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Noh JY. Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Biology: Roles of Transcription Factors and Emerging Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179615. [PMID: 34502524 PMCID: PMC8431765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a critical role in hemostasis and thrombus formation. Platelets are small, anucleate, and short-lived blood cells that are produced by the large, polyploid, and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Approximately 3000 platelets are released from one megakaryocyte, and thus, it is important to understand the physiologically relevant mechanism of development of mature megakaryocytes. Many genes, including several key transcription factors, have been shown to be crucial for platelet biogenesis. Mutations in these genes can perturb megakaryopoiesis or thrombopoiesis, resulting in thrombocytopenia. Metabolic changes owing to inflammation, ageing, or diseases such as cancer, in which platelets play crucial roles in disease development, can also affect platelet biogenesis. In this review, I describe the characteristics of platelets and megakaryocytes in terms of their differentiation processes. The role of several critical transcription factors have been discussed to better understand the changes in platelet biogenesis that occur during disease or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Dermott SM, Kucine N, Farooqi MS, Li W, Silvey M. Polycythemia vera in a 2-year-old child with a JAK2 exon 12 deletion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28994. [PMID: 33661568 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mc Dermott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicole Kucine
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Midhat S Farooqi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital /University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Weijie Li
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital /University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Silvey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Vetluzhskaya M, Abramova A, Oganesyan K, Podzolkov V. Polycythemia vera as a rare cause of hypertension in a young man. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/6/e242008. [PMID: 34162611 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is an orphan haematological disease and one of the most common myeloproliferative diseases, with the incidence rate of about 0.4-2.8 cases per 100 000 population per year. In patients, proliferation of all three haematopoietic lineages is observed, typically with the development of erythrocytosis. As a rule, PV occurs in patients aged 60-70 years, slightly more often in men. The main clinical signs of PV are weakness, significant burning sensation in fingers and palms due to the increased blood viscosity and microcirculation disorders, discomfort in the left hypochondrium due to splenomegaly at the background of extramedullary haematopoietic sites development, as well as gross vascular complications (thrombosis) of various localisation. Our clinical case represents a rare cardiac manifestation of the PV in a young man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vetluzhskaya
- Department of Faculty Therapy #2, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina Abramova
- Department of Faculty Therapy #2, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Karine Oganesyan
- Internal Medicine Department of University Hospital #4, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Podzolkov
- Department of Faculty Therapy #2, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Barg AA, Toren A, Tamary H, Yacobovich J, Steinberg-Shemer O, Gilad O, Goldstein G, Miskin H, Revel-Vilk S, Rosenbeg N, Kenet G, Zemer VS. Essential thrombocythemia A retrospective case series. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28183. [PMID: 32124556 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is rare in children, and pediatric guidelines are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate ET diagnosis and treatment in a pediatric cohort. PROCEDURE Data of patients with ET from three hospitals were reviewed. Molecular diagnosis included JAK2V617F, CALR, and MPL mutations. Patients were evaluated for acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS). Follow-up included clinical symptoms, adverse events, and treatment. RESULTS Twelve children (median age: 8 years, range 1-14.5) were included. Mean lag period between the first documentation of thrombocytosis until ET diagnosis was 36 months. Six patients were positive for JAK2V617F and two for CALR mutations. In six of nine patients, AVWS was diagnosed. At diagnosis, only 33% of patients started therapy with aspirin (n = 4) and hydroxyurea (n = 2). In three of eight untreated patients, therapy was added during follow-up. The cohort was followed for a median of 32.5 months (range: 4-108 months). Clinical follow-up disclosed vascular complications in 4 of 12 patients (deep vein thrombosis, n = 1; transient ischemic attack, n = 3). Two females experienced excessive bleeding; both were diagnosed with AVWS. Neither leukemia nor myelofibrosis evolved in our cohort. CONCLUSION Increased awareness to pediatric ET is warranted, as delayed diagnosis is common. Compared to adults, AVWS may be more prevalent among children with ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Arie Barg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Israeli National Hemophilia Center, Thrombosis Unit and Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos Toren
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hannah Tamary
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Joanne Yacobovich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Orna Steinberg-Shemer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Oded Gilad
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Gal Goldstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hagit Miskin
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Revel-Vilk
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Rosenbeg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Israeli National Hemophilia Center, Thrombosis Unit and Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gili Kenet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Israeli National Hemophilia Center, Thrombosis Unit and Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vered Shkalim Zemer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Clalit Health Services, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Levinsky Y, Zeharia A, Yacobovich J, Eidlitz-Markus T. Thrombophilia Testing in High Pediatric Migraine Risk Children With Migraine. J Child Neurol 2019; 34:121-127. [PMID: 30486734 DOI: 10.1177/0883073818811545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the need for thrombophilia screening in pediatric migraineurs. The cohort included 45/824 children (5.5%) aged 3-18 years with migraine who were tested for thrombophilia at a tertiary pediatric headache clinic. Results were analyzed by background factors and indications for screening. Rates of thrombotic factors were compared with a healthy historical control group. At least 1 thrombotic factor was positive in 19/45 patients (42%). The total thrombophilia risk rate was higher in patients with aura (n = 32). Lipoprotein(a) was the factor most often abnormal in the thrombophilia group of all factors tested (8/19, 42%), regardless of migraine type or gender. It was the only factor with a significantly higher prevalence in the migraine than the historical control group. Full thrombophilia testing in migraine in pediatric headache clinics does not seem to be justified. The high prevalence of elevated lipoprotein(a) in children with migraine warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Levinsky
- Pediatric Headache Clinic, Day Hospitalization Department, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Zeharia
- Pediatric Headache Clinic, Day Hospitalization Department, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joanne Yacobovich
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Eidlitz-Markus
- Pediatric Headache Clinic, Day Hospitalization Department, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by aberrant proliferation of one or more myeloid lineages often with increased immature cells in the peripheral blood. The three classical BCR-ABL-negative MPNs are: 1) polycythemia vera (PV), 2) essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 3) primary myelofibrosis (PMF), which are typically disorders of older adults and are exceedingly rare in children. The diagnostic criteria for MPNs remain largely defined by clinical, laboratory and histopathology assessments in adults, but they have been applied to the pediatric population. The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation, and more recently, MPL and CALR mutations, are major landmarks in the understanding of MPNs. Nevertheless, they rarely occur in children, posing a significant diagnostic challenge given the lack of an objective, clonal marker. Therefore, in pediatric patients, the diagnosis must rely heavily on clinical and laboratory factors, and exclusion of secondary disorders to make an accurate diagnosis of MPN. This review focuses on the clinical presentation, diagnostic work up, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the classical BCR-ABL-negative MPNs (PV, ET and PMF) in children and highlights key differences to the adult diseases. Particular attention will be given to pediatric PMF, as it is the only disorder of this group that is observed in infants and young children, and in many ways appears to be a unique entity compared to adult PMF.
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Langabeer SE, Haslam K, McMahon C. The molecular landscape of childhood myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Res 2014; 38:997-8. [PMID: 24986380 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are comparatively uncommon in children and display a degree of mutational naivety if considering the high frequency of known MPN driver events observed in the corresponding adult diseases. Whole exome sequencing has unravelled much of the underlying molecular complexity of MPN in adult patients yet less is known of the pathogenetic mechanisms when these diseases occur in childhood. It is proposed that such methodological approaches will contribute significant insights into the molecular landscape of childhood MPN that may in turn impact on understanding the pathophysiology of disease in their adult counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Haslam
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Corrina McMahon
- Department of Haematology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Langabeer SE, Smith OP, McMahon C. The JAK2 V617F mutation in pediatric myeloproliferative neoplasms: how and when? Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 31:138-9. [PMID: 24383477 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2013.869288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Langabeer SE, Haslam K, McMahon C. A prenatal origin of childhood essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:676-8. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Haslam
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics; St. James's Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Corrina McMahon
- Department of Haematology; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin; Dublin Ireland
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He X, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Qiu X, Zhao X. Different mutations of the human c-mpl gene indicate distinct haematopoietic diseases. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:11. [PMID: 23351976 PMCID: PMC3563459 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human c-mpl gene (MPL) plays an important role in the development of megakaryocytes and platelets as well as the self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. However, numerous MPL mutations have been identified in haematopoietic diseases. These mutations alter the normal regulatory mechanisms and lead to autonomous activation or signalling deficiencies. In this review, we summarise 59 different MPL mutations and classify these mutations into four different groups according to the associated diseases and mutation rates. Using this classification, we clearly distinguish four diverse types of MPL mutations and obtain a deep understand of their clinical significance. This will prove to be useful for both disease diagnosis and the design of individual therapy regimens based on the type of MPL mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Stein BL, Saraf S, Sobol U, Halpern A, Shammo J, Rondelli D, Michaelis L, Odenike O, Rademaker A, Zakarija A, McMahon B, Spivak JL, Moliterno AR. Age-related differences in disease characteristics and clinical outcomes in polycythemia vera. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1989-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.759656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ismael O, Shimada A, Hama A, Sakaguchi H, Doisaki S, Muramatsu H, Yoshida N, Ito M, Takahashi Y, Akita N, Sunami S, Ohtsuka Y, Asada Y, Fujisaki H, Kojima S. Mutations profile of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia among Japanese children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:530-5. [PMID: 22106054 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired somatic mutations of JAK2 have been reported to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). However, the molecular characteristics of childhood MPN remain to be elucidated. PATIENT AND METHODS We investigated a group of pediatric patients diagnosed either with essential thrombocythemia (ET; N = 9) or polycythemia vera (PV; N = 4) according to WHO criteria (median age = 10 years; range 1.5-15 years) in whom direct sequencing was performed for the existence of genetic alterations in JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2. More sensitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction was used for JAK2(V617F) genotyping. RESULTS We found three patients harbor JAK2(V617F) mutation (2/9 ET and 1/4 PV). Bone marrow examination showed small and large megakaryocytes with dysplastic features in JAK2(V617F)-positive ET patients compared to those without JAK2(V617F). We identified a previously unrecognized missense mutation at codon 1230 in exon 12 of ASXL1 gene in ET and PV patients (1/9 ET and 1/4 PV). Otherwise, no genetic alterations could be detected in JAK2 exon 12, MPL, TET2, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2 in all ET and PV patients. CONCLUSION Although JAK2 mutations in childhood ET and PV are not as frequent as reported in adult patients, JAK2 is the most frequently mutated gene in childhood MPN known so far. Owing to the presence of childhood MPN without any genetic alterations in JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH1, and IDH2, new biological markers have to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat Ismael
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Thrombocythemia and polycythemia in patients younger than 20 years at diagnosis: clinical and biologic features, treatment, and long-term outcome. Blood 2012; 119:2219-27. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-371328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sixty-four patients < 20 years of age, investigated for a suspicion of Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative disease (MPD), were retrospectively evaluated to characterize the different forms and to examine the treatments used and long-term outcome. JAK2 mutations, endogenous erythroid colony growth, and clonality were investigated in 51 children. Mutations of thrombopoietin, the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL), and the erythropoietin receptor and mutations of other genes involved in the pathogenesis of MPD were investigated in JAK2 wild-type patients. Based on our criteria for childhood MPD, we identified 34 patients with sporadic thrombocythemia (ST), 16 with hereditary thrombocytosis (HT), 11 with sporadic polycythemia (SP), and 3 with hereditary polycythemia (HP). JAK2V617F mutations were present in 47.5% of ST and in no HT. The MPLS505A mutation was detected in 15/16 HT patients and in no ST (P < .00001). The JAK2V617F mutation occurred in 27% of SP patients diagnosed according to the Polycythemia Vera Study Group or World Health Organization 2001 criteria. Children with ST received more cytoreductive drugs than those with HT (P = .0006). After a median follow-up of 124 months, no patient had developed leukemia or myelofibrosis and 5% had thrombosis; the miscarriage rate in thrombocythemic patients was 14%. The low complication rate in our population suggests that children with MPD may be managed by tailored approaches.
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Khan AA, Kumar V, Anand I, Kumar M, Sharma P, Bhargava M. JAK2 mutation-negative essential thrombocythemia in a child presenting with cerebral venous thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2012; 5:66-8. [DOI: 10.5144/1658-3876.2012.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Teofili L, Larocca LM. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of familial thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 2011; 152:701-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Putti MC, Randi ML. Thrombotic complications in children with haematologic malignacies. Thromb Res 2010; 125 Suppl 2:S151-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(10)70034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Teofili L, Giona F, Torti L, Cenci T, Ricerca BM, Rumi C, Nunes V, Foà R, Leone G, Martini M, Larocca LM. Hereditary thrombocytosis caused by MPLSer505Asn is associated with a high thrombotic risk, splenomegaly and progression to bone marrow fibrosis. Haematologica 2009; 95:65-70. [PMID: 19713221 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.007542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background The MPL(Ser505Asn) mutation has been reported to be a cause of hereditary thrombocythemia. Recently, we detected this mutation in a large proportion of children with familial thrombocythemia, suggesting that in Italy the incidence of MPL(Ser505Asn) mutation could be underestimated. DESIGN AND METHODS We extended the search for this mutation to all patients with essential thrombocythemia who had a positive family history for thrombocytosis or essential thrombocythemia. We identified eight Italian families positive for the MPL(Ser505Asn) mutation. Clinical and hematologic data were available for members of seven families, including 21 patients with a proven mutation and 20 relatives with thrombocytosis. RESULTS Fifteen major thrombotic episodes, nine of which were fatal, were recorded among 41 patients. The thrombotic manifestation was stroke in four cases, myocardial infarction in seven cases, fetal loss in two cases, deep vein thrombosis of the leg in one case and Budd Chiari syndrome in one case. Almost all patients over 20 years old had splenomegaly and bone marrow fibrosis, while these were rarely observed in patients under 20 years old, suggesting that these manifestations are associated with aging. Finally, the life expectancy of family members with thrombocytosis was significantly shorter than that of members without thrombocytosis (P=0.003). Conclusions Patients with familial thrombocytosis caused by a MPL(Ser505Asn) mutation have a high risk of thrombosis and, with aging, develop splenomegaly and bone marrow fibrosis, significantly affecting their life expectancy.
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Teofili L, Martini M, Cenci T, Guidi F, Torti L, Giona F, Foà R, Leone G, Larocca LM. Epigenetic alteration of SOCS family members is a possible pathogenetic mechanism in JAK2 wild type myeloproliferative diseases. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1586-92. [PMID: 18623127 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) specific JAK2 mutations constitutively activate the JAK-STAT pathway, explaining biologic findings such as endogenous erythroid colony (EECs) growth or PRV-1 RNA overexpression. Since these markers are detected also in JAK2 wild type patients, we hypothesized that, in these cases, the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway could be produced by a deregulation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein system. Eighty-one patients with PV and ET (53 adults and 28 children) were investigated for the methylation status of the SOCS-1, SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 CpG islands and for several myeloproliferative markers (including JAK2 and MPL mutations and clonality of hematopoiesis). SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 hypermethylation was identified in 23 patients and was associated with a significant decrease of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 RNA and protein levels. The gene expression was restored by exposing cells to the demethylating agent 2-deoxyazacytidin. Interestingly, SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 hypermethylation was detected in 6 female patients, proved negative for JAK2 or MPL mutations and exhibiting monoclonal hematopoiesis. In conclusion, SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 hypermethylation can activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in alternative or together with JAK2 mutations. These alterations might represent a potential therapeutic target.
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