01) compared with control group. MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Transwell invasion chamber experiment indicated that cell viability (p < 0.01), proliferation index (p < 0.05), and invasion ability (p < 0.01) were improved significantly in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group compared with control group and that cell viability (p < 0.01), proliferation index (p < 0.05), and invasion ability (p < 0.01) were reduced markedly in Rab27a-shRNA transfection group compared with control group. The apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that the ratio of apoptosis in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group was significantly lower than that in control group (p < 0.05) and the ratio was notably higher in Rab27a-shRNAtransfection group than that in the control group. Cathepsin D activity assay indicated that the release of cathepsin D was enhanced in pcDNA3.1-Rab27a transfection group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Rab27a could increase the glioma cell ability, promote proliferation and invasion, and suppress cell apoptosis. The above-stated effects of Rab27a possibly were exerted by increasing the secretion of cathepsin D and regulated by miR-124. In addition, the inhibition of expression of Rab27a perhaps benefited the therapy for glioma patients.
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Marques C, Oliveira CSF, Alves S, Chaves SR, Coutinho OP, Côrte-Real M, Preto A. Acetate-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin D release. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e507. [PMID: 23429293 PMCID: PMC3734821 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality. Short-chain fatty acids secreted by dietary propionibacteria from the intestine, such as acetate, induce apoptosis in CRC cells and may therefore be relevant in CRC prevention and therapy. We previously reported that acetic acid-induced apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells involves partial vacuole permeabilization and release of Pep4p, the yeast cathepsin D (CatD), which has a protective role in this process. In cancer cells, lysosomes have emerged as key players in apoptosis through selective lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins. However, the role of CatD in CRC survival is controversial and has not been assessed in response to acetate. We aimed to ascertain whether LMP and CatD are involved in acetate-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. We showed that acetate per se inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. More importantly, we uncovered that acetate triggers LMP and CatD release to the cytosol. Pepstatin A (a CatD inhibitor) but not E64d (a cathepsin B and L inhibitor) increased acetate-induced apoptosis of CRC cells, suggesting that CatD has a protective role in this process. Our data indicate that acetate induces LMP and subsequent release of CatD in CRC cells undergoing apoptosis, and suggest exploiting novel strategies using acetate as a prevention/therapeutic agent in CRC, through simultaneous treatment with CatD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marques
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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Similarities and differences in the biogenesis, processing and lysosomal targeting between zebrafish and human pro-Cathepsin D: functional implications. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:273-82. [PMID: 23107604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal protease Cathepsin D (CD) plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and embryo-fetus abnormalities. It is therefore of interest to know how this protein is synthesized in animal species used for modeling human diseases. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a valuable 'in vivo' vertebrate model for several human diseases. We have characterized the biogenetic pathways of zebrafish and human CD transgenically expressed in both human SH-SY5Y cells and zebrafish PAC2 cells. Differently from human CD, zebrafish CD was synthesized as a mono-glycosylated precursor (pro-CD) that was eventually processed into a single-chain mature polypeptide. In PAC2 cells, ammonium chloride and chloroquine impaired the N-glycosylation, and greatly stimulated the secretion, of pro-CD; still, a portion of un-glycosylated pro-CD reached the lysosomes and was processed to mature CD. The treatment with tunicamycin, which abrogates N-glycosylation, resulted in a similar effect. Zebrafish pro-CD was correctly processed when expressed in human cells, and its glycosylation, transport and maturation were not impaired by ammonium chloride. On the contrary, the transport and processing of human pro-CD expressed in zebrafish cells were profoundly altered: while the intermediate single-chain was not detectable, a small amount of double-chain mature CD still formed. This fact indicates that the enzyme machinery for single- to double-chain processing of mammal CD is present in zebrafish. Our data highlight the respective impact of the information imparted by the primary sequence and of the cellular transport and processing machineries in the biogenesis of lysosomal CD.
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Comparability of differential proteomics data generated from paired archival fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed samples by GeLC-MS/MS and spectral counting. J Proteomics 2012; 77:561-76. [PMID: 23043969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a Veterinary Department repository composed by paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh-frozen (FrFr) sets of the same tissues, routinely archived in the typical conditions of a clinical setting, was exploited to perform a comparative evaluation of the results generated by GeLC-MS/MS (1-DE followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS) and spectral counting with the two types of archival samples. Therefore, two parallel differential proteomic studies were performed using 3 canine mammary carcinomas and 3 normal controls in a paired fashion (6 FrFr and 6 FFPE in total). As a result, the FrFr and FFPE differential proteomic datasets exhibited fair consistency in differential expression trends, according to protein molecular function, cellular localization, networks, and pathways. However, FFPE samples were globally slightly less informative, especially concerning the high-MW subproteome. As a further investigation, new insights into the molecular aspects of protein fixation and retrieval were obtained. In conclusion, archival FFPE samples can be reliably used for differential proteomics studies employing a spectral counting GeLC-MS/MS approach, although some typical biases need to be taken into account, and FrFr specimens (when available) should still be considered as the gold standard for clinical proteomics.
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Ruibal A, Herranz M, Arias JI. Clinical and Biological Significance of Cathepsin D Levels in Breast Cancer Cytosol in Women Over 70 years. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2012; 4:1-6. [PMID: 24179390 PMCID: PMC3791914 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s9096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study cytosolic cathepsin D behavior and possible relationship with other clinical and biological parameters in women affected by breast invasive ductal carcinomas and older than 70 years (range: 71–88). Material and methods cytosolic levels of cathepsin D were determined by an Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA-CIS France). Clinical and biological factors analyzed were: size, axillary lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, histological grade, ploidy, S phase cell, cytosolic estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and pS2, and concentrations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cell membranes. Results Cathepsin D concentrations ranged between 13 and 1228 pmol/mg prot.. Median value of 41 was considered as threshold of positivity. Cathepsin D positive tumors showed higher S-phase values (P = 0.046) and were most often histological grade III (P = 0.047). However, the most important finding was the existence of a positive correlation (r = 0.51786) and statistically significant (P < 0.05) between S-phase values and cathepsin D in the overall group of tumors, and those ER+, but not in ER−. We determined cathepsin D concentrations in 131 women with invasive ductal breast carcinomas, but aged between 50 and 70 years (median 61) and we did not find differences based on those values in women >70 years. In addition, we found no correlation between S-phase values and Cathepsin D, both overall and in relation with hormone dependence (ER). Conclusions Those results led us to the following conclusions: (1) cytosolic concentrations of cathepsin D in invasive infiltrating breast carcinomas in women over 70 are similar to those seen in women with the same type of tumor, but aged 50 to 70 years and are associated with increased cell proliferation measured by S phase, and histological grade III; (2) in women older than 70 years, cathepsin D concentrations are statistically significantly correlated with phase synthesis values in hormone-dependent tumors, but not in hormone-independent, fact not observed in infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas of women aged between 50 and 70. This could reflect a different mitogenic role of the aspartyl protease enzyme linked to hormone dependence as age function parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ruibal
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Medicine Faculty, Molecular Imaging Group, IDIS, University Hospital Complex, Travesía de Choupana s/n, 15706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Follo C, Ozzano M, Mugoni V, Castino R, Santoro M, Isidoro C. Knock-down of cathepsin D affects the retinal pigment epithelium, impairs swim-bladder ontogenesis and causes premature death in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21908. [PMID: 21747967 PMCID: PMC3128622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. CD activity is essential to accomplish the acid-dependent extensive or partial proteolysis of protein substrates within endosomal and lysosomal compartments therein delivered via endocytosis, phagocytosis or autophagocytosis. CD may also act at physiological pH on small-size substrates in the cytosol and in the extracellular milieu. Mouse and fruit fly CD knock-out models have highlighted the multi-pathophysiological roles of CD in tissue homeostasis and organ development. Here we report the first phenotypic description of the lack of CD expression during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development obtained by morpholino-mediated knock-down of CD mRNA. Since the un-fertilized eggs were shown to be supplied with maternal CD mRNA, only a morpholino targeting a sequence containing the starting ATG codon was effective. The main phenotypic alterations produced by CD knock-down in zebrafish were: 1. abnormal development of the eye and of retinal pigment epithelium; 2. absence of the swim-bladder; 3. skin hyper-pigmentation; 4. reduced growth and premature death. Rescue experiments confirmed the involvement of CD in the developmental processes leading to these phenotypic alterations. Our findings add to the list of CD functions in organ development and patho-physiology in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Follo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Ozzano
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vera Mugoni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Castino
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Masson O, Prébois C, Derocq D, Meulle A, Dray C, Daviaud D, Quilliot D, Valet P, Muller C, Liaudet-Coopman E. Cathepsin-D, a key protease in breast cancer, is up-regulated in obese mouse and human adipose tissue, and controls adipogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16452. [PMID: 21311773 PMCID: PMC3032791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aspartic protease cathepsin-D (cath-D) is overexpressed by human epithelial breast cancer cells and is closely correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. The adipocyte is one of the most prominent cell types in the tumor-microenvironment of breast cancer, and clinical studies have shown that obesity increases the incidence of breast cancer. Here, we provide the first evidence that cath-D expression is up-regulated in adipose tissue from obese human beings, as well as in adipocytes from the obese C57BI6/J mouse. Cath-D expression is also increased during human and mouse adipocyte differentiation. We show that cath-D silencing in 3T3-F442A murine preadipocytes leads to lipid-depleted cells after adipogenesis induction, and inhibits of the expression of PPARγ, HSL and aP2 adipocyte differentiation markers. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the key role of cath-D in the control of adipogenesis, and suggest that cath-D may be a novel target in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Masson
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Prébois
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Meulle
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Danielle Daviaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Service de diabétologie, Maladies métaboliques et nutrition, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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