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Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Song Z, Lu K, Yang W. A review and analysis of key biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1358998. [PMID: 38445255 PMCID: PMC10912539 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1358998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 50 million elderly individuals worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood, based on current research, researchers are able to identify potential biomarker genes and proteins that may serve as effective targets against AD. This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AD biomarker identification, with highlights on the use of various algorithms, the exploration of relevant biological processes, and the investigation of shared biomarkers with co-occurring diseases. Additionally, this article includes a statistical analysis of key genes reported in the research literature, and identifies the intersection with AD-related gene sets from databases such as AlzGen, GeneCard, and DisGeNet. For these gene sets, besides enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks utilized to identify central genes among the overlapping genes. Enrichment analysis, protein interaction network analysis, and tissue-specific connectedness analysis based on GTEx database performed on multiple groups of overlapping genes. Our work has laid the foundation for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD and more accurate identification of key AD markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Suixia Zhang
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ke Lu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Wenzhong Yang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, China
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Tregub PP, Ibrahimli I, Averchuk AS, Salmina AB, Litvitskiy PF, Manasova ZS, Popova IA. The Role of microRNAs in Epigenetic Regulation of Signaling Pathways in Neurological Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12899. [PMID: 37629078 PMCID: PMC10454825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, there has been a significant increase in researchers' interest in the functions of microRNAs and the role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of many multifactorial diseases. This is related to the diagnostic and prognostic potential of microRNA expression levels as well as the prospects of using it in personalized targeted therapy. This review of the literature analyzes existing scientific data on the involvement of microRNAs in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury, and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel P. Tregub
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center “Innovative Technologies of Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis”, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irada Ibrahimli
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alla B. Salmina
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Peter F. Litvitskiy
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zaripat Sh. Manasova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inga A. Popova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Azari H, Nazari E, Mohit R, Asadnia A, Maftooh M, Nassiri M, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Shahidsales S, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Avan A. Machine learning algorithms reveal potential miRNAs biomarkers in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6147. [PMID: 37061507 PMCID: PMC10105697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the high mortality rate cancers globally, and the current survival rate is 30% even with the use of combination therapies. Recently, mounting evidence indicates the potential role of miRNAs in the diagnosis and assessing the prognosis of cancers. In the state-of-art research in cancer, machine-learning (ML) has gained increasing attention to find clinically useful biomarkers. The present study aimed to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic miRNAs in GC with the application of ML. Using the TCGA database and ML algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, k-NN, etc., a panel of 29 was obtained. Among the ML algorithms, SVM was chosen (AUC:88.5%, Accuracy:93% in GC). To find common molecular mechanisms of the miRNAs, their common gene targets were predicted using online databases such as miRWalk, miRDB, and Targetscan. Functional and enrichment analyzes were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Database of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), as well as identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) using the STRING database. Pathway analysis of the target genes revealed the involvement of several cancer-related pathways including miRNA mediated inhibition of translation, regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Survival and ROC curve analysis showed that the expression levels of hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-146b, and hsa-miR-29c were associated with higher mortality and potentially earlier detection of GC patients. A panel of dysregulated miRNAs that may serve as reliable biomarkers for gastric cancer were identified using machine learning, which represents a powerful tool in biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Azari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Nazari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohit
- Department of Anesthesia, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Asadnia
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK.
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq, College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, karbala, Iraq.
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Alamro H, Thafar MA, Albaradei S, Gojobori T, Essack M, Gao X. Exploiting machine learning models to identify novel Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and potential targets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4979. [PMID: 36973386 PMCID: PMC10043000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe still do not have an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) despite it being the most common cause of dementia and impaired cognitive function. Thus, research endeavors are directed toward identifying AD biomarkers and targets. In this regard, we designed a computational method that exploits multiple hub gene ranking methods and feature selection methods with machine learning and deep learning to identify biomarkers and targets. First, we used three AD gene expression datasets to identify 1/ hub genes based on six ranking algorithms (Degree, Maximum Neighborhood Component (MNC), Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC), Betweenness Centrality (BC), Closeness Centrality, and Stress Centrality), 2/ gene subsets based on two feature selection methods (LASSO and Ridge). Then, we developed machine learning and deep learning models to determine the gene subset that best distinguishes AD samples from the healthy controls. This work shows that feature selection methods achieve better prediction performances than the hub gene sets. Beyond this, the five genes identified by both feature selection methods (LASSO and Ridge algorithms) achieved an AUC = 0.979. We further show that 70% of the upregulated hub genes (among the 28 overlapping hub genes) are AD targets based on a literature review and six miRNA (hsa-mir-16-5p, hsa-mir-34a-5p, hsa-mir-1-3p, hsa-mir-26a-5p, hsa-mir-93-5p, hsa-mir-155-5p) and one transcription factor, JUN, are associated with the upregulated hub genes. Furthermore, since 2020, four of the six microRNA were also shown to be potential AD targets. To our knowledge, this is the first work showing that such a small number of genes can distinguish AD samples from healthy controls with high accuracy and that overlapping upregulated hub genes can narrow the search space for potential novel targets.
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Tufail AB, Anwar N, Othman MTB, Ullah I, Khan RA, Ma YK, Adhikari D, Rehman AU, Shafiq M, Hamam H. Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease Categorization Using PET Neuroimaging Modality and Convolutional Neural Networks in the 2D and 3D Domains. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22124609. [PMID: 35746389 PMCID: PMC9230850 DOI: 10.3390/s22124609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a health apprehension of significant proportions that is negatively impacting the ageing population globally. It is characterized by neuronal loss and the formation of structures such as neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the early as well as later stages of the disease. Neuroimaging modalities are routinely used in clinical practice to capture brain alterations associated with AD. On the other hand, deep learning methods are routinely used to recognize patterns in underlying data distributions effectively. This work uses Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures in both 2D and 3D domains to classify the initial stages of AD into AD, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Normal Control (NC) classes using the positron emission tomography neuroimaging modality deploying data augmentation in a random zoomed in/out scheme. We used novel concepts such as the blurring before subsampling principle and distant domain transfer learning to build 2D CNN architectures. We performed three binaries, that is, AD/NC, AD/MCI, MCI/NC and one multiclass classification task AD/NC/MCI. The statistical comparison revealed that 3D-CNN architecture performed the best achieving an accuracy of 89.21% on AD/NC, 71.70% on AD/MCI, 62.25% on NC/MCI and 59.73% on AD/NC/MCI classification tasks using a five-fold cross-validation hyperparameter selection approach. Data augmentation helps in achieving superior performance on the multiclass classification task. The obtained results support the application of deep learning models towards early recognition of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Bin Tufail
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.B.T.); (Y.-K.M.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Anwar
- Registered Medical Practitioner, Pakistan Medical Commission, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Mohamed Tahar Ben Othman
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inam Ullah
- College of Internet of Things (IoT) Engineering, Changzhou Campus, Hohai University (HHU), Changzhou 213022, China;
| | - Rehan Ali Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu 28100, Pakistan;
| | - Yong-Kui Ma
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.B.T.); (Y.-K.M.)
| | - Deepak Adhikari
- School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China;
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Habib Hamam
- Faculty of Engineering, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A3E9, Canada;
- International Institute of Technology and Management, Libreville BP1989, Gabon
- Spectrum of Knowledge Production & Skills Development, Sfax 3027, Tunisia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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Chiricosta L, D’Angiolini S, Gugliandolo A, Mazzon E. Artificial Intelligence Predictor for Alzheimer’s Disease Trained on Blood Transcriptome: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095237. [PMID: 35563628 PMCID: PMC9104709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease diagnosed by clinicians through healthcare records and neuroimaging techniques. These methods lack sensitivity and specificity, so new antemortem non-invasive strategies to diagnose AD are needed. Herein, we designed a machine learning predictor based on transcriptomic data obtained from the blood of AD patients and individuals without dementia (non-AD) through an 8 × 60 K microarray. The dataset was used to train different models with different hyperparameters. The support vector machines method allowed us to reach a Receiver Operating Characteristic score of 93% and an accuracy of 89%. High score levels were also achieved by the neural network and logistic regression methods. Furthermore, the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the features selected to train the model along with the genes differentially expressed between the non-AD and AD transcriptomic profiles shows the “mitochondrial translation” biological process to be the most interesting. In addition, inspection of the KEGG pathways suggests that the accumulation of β-amyloid triggers electron transport chain impairment, enhancement of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Taken together, all these elements suggest that the oxidative stress induced by β-amyloid is a key feature trained by the model for the prediction of AD with high accuracy.
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Blood-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Progression: An Overview. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081367. [PMID: 35456047 PMCID: PMC9044750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangle accumulation in the brain. Although several studies have been conducted to unravel the complex and interconnected pathophysiology of AD, clinical trial failure rates have been high, and no disease-modifying therapies are presently available. Fluid biomarker discovery for AD is a rapidly expanding field of research aimed at anticipating disease diagnosis and following disease progression over time. Currently, Aβ1–42, phosphorylated tau, and total tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are the best-studied fluid biomarkers for AD, but the need for novel, cheap, less-invasive, easily detectable, and more-accessible markers has recently led to the search for new blood-based molecules. However, despite considerable research activity, a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the main blood-based biomarker candidates is still lacking. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of proteins, lipids, metabolites, oxidative-stress-related molecules, and cytokines as possible disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of the emerging miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as diagnostic tools, and we briefly present the role of vitamins and gut-microbiome-related molecules as novel candidates for AD detection and monitoring, thus offering new insights into the diagnosis and progression of this devastating disease.
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