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Aghajari S, Mortazavi SMJ, Kalani M, Nematolahi S, Habibzadeh P, Farjadian S. The Immunomodulatory Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Serum Cytokine Levels in A Mouse Model of Hindlimb Unloading. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:401-405. [PMID: 32347032 PMCID: PMC7211291 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Astronauts are exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses during spaceflights that reduce their
immune responses and make them more susceptible to infections and malignancies. Exposure to a low dose of a
certain stress induces an adaptive response, which leads to resistance to higher doses of the same or other types
of stress. We designed this study to investigate the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF)-induced
adaptive response on immune system modulation in a mouse model of hindlimb unloading (HU) as a ground-based
animal model of spaceflight conditions.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, serum levels of T helper (Th)-mediated cytokines were determined
by the multiplex cytometric bead assay in four groups of mice (n=10 per group): HU mice, RF-EMF-treated mice, HU
mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF; and untreated controls. Mice were exposed to 2450 MHz RF-EMF with SAR 0.478 W/
kg for 12 hours/day for three successive days.
Results Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-9 (IL-9) and IL-22 were significantly decreased in HU mice.
Comparison between HU mice and RF-EMF-treated mice showed an opposite change in IL-6, while IL-9, IL-22, IFN-γ
and TNF-α decreased in both groups. However, just interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was significantly decreased in HU mice
that were pre-exposed to RF-EMF compared to the control group.
Conclusion The effect of RF-EMF in elevating IL-6 and reducing IL-9 in opposite directions in HU mice suggest a
modulating effect of RF-EMF on HU-induced changes in these cytokines, as Th2 and Th9 eventually returned to normal
levels and balances in cytokine ratios were also restored in HU mice pre-exposed to RF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Aghajari
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Kalani
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nematolahi
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parham Habibzadeh
- R and D Department, Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Farjadian
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic Address:
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J J B, S M J M. Poor Understanding of Radiation Profiles in Deep Space Causes Inaccurate Findings and Misleading Conclusions. J Biomed Phys Eng 2019; 9:587-588. [PMID: 31750273 PMCID: PMC6820022 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The radiation environment in deep space, where astronauts are behind the shelter provided by the Earth's magnetosphere, is a major health concern. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE) are two basic sources of space radiation in the solar system. The health risks of exposure to high levels of space radiation can be observed either as acute and delayed effects. Zhang et al. in their recently published paper entitled "γ-H2AX responds to DNA damage induced by long-term exposure to combined low-dose-rate neutron and γ-ray radiation" have addressed the effects of different cumulative radiation doses on peripheral blood cell, subsets of T cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes and DNA damage repair. These researchers exposed animals to low dose rate 60Co-rays at 0.0167 Gy h-1for 2 h/d and 252Cf neutrons at 0.028 mGy h-1for 20 h/d for 15, 30, or 60 consecutive days. They reported that the mRNA of H2AX increased significantly, and showed a positive correlation with dose. Despite strengths, this paper has several shortcomings such as poor definition of low dose radiation as well as space and reactor radiation environments. Another shortcoming of this paper comes from this point that blood cell studies do not represent the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the total body. Moreover, the effects of the human immune system and DNA repair mechanisms are not included in the study. The role of pre-exposures and induction of adaptive response phenomena in decreasing the risk of radiation in deep space missions are also ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevelacqua J J
- PhD,Bevelacqua Resources, 343 Adair Drive, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mortazavi S M J
- PhD,Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- PhD, Diagnostic Imaging Department, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Bevelacqua JJ, Mortazavi SMJ. Commentary: Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2024. [PMID: 30233600 PMCID: PMC6131484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,INIRPRC, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bevelacqua JJ, Mortazavi SMJ. Commentary regarding: "The effect of simulated space radiation on the N-glycosylation of human immunoglobulin G1". Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2848-2850. [PMID: 29947428 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deep space missions, including Mars voyages, are an important area of research. Protection of astronauts' health during these long-term missions is of paramount importance. The paper authored by Szarka et al. entitled "The effect of simulated space radiation on the N-glycosylation of human immunoglobulin G1" is indeed a step forward in this effort. Despite numerous strengths, there are some shortcomings in this paper including an incomplete description of the space radiation environment as well as discussion of the resulting biological effects. Due to complexity of the space radiation environment, a careful analysis is needed to fully evaluate the spectrum of particles associated with solar particle events and galactic cosmic radiation. The radiation source used in this experiment does not reproduce the range of primary galactic cosmic radiation and solar particle events particles and their associated energies. Furthermore, the effect of radiation interactions within the spacecraft shell and the potential effects of microgravity are not considered. Moreover, the importance of radioadaptation in deep space missions that is confirmed in a NASA report is neither considered. Other shortcomings are also discussed in this commentary. Considering these shortcomings, it can be argued that Szarka et al. draw conclusions based on an incomplete description of the space radiation environment that could affect the applicability of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bevelacqua JJ, Welsh J, Mortazavi SMJ. Comments on 'An overview of space medicine'. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:874-876. [PMID: 29576129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Bevelacqua JJ, Mortazavi S. Commentary: Human Pathophysiological Adaptations to the Space Environment. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1116. [PMID: 29358922 PMCID: PMC5766677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S.M.J. Mortazavi
- Diagnostic Imaging Center, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Il'yasova D, Kinev A, Melton CD, Davis FG. Donor-specific cell-based assays in studying sensitivity to low-dose radiation: a population-based perspective. Front Public Health 2014; 2:244. [PMID: 25478557 PMCID: PMC4235273 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a linear no-threshold model is used to estimate health risks associated with exposure to low-dose radiation, a prevalent exposure in the general population, because the direct estimation from epidemiological studies suffers from uncertainty. This model has been criticized based on unique biology of low-dose radiation. Whether the departure from linearity is toward increased or decreased risk is intensely debated. We present an approach based on individual radiosensitivity testing and discuss how individual radiosensitivity can be assessed with the goal to develop a quantifiable measure of cellular response that can be conducted via high-throughput population testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Il'yasova
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | - C David Melton
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Faith G Davis
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Mortazavi SMJ, Motamedifar M, Namdari G, Taheri M, Mortazavi AR, Shokrpour N. Non-linear adaptive phenomena which decrease the risk of infection after pre-exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Dose Response 2013; 12:233-45. [PMID: 24910582 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.12-055.mortazavi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that adaptive response induced by low doses of ionizing radiation can result in resistance to the damage caused by a subsequently high-dose radiation or cause cross-resistance to other non-radiation stressors. Adaptive response contradicts the linear-non-threshold (LNT) dose-response model for ionizing radiation. We have previously reported that exposure of laboratory animals to radiofrequency radiation can induce a survival adaptive response. Furthermore, we have indicated that pre-exposure of mice to radiofrequency radiation emitted by a GSM mobile phone increased their resistance to a subsequent Escherichia coli infection. In this study, the survival rates in animals receiving both adapting (radiofrequency) and challenge dose (bacteria) and the animals receiving only the challenge dose (bacteria) were 56% and 20%, respectively. In this light, our findings contribute to the assumption that radiofrequency-induced adaptive response can be used as an efficient method for decreasing the risk of infection in immunosuppressed irradiated individuals. The implication of this phenomenon in human's long term stay in the space is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M J Mortazavi
- Professor of Medical Physics, Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; ; The Center for Research in Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Motamedifar
- Associate Professor of Microbiology, Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine and Shiraz HIV/Aids Research Center (SHARC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - G Namdari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Taheri
- Lecturer of Microbiology, Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A R Mortazavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Shokrpour
- Professor, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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