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Allard JL, Aguirre M, Gupta R, Chua SMH, Shields KA, Lua LHL. Effective parallel evaluation of molecular design, expression and bioactivity of novel recombinant butyrylcholinesterase medical countermeasures. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 403:111219. [PMID: 39222902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Current medical countermeasures (MCMs) for nerve agent poisoning have limited efficacy, and can cause serious adverse effects, prompting the requirement for new broad-spectrum therapeutics. Human plasma-derived butyrylcholinseterase (huBChE) is a promising novel bioscavenger MCM which has shown potential in animal studies, however, is economically prohibitive to manufacture at scale. This study addresses current challenges for the economical production of a bioactive and long-acting recombinant huBChE (rBChE) in mammalian cells by being the first to directly compare novel rBChE design strategies. These include co-expression of a proline rich attachment domain (PRAD) and fusion of BChE with a protein partner. Additionally, a pre-purification screening method developed in this study enables parallel comparison of the expression efficiency, activity and broad-spectrum binding to nerve agents for ten novel rBChE molecular designs. All designed rBChE demonstrated functionality to act as broad-spectrum MCMs to G, V and A series nerve agents. Expression using the ExpiCHO™ Max protocol provided greatest expression levels and activity for all constructs, with most rBChE expressing poorly in Expi293™. Fc- or hSA-fused rBChE significantly outperformed constructs designed to mimic huBChE, including PRAD-BChE, and proved an effective strategy to significantly improve enzyme activity and expression. Choice of protein partner, directionality and the addition of a linker also impacted fusion rBChE activity and expression. Overall, hSA fused rBChE provided greatest expression yield and activity, with BChE-hSA the best performing construct. The purified and characterised BChE-hSA demonstrated similar functionality to huBChE to be inhibited by GD, VX and A-234, supporting the findings of the pre-screening study and validating its capacity to assess and streamline the selection process for rBChE constructs in a cost-effective manner. Collectively, these outcomes contribute to risk mitigation in early-stage development, providing a systematic method to compare rBChE designs and a focus for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Allard
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence Branch, Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG), Victoria, 3027, Australia; Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Miguel Aguirre
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence Branch, Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG), Victoria, 3027, Australia
| | - Sheena M H Chua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine A Shields
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence Branch, Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG), Victoria, 3027, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Allard JL, Shields KA, Munro T, Lua LHL. Design and production strategies for developing a recombinant butyrylcholinesterase medical countermeasure for Organophosphorus poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:109996. [PMID: 35654125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents represent a serious chemical threat due to their ease of production and scale of impact. The recent use of the nerve agent Novichok has re-emphasised the need for broad-spectrum medical countermeasures (MCMs) to these agents. However, current MCMs are limited. Plasma derived human butyrylcholinesterase (huBChE) is a promising novel bioscavenger MCM strategy, but is prohibitively expensive to isolate from human plasma at scale. Efforts to produce recombinant huBChE (rBChE) in various protein expression platforms have failed to achieve key critical attributes of huBChE such as circulatory half-life. These proteins often lack critical features such as tetrameric structure and requisite post-translational modifications. This review evaluates previous attempts to generate rBChE and assesses recent advances in mammalian cell expression and protein engineering strategies that could be deployed to achieve the required half-life and yield for a viable rBChE MCM. This includes the addition of a proline-rich attachment domain, fusion proteins, post translational modifications, expression system selection and optimised downstream processes. Whilst challenges remain, a combinatorial approach of these strategies demonstrates potential as a technically feasible approach to achieving a bioactive and cost effective bioscavenger MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Allard
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Katherine A Shields
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - TrentP Munro
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Simplified bioreactor processes for recombinant butyrylcholinesterase production in transgenic rice cell suspension cultures. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mirzaie V, Eslaminejad T, Babaei H, Nematollahi-Mahani SN. Enhancing the Butyrylcholinesterase Activity in HEK-293 Cell Line by Dual-Promoter Vector Decorated on Lipofectamine. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3589-3599. [PMID: 32943846 PMCID: PMC7481294 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s260419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) serves as a bio scavenger to counteract organophosphate poisoning. It is also a potential drug candidate in several therapeutic fields. Therefore, in the present study, we constructed a new dual-promoter plasmid consisting of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) promoters and transfected that into HEK-293 cells using Lipofectamine to enhance the BChE secretion. Methods The new dual-promoter construction (pBudCE dual BChE) including two copies of the BChE gene was designed and transfected into cells by liposomal structures. The cloned plasmids were evaluated by enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis analysis. Experimental groups were categorized into the cells transfected by pBudCE dual BChE (treatment), pCMV (positive control) vectors, and nontransfected cells (negative control). BChE gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and the enzyme activity was assessed using modified Ellman’s method. The freeze-thaw process was carried out for analyzing the stability of the pBudCE dual BChE vector. Results Validation examination of the cloned plasmids confirmed the successful cloning process. The gene expression level and Ellman’s method value in pBudCE dual BChE was higher than the other groups. CMV promoter has also increased the enzyme activity, although the difference was not significant compared with the control group. Interestingly, freeze-thaw cycles followed by several passages did not affect the enzyme activity. Conclusion The designed construction with CMV and EF-1α promoters could increase BChE gene expression and the activity of the BChE enzyme in HEK-293 cell line. Large-scale production of BChE enzyme can be achieved by using dual-promoter plasmid construction compared to a single-promoter vector to be used in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mirzaie
- Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Touba Eslaminejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Homayoon Babaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Noureddin Nematollahi-Mahani
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Afzal Research Institute (NGO), Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Cai Y, Zhou S, Stewart MJ, Zheng F, Zhan CG. Dimerization of human butyrylcholinesterase expressed in bacterium for development of a thermally stable bioscavenger of organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108756. [PMID: 31325422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a widely distributed plasma enzyme. For decades, numerous research efforts have been directed at engineering BChE as a bioscavenger of organophosphorus insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. However, it has been a grand challenge to cost-efficiently produce BChE in large-scale. Recently reported studies have successfully designed a truncated BChE mutant (with amino-acid substitutions on 47 residues that are far away from the catalytic site), denoted as BChE-M47 for convenience, which can be expressed in E. coli without loss of its catalytic activity. In this study, we aimed to dimerize the truncated BChE mutant protein expressed in a prokaryotic system (E. coli) in order to further improve its thermal stability by introducing a pair of cross-subunit disulfide bonds to the BChE-M47 structure. Specifically, the E377C/A516C mutations were designed and introduced to BChE-M47, and the obtained new protein entity, denoted as BChE-M48, with a pair of cross-subunit disulfide bonds indeed exists as a dimer with significantly improved thermostability and unaltered catalytic activity and reactivity compared to BChE-M47. These results provide a new strategy for optimizing protein stability for production in a cost-efficient prokaryotic system. Our enzyme, BChE-M48, has a half-life of almost one week at a 37°C, suggesting that it could be utilized as a highly stable bioscavenger of OP insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Cai
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Madeline J Stewart
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Braid LR, Wood CA, Ford BN. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells: A novel source of the organophosphate antidote butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:66-78. [PMID: 30926319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a well-characterized bioscavenger with significant potential as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment for organophosphate poisoning. Despite substantial efforts, BChE has proven technically challenging to produce in recombinant systems. Recombinant BChE tends to be insufficiently or incorrectly glycosylated, and consequently exhibits a truncated half-life, compromised activity, or is immunogenic. Thus, expired human plasma remains the only reliable source of the benchmark BChE tetramer, but production is costly and time intensive and presents possible blood-borne disease hazards. Here we report a human BChE production platform that produces functionally active, tetrameric BChE enzyme, without the addition of external factors such as polyproline peptides or chemical or gene modification required by other systems. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a rich population of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from Wharton's jelly. We show that HUCPVCs naturally and stably secrete BChE during culture in xeno- and serum-free media, and can be gene-modified to increase BChE output. However, BChE secretion from HUCPVCs is limited by innate feedback mechanisms that can be interrupted by addition of miR 186 oligonucleotide mimics or by competitive inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic signalling receptors by addition of atropine. By contrast, adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells neither secrete measurable levels of BChE naturally, nor after gene modification. Further work is required to fully characterize and disable the intrinsic ceiling of HUCPVC-mediated BChE secretion to achieve commercially relevant enzyme output. However, HUCPVCs present a unique opportunity to produce both native and strategically engineered recombinant BChE enzyme in a human platform with the innate capacity to secrete the benchmark human plasma form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Wood
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada
| | - Barry N Ford
- DRDC Suffield Research Centre, Casualty Management Section, Box 4000 Station Main, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 8K6, Canada
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Corbin JM, Kailemia MJ, Cadieux CL, Alkanaimsh S, Karuppanan K, Rodriguez RL, Lebrilla CB, Cerasoli DM, McDonald KA, Nandi S. Purification, characterization, and N-glycosylation of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase from transgenic rice cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1301-1310. [PMID: 29411865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant butyrylcholinesterase produced in a metabolically regulated transgenic rice cell culture (rrBChE) was purified to produce a highly pure (95%), active form of enzyme. The developed downstream process uses common manufacturing friendly operations including tangential flow filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography to obtain a process recovery of 42% active rrBChE. The purified rrBChE was then characterized to confirm its comparability to the native human form of the molecule (hBChE). The recombinant and native enzyme demonstrated comparable enzymatic behavior and had an identical amino acid sequence. However, rrBChE differs in that it contains plant-type complex N-glycans, including an α-1,3 linked core fucose, and a β-1,2 xylose, and lacking a terminal sialic acid. Despite this difference, rrBChE is demonstrated to be an effective stoichiometric bioscavenger for five different organophosphorous nerve agents in vitro. Together, the efficient downstream processing scheme and functionality of rrBChE confirm its promise as a cost-effective alternative to hBChE for prophylactic and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Corbin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - C Linn Cadieux
- Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Salem Alkanaimsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Raymond L Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California.,Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Douglas M Cerasoli
- Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California.,Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California.,Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, California
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Terekhov SS, Bobik TV, Mokrushina YA, Stepanova AV, Aleksandrova NM, Smirnov IV, Belogurov AA, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. Expression of DNA-Encoded Antidote to Organophosphorus Toxins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia Pastoris. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Terekhov S, Smirnov I, Bobik T, Shamborant O, Zenkova M, Chernolovskaya E, Gladkikh D, Murashev A, Dyachenko I, Palikov V, Palikova Y, Knorre V, Belogurov A, Ponomarenko N, Blackburn GM, Masson P, Gabibov A. A novel expression cassette delivers efficient production of exclusively tetrameric human butyrylcholinesterase with improved pharmacokinetics for protection against organophosphate poisoning. Biochimie 2015; 118:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lockridge O. Review of human butyrylcholinesterase structure, function, genetic variants, history of use in the clinic, and potential therapeutic uses. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:34-46. [PMID: 25448037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials have shown that pure human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is safe when administered to humans. A potential therapeutic use of BChE is for prevention of nerve agent toxicity. A recombinant mutant of BChE that rapidly inactivates cocaine is being developed as a treatment to help recovering cocaine addicts avoid relapse into drug taking. These clinical applications rely on knowledge of the structure, stability, and properties of BChE, information that is reviewed here. Gene therapy with a vector that sustains expression for a year from a single injection is a promising method for delivering therapeutic quantities of BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Legler PM, Boisvert SM, Compton JR, Millard CB. Development of organophosphate hydrolase activity in a bacterial homolog of human cholinesterase. Front Chem 2014; 2:46. [PMID: 25077141 PMCID: PMC4100338 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a combination of rational design and directed evolution (DE) to Bacillus subtilis p-nitrobenzyl esterase (pNBE) with the goal of enhancing organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase (OPAAH) activity. DE started with a designed variant, pNBE A107H, carrying a histidine homologous with human butyrylcholinesterase G117H to find complementary mutations that further enhance its OPAAH activity. Five sites were selected (G105, G106, A107, A190, and A400) within a 6.7 Å radius of the nucleophilic serine Oγ. All 95 variants were screened for esterase activity with a set of five substrates: pNP-acetate, pNP-butyrate, acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine, or benzoylthiocholine. A microscale assay for OPAAH activity was developed for screening DE libraries. Reductions in esterase activity were generally concomitant with enhancements in OPAAH activity. One variant, A107K, showed an unexpected 7-fold increase in its k cat/K m for benzoylthiocholine, demonstrating that it is also possible to enhance the cholinesterase activity of pNBE. Moreover, DE resulted in at least three variants with modestly enhanced OPAAH activity compared to wild type pNBE. A107H/A190C showed a 50-fold increase in paraoxonase activity and underwent a slow time- and temperature-dependent change affecting the hydrolysis of OPAA and ester substrates. Structural analysis suggests that pNBE may represent a precursor leading to human cholinesterase and carboxylesterase 1 through extension of two vestigial specificity loops; a preliminary attempt to transfer the Ω-loop of BChE into pNBE is described. Unlike butyrylcholinesterase and pNBE, introducing a G143H mutation (equivalent to G117H) did not confer detectable OP hydrolase activity on human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1). We discuss the use of pNBE as a surrogate scaffold for the mammalian esterases, and the importance of the oxyanion-hole residues for enhancing the OPAAH activity of selected serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Legler
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and EngineeringWashington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Charles B. Millard
- United States Army Medical Research and Materiel CommandFort Detrick, MD, USA
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Zheng F, Xue L, Hou S, Liu J, Zhan M, Yang W, Zhan CG. A highly efficient cocaine-detoxifying enzyme obtained by computational design. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3457. [PMID: 24643289 PMCID: PMC3996704 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to naturally occurring enzymes, computationally designed enzymes are usually much less efficient, with their catalytic activities being more than six orders of magnitude below the diffusion limit. Here we use a two-step computational design approach, combined with experimental work, to design a highly efficient cocaine hydrolising enzyme. We engineer E30-6 from human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which is specific for cocaine hydrolysis, and obtain a much higher catalytic efficiency for cocaine conversion than for conversion of the natural BChE substrate, acetylcholine (ACh). The catalytic efficiency of E30-6 for cocaine hydrolysis is comparable to that of the most efficient known naturally-occurring hydrolytic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, the catalytic activity of which approaches the diffusion limit. We further show that E30-6 can protect mice from a subsequently administered lethal dose of cocaine, suggesting the enzyme may have therapeutic potential in the setting of cocaine detoxification or cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Liu Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Max Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Elsinghorst PW, Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Drug development for the management of organophosphorus poisoning. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1467-77. [PMID: 24125474 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.847920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The continuous application of organophosphate pesticides in developing countries, in addition to the remaining stock piles of chemical warfare nerve agents and their possible use is a significant threat to the public. Yet, today's options for a treatment of organophosphorus poisonings are still inadequate. AREAS COVERED This article provides a concise overview of current and future research trying to improve both prophylaxis and treatment of organophosphorus intoxications. The authors provide a summary of current oxime therapy and highlight several new concepts to overcome existing gaps. This overview of therapeutic options is accompanied by two sections on cyclodextrins, related compounds and bioscavengers, which may be used for either prophylaxis or treatment. For both groups, the authors review current drug design and screening approaches, the resulting developments and future challenges. EXPERT OPINION While the search for one multipotent oxime has been a fruitless endeavor, combination of multiple oximes with complemental and systemic reactivity appears as a valuable concept. Development of potential scavengers, be it cyclodextrins or bioscavengers, is still hampered by insufficient efficacy of these compounds. Future strategies will aim at improving their catalytic efficacy while minimizing immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wilhelm Elsinghorst
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 München , Germany +49 89 3168 2305 ; +49 89 3168 2333 ;
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