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Zhao W, Cui H, Liu J, Sun H, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Ma D. Herbal Interventions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2025; 45:50. [PMID: 40410612 PMCID: PMC12102455 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-025-01556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/25/2025]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. With its incidence rising annually, the multi-mechanistic pathogenesis of PD presents new opportunities for the development of multi-target therapies. While previous studies have explored the therapeutic potential of natural products in PD, existing reviews often focus on single mechanisms or a limited number of compounds. While previous studies have explored the therapeutic potential of natural products in PD, existing reviews often focus on single mechanisms or a limited number of compounds. This article systematically evaluates preclinical studies published between 2018 and 2025, encompassing 32 bioactive components and 10 categories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas. It highlights the therapeutic potential of TCM active ingredients for PD by examining key mechanisms, including oxidative stress, ferroptosis, neuroinflammation, gut microbiota imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. By integrating these insights, this review provides an interdisciplinary perspective to guide the development of next-generation botanical drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Zhao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Hailiang Cui
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- School of Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Dongrui Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China.
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Takahashi R, Nakanishi E, Yamakado H, Sawamoto N, Takahashi J. Allogenic transplantation therapy of iPS cell-derived dopamine progenitors for Parkinson's disease -Current status of the Kyoto Trial and future perspectives. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2025:107833. [PMID: 40307147 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2025] [Revised: 04/04/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Transplantation therapy using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) cell-derived dopamine (DA) progenitors for Parkinson's disease (PD) has attracted attention as an innovative treatment to restore DA neurons in PD, which leads to the improvement of motor disturbance. iPS cells are multipotent stem cells with very high proliferation activity, created by reprogramming mature somatic cells through the transduction of four transcription factors. Relative to fetal midbrain DA neurons, iPS cells have advantages in terms of ethical aspects and availability. On the other hand, the most serious concern associated with therapies with ES/iPS cells is the risk of tumor growth that is caused by the proliferation of undifferentiated ES/iPS cells. Human ES cells that differentiate into DA neurons have been shown to form teratomas. Another concern is graft-induced dyskinesia (GID). GID, which is likely caused by several factors including contamination with serotonergic neurons, developed in the recipients of fetal ventral midbrain (VM) in randomized controlled trials. To enrich the DA progenitor cells and eliminate unwanted cells, a protocol for sorting midbrain DA neurons with antibodies against CORIN, a marker for floor plates, was developed. CORIN-sorted dopamine progenitors were transplanted into the bilateral putamina of MPTP-treated Parkinson models of cynomolgus monkeys, resulting in 18F-DOPA PET-positive graft formation and motor improvement without tumor formation two years after the surgeries. Very recently, a phase I/II trial of iPSC-derived, CORIN-sorted dopaminergic cells for Parkinson's disease was completed (The Kyoto Trial) (Takahashi, 2020; Sawamoto et al., 2025) [1,2]. Based on the results of the trial, we would like to discuss the current status and future perspectives of iPS cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto University Office of Research Acceleration, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Etsuro Nakanishi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Huang M. Letter to the editor: The impact of anti-inflammatory therapy on Parkinson's disease incidence: A retrospective cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2025; 133:107224. [PMID: 39645416 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jianyang City, Jianyang, China.
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Idova GV, Zhanaeva SY, Alperina EL, Dzemidovich SS, Gevorgyan MM, Kulikova KI, Aftanas LI. Peripheral Immune-Inflammatory Parameters in Parkinson's Disease. Dependence on the Stage of Progression. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2025; 90:364-373. [PMID: 40367079 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297925600334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
According to the modern concepts, neuroinflammation and peripheral immune dysfunction play key roles in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common and severe neurodegenerative diseases. However, changes in the cellular and molecular immune parameters during the development of PD are still poorly understood. This work is devoted to analysis of the immune cell populations (monocytes, T- and B-cells and their subtypes), expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR), and spontaneous and mitogen-induced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of the patients at different stages of idiopathic PD and healthy individuals. It was shown that the stage II of PD is characterized by the decrease in amount of the CD3+ T-cells, increase in the TLR2 expression on CD4+CD25+ Tregs, as well as increase in the spontaneous production of proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ and IL-17A. The stage III of PD is associated with the decrease in production of mitogen-induced IFNγ. Relative number of the CD19+CD25+ Breg cells in the patients with PD increased regardless of the disease stage. Thus, the obtained results indicate differences in the cellular and molecular immune parameters in the patients with PD and in the healthy individuals, which are dependent on the stage of the disease. These data are important for understanding molecular basis of PD development and prognosis of its course, and may be useful in identifying biomarkers of the disease severity and developing new treatment approaches depending on the stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Idova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Ya Zhanaeva
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta L Alperina
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Sergei S Dzemidovich
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Margarita M Gevorgyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Kseniya I Kulikova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Lyubomir I Aftanas
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
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Ma XZ, Jia GR, Li MY, Zhang SH, Wang ZX, Song N, Liu YJ, Xie JX. Elevated CXCL1 triggers dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra of C57BL/6J mice: Evaluation of a novel Parkinsonian mouse model. Zool Res 2025; 46:225-235. [PMID: 39846198 PMCID: PMC11890994 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence points to the early onset of peripheral inflammation in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), supporting the "body-first" hypothesis. However, there remains a notable absence of PD-specific animal models induced by inflammatory cytokines. This study introduces a novel mouse model of PD driven by the proinflammatory cytokine CXCL1, identified in our previous research. The involvement of CXCL1 in PD pathogenesis was validated using subacute and chronic MPTP-induced mouse models. Based on these findings, 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were intravenously administered CXCL1 (20 ng/kg/day) for 2 weeks (5 days per week), successfully replicating motor deficits and pathological alterations in the substantia nigra observed in the chronic MPTP model. These results demonstrate the potential of CXCL1-induced inflammation as a mechanism for PD modeling. The model revealed activation of the PPAR signaling pathway in CXCL1-mediated neuronal damage by CXCL1. Linoleic acid, a PPAR-γ activator, significantly mitigated MPTP- and CXCL1-induced toxicity and reduced serum CXCL1 levels. In addition, the CXCL1-injected mouse model shortened the timeline for developing chronic PD mouse model to 2 weeks, offering an efficient platform for studying inflammation-driven processes in PD. The findings provide critical insights into the inflammatory mechanisms underlying PD and identify promising therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
- College of Life Sciences and Health, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong 266113, China
| | - Guo-Rui Jia
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Sheng-Han Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Zhao-Xin Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Ying-Juan Liu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China. E-mail:
| | - Jun-Xia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China. E-mail:
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Geloso MC, Zupo L, Corvino V. Crosstalk between peripheral inflammation and brain: Focus on the responses of microglia and astrocytes to peripheral challenge. Neurochem Int 2024; 180:105872. [PMID: 39362496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the link between peripheral inflammation and impairment of neurologic functions, including mood and cognitive abilities. The pathogenic event connecting peripheral inflammation and brain dysfunction is represented by neuroinflammation, a pathogenic phenomenon that provides an important contribution to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline also in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, as well as in Multiple Sclerosis. It is driven by resident brain immune cells, microglia and astrocytes, that acquire an activated phenotype in response to proinflammatory molecules moving from the periphery to the brain parenchyma. Although a huge progress has been made in clarifying cellular and molecular mechanisms bridging peripheral and central inflammation, a clear picture has not been achieved so far. Therefore, experimental models are of crucial relevance to clarify knowledge gaps in this regard. Many findings demonstrate that systemic inflammation induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is able to trigger neuroinflammation. Therefore, LPS-administration is widely considered a useful tool to study this phenomenon. On this basis, the present review will focus on in vivo studies based on acute and subacute effects of systemic administration of LPS, with special attention on the state of art of microglia and astrocyte response to peripheral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Geloso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy; Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Zupo
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Kwak IH, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Noh HM, Lee J, Yu JK, Ma HI. Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio reflects the peripheral inflammatory state in parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 129:107155. [PMID: 39423468 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinson plus syndrome (PPS), inflammation is recognized as a relevant or contributing factor in the advancement of the diseases. For this reason, numerous biomarkers signaling immune alteration in both the central and peripheral nervous systems have been evaluated in PD and PPS. Nonetheless, the comprehensive inflammatory indices derived from readily available standard blood tests in PD, PPS, and healthy controls (HC) were rarely evaluated especially in the early stage of the diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore the serum level of peripheral inflammatory markers among the patients and investigate whether these markers contribute to symptoms. METHOD Clinical data and blood test results from drug naïve, early-stage 139 PD and 87 PPS patients, along with 139 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) to PD were enrolled, with exclusion criteria applied to conditions potentially affecting inflammation. The study examined the disparities in peripheral inflammation among the groups, using total and subpopulation of white blood cells (WBCs), platelet count, red cell distribution width (RDW), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and other composite values reflecting inflammation including RDW to platelet ratio (RPR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil to HDL-C ratio (NHR), monocyte to HDL-C ratio (MHR), lymphocyte to HDL-C ratio (LHR), platelet to HDL-C ratio (PHR), systemic inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI). RESULT The MHR values were significantly higher in both PD and PPS groups compared to HC (p < 0.001), and NHR was significantly higher in the PPS group only compared to the HC group (p < 0.001). However, no significant differences in all the inflammatory markers were observed between PPS and PD (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients revealed significantly higher NHR and MHR levels compared to the HC group (p = 0.025, p = 0.050, respectively), with no significant difference among PSP, MSA, and PD groups. After adjustment for age, sex, and disease duration, MHR was positively associated with H&Y in the total population (β = 0.288, p < 0.001), negatively associated with MMSE in the PD group (β = -0.245, p = 0.017), and positively associated with both H&Y (β = 0.432, p < 0.001) and UPDRS part II (β = 0.295, p = 0.018) in PPS group. CONCLUSION NHR and MHR values are not effective as reliable diagnostic markers due to overlap among groups and their limited discriminative capacity in ROC analyses. However, MHR may potentially serve as an indicator reflecting peripheral inflammation in the early stage of PD and PPS compared to HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hee Kwak
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Noh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jeongjae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Je Kook Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hyeo-Il Ma
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
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Freuchet A, Pinçon A, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Inflammation and heterogeneity in synucleinopathies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432342. [PMID: 39281666 PMCID: PMC11392857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a huge healthcare challenge which is predicted to increase with an aging population. Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), present complex challenges in understanding their onset and progression. They are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein in the brain leading to neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of distinct subtypes based on the site of α-synuclein aggregation initiation, genetics, and, more recently, neuroinflammation. Mediated by both central nervous system-resident cells, peripheral immune cells, and gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation appears as a key process in the onset and progression of neuronal loss. Sex-based differences add another layer of complexity to synucleinopathies, influencing disease prevalence - with a known higher incidence of PD in males compared to females - as well as phenotype and immune responses. Biological sex affects neuroinflammatory pathways and the immune response, suggesting the need for sex-specific therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification. Here, we review the heterogeneity of synucleinopathies, describing the etiology, the mechanisms by which the inflammatory processes contribute to the pathology, and the consideration of sex-based differences to highlight the need for personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Freuchet
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Anaëlle Pinçon
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Master de Biologie, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
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Zhang C, Shao W, Yuan H, Xiao R, Zhang Y, Wei C, Ni X, He N, Chen G, Gui S, Cheng Z, Wang Q. Engineered Extracellular Vesicle-Based Nanoformulations That Coordinate Neuroinflammation and Immune Homeostasis, Enhancing Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23014-23031. [PMID: 39145985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Although conventional intervention to microglia can mitigate neuroinflammation in the short term, immune disorders by peripheral inflammatory cells can infiltrate continuously, resulting in an overactivated immune microenvironment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we design engineered extracellular vesicle-based nanoformulations (EVNs) to address multiple factors for the management of PD. Specifically, EVN is developed by coating CCR2-enriched mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCCCR2 EVs) onto a dihydrotanshinone I-loaded nanocarrier (MSeN-DT). The MSCCCR2 EVs (the shell of EVN) can actively show homing to specific chemokines CCL2 in the substantia nigra, which enables them to block the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells. Interestingly, MSeN-DT (the core of EVN) can promote the Nrf2-GPX4 pathway for the suppression of the source of inflammation by inhibiting ferroptosis in microglia. In the PD model mice, a satisfactory therapeutic effect is achieved, with inhibition of peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration, precise regulation of inflammatory microglia in the substantia nigra, as well as promotion of behavioral improvement and repairing damaged neurons. In this way, the combinatorial code of alleviation of inflammation and modulation of immune homeostasis can reshape the immune microenvironment in PD, which bridges internal anti-inflammatory and external immunity. This finding reveals a comprehensive therapeutic paradigm for PD that breaks the vicious cycle of immune overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Ru Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqi Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyi Ni
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Ning He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
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Bhardwaj K, Singh AA, Kumar H. Unveiling the Journey from the Gut to the Brain: Decoding Neurodegeneration-Gut Connection in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2454-2469. [PMID: 38896463 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, a classical motor disorder affecting the dopaminergic system of the brain, has been as a disease of the brain, but this classical notion has now been viewed differently as the pathology begins in the gut and then gradually moves up to the brain regions. The microorganisms in the gut play a critical role in maintaining the physiology of the gut from maintaining barrier integrity to secretion of microbial products that maintain a healthy gut state. The pathology subsequently alters the normal composition of gut microbes and causes deleterious effects that ultimately trigger strong neuroinflammation and nonmotor symptoms along with characteristic synucleopathy, a pathological hallmark of the disease. Understanding the complex pathomechanisms in distinct and established preclinical models is the primary goal of researchers to decipher how exactly gut pathology has a central effect; the quest has led to many answered and some open-ended questions for researchers. We summarize the popular opinions and some contrasting views, concise footsteps in the treatment strategies targeting the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air force station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
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11
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Chen Y, Tu Y, Yan G, Ji X, Chen S, Niu C, Liao P. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis for Revealing CBL is a Potential Diagnosing Biomarker and Related Immune Infiltration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2371-2386. [PMID: 38799203 PMCID: PMC11128229 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s456942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is growing evidence that the immune system plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This study aims to address the comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and explore new inflammatory biomarkers. Patients and Methods In this study, Immune-related differential expressed genes (DEIRGs) were obtained from GEO database and Immport database. The hub gene was screened in DEIRGs using LASSO regression and random forest algorithm, and the mRNA expression of the identified hub gene was validated using clinical blood samples. Results We obtained a total of 157 DEIRGs that played an important role in the immune response. The results of immune cell infiltration analysis showed that the degree of memory B cells infiltration was higher in PD patients, while the degree of Monocytes, resting mast cells and M0 macrophages infiltration was lower (p<0.05). A total of 8 hub genes were screened by machine learning methods, and RT-PCR results showed that the expression level of CBL gene in PD was significantly increased (p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that CBL is a new potential diagnostic biomarker for PD and that abnormal immune cell infiltration may influence PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiling Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyao Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zhou T, Wei B, Hu Y, Zhou X, Cai X, Shi X. Causal association between atopic dermatitis and Parkinson's disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3468. [PMID: 38468488 PMCID: PMC10928334 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders. Evidence has suggested an association between skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether atopic dermatitis has a causal effect on PD remains unknown. METHODS The study aimed to determine whether their association between atopic dermatitis and PD is causal, using a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization method. Genetic variants from the public genome-wide association studies for atopic dermatitis (n = 10788 cases and 30047 controls) were selected to evaluate their causal effects on the risk of PD (33,674 cases and 449,056 controls). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis. RESULTS The IVW results indicated that atopic dermatitis was associated with decreased risk of PD {fixed effects: odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: .905 [.832-.986], p = .022; OR [95% CI]: .905 [.827-.991], p = .032}. However, we failed to detect the causal effects of PD on risk of atopic dermatitis in the reverse causation analysis. CONCLUSION This study indicated causal association of genetically proxied atopic dermatitis with the risk of PD. Future studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanism and investigate the targeting effect of atopic dermatitis on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Zhou
- Department of NeurologyYijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Baohao Wei
- Department of NeurologyYijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Yachun Hu
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Geriatric Neuroscience CenterThe Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental DisordersGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of ChinaGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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13
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Li F, Weng G, Zhou H, Zhang W, Deng B, Luo Y, Tao X, Deng M, Guo H, Zhu S, Wang Q. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, and neutrophil-to-high-density-lipoprotein ratio are correlated with the severity of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1322228. [PMID: 38322584 PMCID: PMC10844449 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1322228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the correlation between peripheral inflammatory markers and the severity of PD remains unclear. METHODS The following items in plasma were collected for assessment among patients with PD (n = 303) and healthy controls (HCs; n = 303) were assessed for the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil-to-high-density-lipoprotein ratio (NHR) in plasma, and neuropsychological assessments were performed for all patients with PD. Spearman rank or Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between the NLR, the LMR and the NHR and the severity of PD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the NLR, LMR and NHR for PD. RESULTS The plasma NLR and NHR were substantially higher in patients with PD than in HCs, while the plasma LMR was substantially lower. The plasma NLR was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), UPDRS-I, UPDRS-II, and UPDRS-III scores. Conversely, it exhibited a negative relationship with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Furthermore, the plasma NHR was positively correlated with H&Y, UPDRS, UPDRS-I, UPDRS-II and UPDRS-III scores. Moreover, negative associations were established between the plasma LMR and H&Y, UPDRS, UPDRS-I, UPDRS-II, and UPDRS-III scores. Finally, based on the ROC curve analysis, the NLR, LMR and NHR exhibited respectable PD discriminating power. CONCLUSION Our research indicates that a higher NLR and NHR and a lower LMR may be relevant for assessing the severity of PD and appear to be promising disease-state biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Guomei Weng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Luo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Tao
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingzhu Deng
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, The Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Haiqiang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Dafeng Hospital of Chaoyang District in Shantou City, Shantou, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Costantini E, Carrarini C, Calisi D, De Rosa M, Simone M, Di Crosta A, Palumbo R, Cipollone A, Aielli L, De Laurentis M, Colarusso L, Pilotto A, Padovani A, Konstantinidou F, Gatta V, Stuppia L, Cipollone F, Di Nicola M, Reale M, Bonanni L. Search in the Periphery for Potential Inflammatory Biomarkers of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1147-1158. [PMID: 38759010 PMCID: PMC11191525 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation, with altered peripheral proinflammatory cytokine production, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the role of inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is less known and the results of different studies are often in disagreement. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the levels of TNFα and IL-6 in serum and supernatants, and the related DNA methylation in patients affected by DLB and AD compared to healthy controls (HCs), to clarify the role of epigenetic mechanisms of DNA promoter methylation on of pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduction. Methods Twenty-one patients with DLB and fourteen with AD were frequency-matched for age and sex with eleven HCs. Clinical evaluation, TNFα and IL-6 gene methylation status, cytokine gene expression levels and production in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants were performed. Results In AD and DLB patients, higher serum levels of IL-6 and TNFα were detected than in HCs. Differences in LPS-stimulated versus spontaneous PBMCs were observed between DLB, AD, and HC in the levels of TNFα (p = 0.027) and IL-6 (p < 0.001). Higher levels were also revealed for sIL-6R in DLB (p < 0.001) and AD (p < 0.001) in comparison with HC.DNA hypomethylation in IL-6 and TNFα CpG promoter sites was detected for DLB and AD patients compared to the corresponding site in HCs. Conclusions Our preliminary study documented increased levels of IL-6 and TNFα in DLB and AD patients to HCs. This overproduction can be due to epigenetic mechanisms regarding the hypomethylation of DNA promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Calisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo De Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marianna Simone
- Clinics of Neurology SS. Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adolfo Di Crosta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Aielli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation Centre, FERB ONLUS-S, Isidoro Hospital, Trescore Balneario, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fani Konstantinidou
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Jun JS, Kim R. Peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines in prodromal and overt α-synucleinopathies: a review of current evidence. ENCEPHALITIS 2023; 3:81-86. [PMID: 37500099 PMCID: PMC10368523 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the pathomechanisms of α-synucleinopathies are not completely understood, accumulating evidence suggests a role of neuroinflammation in the development and progression of the diseases. In addition, emerging data provide insights into the potential role of central neuroinflammation in prodromal α-synucleinopathies. Given the considerable bidirectional crosstalk between peripheral and central inflammation, peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines may be a useful tool to understand immune responses in association with α-synucleinopathies. Indeed, the accessibility and practicality of using blood samples have facilitated multiple investigations evaluating peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines in overt α-synucleinopathies, whereas the associations between these biomarkers and prodromal α-synucleinopathies remain unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the current evidence available for the role of peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines in prodromal and overt α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Jun
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Forloni G. Alpha Synuclein: Neurodegeneration and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065914. [PMID: 36982988 PMCID: PMC10059798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) is one of the most important molecules involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, synucleinopathies, but also in several other neurodegenerative disorders with a more elusive role. This review analyzes the activities of α-Syn, in different conformational states, monomeric, oligomeric and fibrils, in relation to neuronal dysfunction. The neuronal damage induced by α-Syn in various conformers will be analyzed in relation to its capacity to spread the intracellular aggregation seeds with a prion-like mechanism. In view of the prominent role of inflammation in virtually all neurodegenerative disorders, the activity of α-Syn will also be illustrated considering its influence on glial reactivity. We and others have described the interaction between general inflammation and cerebral dysfunctional activity of α-Syn. Differences in microglia and astrocyte activation have also been observed when in vivo the presence of α-Syn oligomers has been combined with a lasting peripheral inflammatory effect. The reactivity of microglia was amplified, while astrocytes were damaged by the double stimulus, opening new perspectives for the control of inflammation in synucleinopathies. Starting from our studies in experimental models, we extended the perspective to find useful pointers to orient future research and potential therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
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Multiple Beneficial Effects of Aloesone from Aloe vera on LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells, Including the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, M1 Polarization, and Apoptosis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041617. [PMID: 36838606 PMCID: PMC9960963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloesone is a major metabolic compound in Aloe vera, which has been widely used as a food source and therapeutic agent in several countries. Our recent study demonstrated that aloesone has anti-epileptic effects on glutamate-induced neuronal injury by suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unless ROS are naturally neutralized by the endogenous antioxidant system, they lead to the activation of inflammation, polarization, and apoptosis. This study aimed to identify the multiple beneficial effects of aloesone and explore its molecular mechanism in macrophages. Hence, the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was pretreated with aloesone and then exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results demonstrated that aloesone, within a dosage range of 0.1-100 µM, dramatically decreased the LPS-induced elevation of ROS production, reduced nitric oxide (NO) release, inhibited the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells, and prevented cells from entering the LPS-induced early and late phases of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously, aloesone significantly decreased the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes (iNOS, IL-1ꞵ, TNF-α) and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes (Gpx-1 and SOD-1). The core genes HSP90AA1, Stat3, Mapk1, mTOR, Fyn, Ptk2b, and Lck were closely related to these beneficial effects of aloesone. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry data confirmed that aloesone significantly repressed the activation of mTOR, p-mTOR, and HIF-1α induced by LPS and inhibited the protein expression of TLR4, which is the target of LPS. In conclusion, aloesone demonstrated multiple protective effects against LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, M1 polarization, and apoptosis in macrophages, suggesting its potential as a prodrug.
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The complex role of inflammation and gliotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105940. [PMID: 36470499 PMCID: PMC10372760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Inflammation and immunological dysfunction are common components of Parkinson's disease (PD), both in terms of motor and non-motor components of PD. In recent decades, the antiquated notion that the central nervous system (CNS) in disease states is an immune-privileged organ, has been debunked. The immune landscape in the CNS influences peripheral systems, and peripheral immunological changes can alter the CNS in health and disease. Identifying immune and inflammatory pathways that compromise neuronal health and survival is critical in designing innovative and effective strategies to limit their untoward effects on neuronal health.
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