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Ma D, Li B, Liu X, Sun Y, Sun J. The Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Pregnancy Stress and Smartphone Addiction of Pregnant Women in Late Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:41-48. [PMID: 38196918 PMCID: PMC10775690 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s445581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to understand the current situation of smartphone addiction in pregnant women, and explored the moderating effect of self-efficacy between pregnancy stress and smartphone addiction. Patients and Methods This study adopted a longitudinal design to collect pregnant women from the obstetrics and gynecology department of a tertiary hospital in Shenyang in 2020 from early pregnancy (T1) to their late pregnancy (T2). A total of 342 questionnaires were collected, including the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Pregnancy Pressure Scale (PPS), and the Chinese version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Multiple hierarchical regression and simple slope test were used to test the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Results Smartphone addiction in T2 (44.74) was more sever than in T1 (33.11). The interaction item of T1 pregnancy stress and T2 self-efficacy was positively correlated with smartphone addiction (β=0.205, P<0.01) and explained an additional 3.2% variance (ΔR2=0.032, P<0.01). The influence of pregnancy stress on smartphone addiction was gradually decreased in the low, mean, and high groups of self-efficacy. Conclusion Smartphone addiction in late pregnancy was more severe than that in early pregnancy, possibly due to increased pregnancy stress. The self-efficacy of pregnant women could reduce the impact of pregnancy stress on smartphone addiction. Medical staff can alleviate the bad behavior by improving their self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingfen Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingli Sun
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Dandumahanti BP, Subramaniyam M. Ergonomic evaluation of upper extremities muscle activity pattern during 60-min smartphone texting. Work 2024; 78:477-488. [PMID: 38143412 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone usage has increased rapidly in the last decade due to rapid technological advancements. This extensive usage of smartphones led to physiological problems and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to inappropriate postures. OBJECTIVE Past studies have reported the effects/discomfort of smartphone usage for short periods, ranging from 3-20 min, which does not represent the current era of smartphone dependency (approximately 7-hr/day). METHODS This study was performed on fifty-four participants aged 20-28 with 1-hr smartphone texting in a sitting posture. Flexion angles, both sides (dominant and non-dominant) muscle activity (maximum voluntary contraction %) at sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper-trapezius (TRP), extensor digitorum (EDM) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles, and subjective discomfort were analyzed. RESULTS After 1-hr smartphone texting, the muscle activity at eight upper extremities: SCM (24.80%), TRP (29.45%), EDM (14.44%) and APB (19.87%) significantly (p < 0.001) increased by 1.5-1.9 times with 27.4±3.18° and 82.94±7.03° head and lower-arm flexion angles, respectively. The mechanical loads on the cervical spine increased by 4.6 times, and subjective discomfort by 3 times. CONCLUSION Maintaining the same posture for a long duration causes postural stress, muscular imbalances, and discomfort, leading to MSD with increased cervical intervertebral disc pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya Dandumahanti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Murali Subramaniyam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
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Farooq M, Bashir MS, Arif A, Kashif M, Manzoor N, Abid F. Effects of elongation longitudinaux avec decoaption osteo-articulaire and post-facilitation stretching technique on pain and functional disability in mobile users with text neck syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33073. [PMID: 36961169 PMCID: PMC10035552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent smartphone users have developed a variety of musculoskeletal conditions due to their use of smartphones. ELDOA (Elongation longitudinaux avec decoaption osteo-articulaire) is based on maximizing facial and spinal stretching by assuming specific posture for 1 minute and post facilitation stretching is also a type of muscle energy technique that is used for chronically shortened or tight muscles. This aimed to compare the effects of post-facilitation stretching technique and ELDOA on neck pain and functional disability in mobile users experiencing Text neck syndrome during COVID-19. METHODS This single-blinded randomized control trial with a parallel group design was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy Safi Hospital (Faisalabad, Pakistan) from September 2021 to April 2022. Forty smartphone users between the ages of 18 and 35 who had a Neck Disability Index score of >10 due to neck pain without unilateral arm symptoms participated in the study. Of the 40 participants, twenty were randomly assigned to the ELDOA group and twenty were assigned to the post facilitation stretching group, and each group received 3 weekly sessions of treatment for 6 weeks. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) were used to measure pain intensity, functional disability, and smartphone addiction at baseline and after 18 sessions of treatment. SPSS version 22 was used to enter and analyze the data. To find comparisons between groups an independent sample t test was used, and a paired sample t test was used to find the difference within each group. RESULTS Post-treatment values showed statistically significant difference between groups. ELDOA group showed greater improvement in pain (P < .03) with 95% CI [-1.33, -0.068] and functional disability (P < .05) with 95% CI [-4.44, 0.143] at 6th week. There was no statistically significant difference (P = .35) with 95% CI [-28.6, 10.4] between the two groups regarding smartphone addiction. The NPRS, NDI, SAS scores were significantly different within each group with P < .05. CONCLUSION The study concluded that ELDOA method and post-facilitation stretching both were effective in treating neck pain and functional disability. However, ELDOA method was superior to post-facilitation stretching effects on neck pain and functional disability among patients with text neck syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farooq
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman Bashir
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- The University of Management and Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abida Arif
- Bahria University College of Physical Therapy, BUHS Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islam College of Physical Therapy, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Manzoor
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Abid
- Islam College of Physical Therapy, Sialkot, Pakistan
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Ma'touq J, Alnuman N, Abuzer I, AbdelGader B. The association between mobile phone use and neuromusculoskeletal complaints. Work 2023; 76:759-769. [PMID: 37092206 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile phones have become an essential component in our life. There are many concerns about the effects of prolonged mobile phone use on the upper extremity. OBJECTIVE This research aims to investigate the effects of prolonged mobile phone use on the neuromusculoskeletal system of the upper extremity in young adults in Jordan. METHODS A total of 228 subjects (age = 20.7±1.27 years) participated in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic variables, mobile phone size, hand/finger used for typing, duration of use daily, and the presence of musculoskeletal pain/syndromes and their location. RESULTS Statistically significant relations (p < 0.05) were found between the prolonged use of mobile phones and self-reported pain in neck/upper back, hands, and symptoms of cubital syndrome; between smaller hand-to-phone ratio and pain in neck/upper back and shoulders with the higher frequency of pain in females. Females and subjects with a smaller hand-to-phone ratio tend to use two hands (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results show an association between mobile phone use and self-reported pain. This study provides guidance for mobile phone manufacturers and regulatory agencies on the potential effects, the need for awareness programs that alert to musculoskeletal complaints, choosing the appropriate mobile phone, and changing using habits. Further investigations on a larger sample with quantitative measures on the kinematics and muscular activities are necessary to generalize and better interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Ma'touq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nasim Alnuman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Abuzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bara'a AbdelGader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
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Dandumahanti BP, Subramaniyam M. Influence of smartphone game play on head flexion angle, muscle activity, and load at C7 among adolescents. Work 2023; 75:1413-1425. [PMID: 36776091 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphones cause physiological problems due to inappropriate postures and extensive usage. India, being the second leading country with the highest number of smartphone users (492 million in 2021), has witnessed a significant rise in smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of 60-min smartphone gameplay on head flexion angle, muscle activity, and loads at C7 on Indian adolescents. METHODS A subjective assessment was conducted on 1659 participants, of which, 40 young male adults aged between 20-28 years performed the experimental trial. Muscle (Sternocleidomastoid) activity, head flexion angle, and load acting at the neck (C7) were analyzed through postural assessment, pre-and post-subjective analysis. RESULTS Participants maintained an average of 28.46°±4.04° head flexion angle for more than 43 min (71%) in an hour while performing the task. The muscle activity increased to 23% (p < 0.001) of MVC at the end of the task compared to the beginning. CONCLUSION The results indicated a significant increase in muscle activity (1.61 times), spinal loads (4.6 times) and subjective discomfort (2.9 times) after prolonged smartphone usage. It is evident that various aspects (duration, posture, content) play a vital role in smartphone-related MSD and there is a potential risk of cervical spine problems. The increased loads reduce muscle stiffness and increase intervertebral disc pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya Dandumahanti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murali Subramaniyam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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Al'Saani SMAJ, Raza L, Fatima K, Khan S, Fatima M, Ali SN, Amin M, Siddiqui M, Liaquat A, Siddiqui F, Naveed W, Naqvi T, Bibi Z. Relationship between musculoskeletal discomfort and cell phone use among young adults: A cross-sectional survey. Work 2023; 76:1579-1588. [PMID: 37355930 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell phone usage is highly prevalent among young adults. They are used for multiple purposes including communication, studies, social networking and entertainment. However, its excessive usage has been associated with adverse health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective was to find the association of cell phone usage with musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) and its associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on young adult students from a low-middle income country over a period of 3 months from December 2018 to February 2019. A structured questionnaire based on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH scoring) was used to record the musculoskeletal discomfort. RESULTS Out of 803 questionnaires, data of 754 (94%) were entered and the remaining questionnaires (n = 49) were discarded due to incomplete answers. The mean age was 20.83 (1.62) years. In our study, there were 194 (25.7%) males and 560 (74.3%) female participants. Neck and shoulder were the most frequently affected regions. A significant difference in QuickDASH score was observed between genders (p-value p ≤ 0.001). Left-handed individuals scored significantly higher on QuickDASH score compared to right-handed individuals (p < 0.05). Increased musculoskeletal discomfort was reported by individuals with daily cell phone use of more than four hours (p < 0.05). A positive significant correlation was found between continuous one hour cell-phone use and higher mean QuickDASH scores (correlation coefficient 0.124, p value 0.001). Shorter eye-to-screen distance was significantly associated with MSD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal discomfort is associated with the female gender, duration of cell phone use and a small eye-to-screen distance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lubna Raza
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khunsha Fatima
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sehar Khan
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mudebbera Fatima
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Mehreen Amin
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Siddiqui
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amna Liaquat
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Siddiqui
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Naveed
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Naqvi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Bibi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Pei YP, Li HC, Zhong JW, Gao XL, Xiao CQ, Yue Y, Xiong X. The association between problematic smartphone use and the severity of temporomandibular disorders: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1042147. [PMID: 36620264 PMCID: PMC9816394 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1042147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the prevalence of different types of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms in young adults and determine their associations with problematic smartphone use (PSU). Methods The data of the study were collected from local university students through an online questionnaire survey. Demographic information, Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) responses were gathered electronically and analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results There were 163 male and 307 female respondents were participated in this study. The prevalence of PSU and TMD were 83.6% and 66.4%, respectively. There was a moderate statistical correlation between PSU and TMD among young adults (r = 0.31, p < 0.01). The logistic regression model revealed that the risk of TMD was 1.77 times higher in people with PSU than in those without PSU (OR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.04-3.06). PSU is a risk factor for pain-related TMD (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.08-3.04) but not intra-articular TMD. Conclusion Subjects showed high prevalence of both TMD and PSU. People with PSU experienced more severe and frequent pain-related rather than intra-articular TMD symptoms than those without PSU. By reducing the problematic smartphone use, the risk factor of TMD might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Peng Pei
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han-Chao Li
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Lin Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chu-Qiao Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Orthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ludwig O, Dindorf C, Schuh T, Haab T, Marchetti J, Fröhlich M. Effects of Feedback-Supported Online Training during the Coronavirus Lockdown on Posture in Children and Adolescents. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040088. [PMID: 36278749 PMCID: PMC9624311 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The coronavirus pandemic had a serious impact on the everyday life of children and young people with sometimes drastic effects on daily physical activity time that could have led to posture imbalances. The aim of the study was to examine whether a six-week, feedback-supported online training programme could improve posture parameters in young soccer players. (2) Methods. Data of 170 adolescent soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.6 years) were analyzed. A total of 86 soccer players of a youth academy participated in an online training program that included eight exercises twice per week for 45 min (Zoom group). The participants’ exercise execution could be monitored and corrected via smartphone or laptop camera. Before and after the training intervention, participants’ posture was assessed using photographic analysis. The changes of relevant posture parameters (perpendicular positions of ear, shoulder and hips, pelvic tilt, trunk tilt and sacral angle) were statistically tested by robust mixed ANOVA using trimmed means. Postural parameters were also assessed post hoc at 8-week intervals in a control group of 84 participants of the same age. (3) Results. We found a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.05) between time and group for trunk tilt, head and shoulder protrusion and for hip anteversion in the Zoom group. No changes were found for these parameters in the control group. For pelvic tilt no significant changes were found. (4) Conclusions. Feedback-based online training with two 45 min sessions per week can improve postural parameters in adolescent soccer players over a period of six weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ludwig
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Dindorf
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Torsten Schuh
- Sport Performance Education, 66386 Sankt Ingbert, Germany
| | - Thomas Haab
- Institute of Sports Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Marchetti
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Institute of Sports Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Zhong Y, Ma H, Liang YF, Liao CJ, Zhang CC, Jiang WJ. Prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students: A meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1171-1183. [PMID: 35422151 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221089535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students may contribute to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. AIM To estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction, and explore the influencing factors and related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched for relevant literature from the inception to September 10, 2021. Using Stata software 11.0, the meta-analysis of prevalence and the influencing factors of smartphone addiction were determined with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Nineteen articles, published between 2014 and 2019, were included, producing medical student studies from seven different Asian countries. The included studies were conducted in India (n = 11) and Malaysia (n = 3), with China, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Nepal, and Iran each contributing one study. Among a total of 5,497 medical students, the participants included 3,214 females, of whom 2,181 were medical students with smartphone addiction. The prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students was 41.93% (95% CI [36.24%, 47.72%]). The influencing factors of smartphone addiction among medical students included gender, duration of smartphone use, smartphone function, and marital status. Ten studies (52.63%) explored related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = .17-.31), stress (r = .30-.40), anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and general health among Asian medical students. CONCLUSION Smartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction may adversely affect mental health, resulting in sleep disturbance, stress, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. It is necessary to take appropriate precautionary actions and interventions to prevent smartphone overuse among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Nursing Department, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Fen Liang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Ju Liao
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Jiang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
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