1
|
Yazicioglu O, Ucuncu MK, Guven K. Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes. Int Dent J 2024; 74:223-241. [PMID: 37709645 PMCID: PMC10988267 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any. METHODS The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined. RESULTS A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features. CONCLUSIONS The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Yazicioglu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Musa Kazim Ucuncu
- Altinbas University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Fátima Souto Maior L, Maciel PP, Ferreira VYN, de Lima Gouveia Dantas C, de Lima JM, Castellano LRC, Batista AUD, Bonan PRF. Antifungal activity and Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:2837-2848. [PMID: 31111285 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-Candida activity and the Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner (Softone™) modified by incorporation of terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. MATERIAL AND METHODS Agar diffusion, microdilution, and mechanism of action methods were performed to determine to evaluate the antifungal activity of phytoconstituents. Then, phytoconstituents in varying concentrations were incorporated into the tissue conditioner. The anti-Candida effect of the modified conditioner was evaluated through agar punch well and biofilm formation methods. Shore A hardness of the experimental liners was evaluated after baseline, 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 7 days immersion on artificial saliva. RESULTS The phytoconstituents incorporated into Softone showed completely inhibited fungal growth in concentrations of 20-40% and did not present significant antifungal activity until their concentrations where higher than 5%. There were differences between non-modified Softone and M5, M10, C10, and T10% (p < 0.05). The groups containing 10-40% of cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone were able to completely inhibit the biofilm. Concentrations below 40% of terpinen-4-ol showed unsatisfactory biofilm inhibition. The T40% and C40% groups presented the lowest Shore A hardness values. Hardness values from groups T40% at 7 days (p = 0.476); C40% at 4 days (p = 0.058); and T20% (p = 0.058), C20% (p = 0.205), T30% (p = 0.154), and C30% (p = 0.874) after 48 h did not differ from the control group. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone inhibited Candida biofilm formation at concentrations of 10-40%, being more effective than terpinen-4-ol modification despite of halo inhibition observed by both products. CLINICAL RELEVANCE All modifications showed a very similar pattern of hardness being useful for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Fátima Souto Maior
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. .,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.
| | - Panmella Pereira Maciel
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuri Nicolau Ferreira
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Cíntia de Lima Gouveia Dantas
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Muniz de Lima
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Health Technical School, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - André Ulisses Dantas Batista
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.,Dental Graduation Program and Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iwawaki Y, Matsuda T, Kurahashi K, Honda T, Goto T, Ichikawa T. Effect of water temperature during ultrasonic denture cleaning. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:140-145. [PMID: 30918210 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Denture plaque is a biofilm composed of various microorganisms aggregated with saliva. Various denture cleansers and cleaning apparatuses have been developed and studied. However, the optimum water temperature for denture cleaning is unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of water temperature during ultrasonic denture cleaning. In vitro, resin disks with artificial Candida albicans biofilm were pressed onto Candida GE media after ultrasonic cleaning with water at different temperatures for 5 min. The media were subsequently cultured at 37°C for 24 h. The colonies formed were observed and colony areas were quantified using ImageJ software (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). In situ, the bacterial count and degree of cleanliness on the tissue surface of maxillary dentures were measured before and after ultrasonic cleaning with water at different temperatures for 5 min. Changes in bacterial counts and cleanliness were calculated for each temperature. The ratio of the area occupied by bacterial colonies in vitro and reduction rates in situ after cleaning with warm water were markedly less than those observed after cleaning with cold water. Therefore, ultrasonic denture cleaning with warm water is more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwawaki
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takashi Matsuda
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kosuke Kurahashi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tsuyoshi Honda
- Department of Oral Care and Clinical Education, Tokushima University Hospital
| | - Takaharu Goto
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tetsuo Ichikawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kageshima H, Hayama K, Takahashi M, Abe M, Yamada T, Saito A, Hirano S, Murakami Y, Abe S. Inhibition of Growth of Candida albicans by a Lysozyme-chitosan Conjugate, LYZOX and its Combination with Decanoic Acid. Med Mycol J 2017; 58:J63-J69. [PMID: 28855481 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A lysozyme-chitosan conjugate preparation (LYZOX), produced from egg white lysozyme and chitosan by Maillard reaction, is a commercial product developed as a cosmetic ingredient or food additive. Effects of LYZOX on in vitro growth of Candida albicans were examined. C. albicans cells were treated with LYZOX for 3 hrs, and then washed and cultured for an additional 16 hrs in modified RPMI1640 medium. Mycelial growth of C. albicans was clearly inhibited by more than 100 μg/ml of LYZOX in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, corresponding concentration of chitosan or lysozyme or their mixture only scarcely showed clear inhibitory effect. Similarly, anti-Candida activity of the combination of LYZOX and decanoic acid, a middle-chain fatty acid, was also examined. Inhibitory activity of this combination against mycelial growth of C. albicans was very potent and appeared synergistic, since fractionated inhibitory concentration (FIC) index for 70% growth inhibition was calculated to be 0.20. Oral application of this combination improved the symptoms of Candida-infected-tongue in an experimental murine candidiasis model. On the basis of these results, the possible application of LYZOX as a new functional product with anti-candida activity was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazumi Hayama
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Teikyo University
| | | | - Miho Abe
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Teikyo University
| | | | | | | | | | - Shigeru Abe
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Teikyo University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varadarajan S, Narasimhan M, Malaisamy M, Duraipandian C. Invitro Anti-mycotic Activity of Hydro Alcoholic Extracts of Some Indian Medicinal Plants against Fluconazole Resistant Candida albicans. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC07-10. [PMID: 26436036 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14178.6273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic infections caused by Candida albicans. Fluconazole is the drug of choice for prevention and management of this condition. However, the emergence of fluconazole resistant candidal strains has become a major concern. Many herbs like fenugreek, cinnamon, papaya, oregano, garlic are rich in phytochemical constituents known to express antimycotic activity. With the available information, the present research study was carried out to assess the invitro anti-mycotic activity of hydro alcoholic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds, Cinnamomum verum bark and Carica papaya leaves and seeds against fluconazole resistant Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydro alcoholic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (seeds), Cinnamomum verum (bark), Carica papaya CO.2 strain (male and female leaves) and Carica papaya CO.2 strain (seeds) were prepared by maceration. The anti-mycotic activity of the prepared extracts against Candida albicans was assessed by agar well diffusion method. Three independent experiments were performed in triplicates and the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. RESULTS The results of the present study revealed that all the extracts exhibited anti-mycotic activity in a dose dependent manner and minimum inhibitory concentration of all the extracts was found to be 15.62 μg/ml. CONCLUSION The results of the present study shed light on the fact that plant extracts could be used not only as an alternate drug for management of fluconazole resistant candidiasis but also explored further for oral cancer prevention as a therapeutic adjunct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Varadarajan
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Malathi Narasimhan
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Malaiyandi Malaisamy
- Research Scholar, Center for Advanced Studies in Botany, Guindy Campus, University of Madras , Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hayama K, Takahashi M, Suzuki M, Ezawa K, Yamazaki M, Matsukawa T, Kishi A, Sato N, Abe S. [Anti-Candida activity of aroma candy and its protective activity against murine oral candidiasis]. Med Mycol J 2015; 56:J23-9. [PMID: 25855024 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.56.j23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A daily eatable candy that has possible protective activity against oral candidiasis was experimentally produced. The candy was made from reduced-maltose as main constituent and from several natural products, such as oligonol (depolymerized polyphenols derived from lychee), cinnamon (cassia), citral, and capric acid, which are known to have anti-Candida activity in vitro and in vivo. The candy effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of C. albicans, even when it was diluted 1,000 times with culture media. We assessed the protective activity of the candy against murine candidiasis. When 50μl of candy dissolved and diluted 4 times with water was administered 3 times into the oral cavity of Candida infected mice, the score of lesions on the Candida-infected tongues improved on day 2. These findings suggest that this candy has potential as food that provides protective activity against oral candidiasis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We examined the effects of spices and herbs on Candida albicans to develop therapeutic tools against oral diseases such as oral candidiasis. C. albicans, a dimorphic fungus, is a component of the healthy human microbial flora. However, the excessive overgrowth of C. albicans causes oral candidiasis, and the symptoms, accompanied by severe inflammation, reduce the quality of life of elderly people. We found that spices such as clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum) exhibit inhibitory activity against Candida mycelial growth and show therapeutic efficacy in a murine oral candidiasis model. Our studies also demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of cinnamaldehyde was strengthened in parallel with a prolonged treatment time. Furthermore, when cinnamaldehyde in combination with methylcellulose was administered to the model mice, the therapeutic effect was potentiated. Here, we summarize up-to-date findings on how to use spices and herbs on a daily basis to improve or prevent oral problems such as oral candidiasis with the presentation of our recent data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Taguchi
- Research and Product Development Division, S & B Foods Inc
| |
Collapse
|