Early growth response 1 regulates hematopoietic support and proliferation in human primary bone marrow stromal cells

Effect of in vivo culture conditions on the proliferation and differentiation of rat adipose-derived stromal cells

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) are promising stem cell sources for tissue engineering and cell-based therapy. However, long-term in vitro expansion of ADSCs impedes stemness maintenance, which is partly attributed to deprivation of their original microenvironment. Incompetent cells limit the therapeutic effects of ADSC-based clinical strategies. Therefore, reconstructing a more physiologically and physically relevant niche is an ideal strategy to address this issue and therefore facilitates the extensive application of ADSCs. Here, we transplanted separated ADSCs into local subcutaneous adipose tissues of nude mice as an in vivo cell culture model. We found that transplanted ADSCs maintained their primitive morphology and showed improved proliferation and delayed senescence compared to those of cells cultured in an incubator. Significantly increased expression of stemness-related markers and multilineage differentiation abilities were further observed in in vivo cultured ADSCs. Finally, sequencing revealed that genes whose expression differed between ADSCs obtained under in vivo and in vitro conditions were mainly located in the extracellular matrix and extracellular space and that these genes participate in regulating transcription and protein synthesis. Moreover, we found that an Egr1 signaling pathway might exert a crucial impact on controlling stemness properties. Our findings might collectively pave the way for ADSC-based applications.

Mesenchymal stromal cells, metabolism, and mitochondrial transfer in bone marrow normal and malignant hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation-based treatments are in different phases of clinical development, ranging from current therapies to a promise in the repair and regeneration of diseased tissues and organs. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), which are fibroblast-like heterogeneous progenitors with multilineage differentiation (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic) and self-renewal potential, and exist in the bone marrow (BM), adipose, and synovium, among other tissues, represent one of the most widely used sources of stem cells in regenerative medicine. MSCs derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) exhibit a variety of traits, including the potential to drive HSC fate and anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive capabilities via paracrine activities and interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems. The role of BM-MSC-derived adipocytes is more controversial and may act as positive or negative regulators of benign or malignant hematopoiesis based on their anatomical location and functional crosstalk with surrounding cells in the BM microenvironment. This review highlights the most recent clinical and pre-clinical findings on how BM-MSCs interact with the surrounding HSCs, progenitors, and immune cells, and address some recent insights on the mechanisms that mediate MSCs and adipocyte metabolic control through a metabolic crosstalk between BM microenvironment cells and intercellular mitochondrial transfer in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of human non-hematopoietic bone marrow cells reveals a unique set of inter-species conserved biomarkers for native mesenchymal stromal cells

BACKGROUND

Native bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) participate in generating and shaping the skeleton and BM throughout the lifespan. Moreover, BM-MSCs regulate hematopoiesis by contributing to the hematopoietic stem cell niche in providing critical cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix components. However, BM-MSCs contain a heterogeneous cell population that remains ill-defined. Although studies on the taxonomy of native BM-MSCs in mice have just started to emerge, the taxonomy of native human BM-MSCs remains unelucidated.

METHODS

By using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we aimed to define a proper taxonomy for native human BM non-hematopoietic subsets including endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells (MCs) but with a focal point on MSCs. To this end, transcriptomic scRNA-seq data were generated from 5 distinct BM donors and were analyzed together with other transcriptomic data and with computational biology analyses at different levels to identify, characterize and classify distinct native cell subsets with relevant biomarkers.

RESULTS

We could ascribe novel specific biomarkers to ECs, MCs and MSCs. Unlike ECs and MCs, MSCs exhibited an adipogenic transcriptomic pattern while co-expressing genes related to hematopoiesis support and multilineage commitment potential. Furthermore, by a comparative analysis of scRNA-seq of BM cells from humans and mice, we identified core genes conserved in both species. Notably, we identified MARCKS, CXCL12, PDGFRA, and LEPR together with adipogenic factors as archetypal biomarkers of native MSCs within BM. In addition, our data suggest some complex gene nodes regulating critical biological functions of native BM-MSCs together with a preferential commitment toward an adipocyte lineage.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our taxonomy for native BM non-hematopoietic compartment provides an explicit depiction of gene expression in human ECs, MCs and MSCs at single-cell resolution. This analysis helps enhance our understanding of the phenotype and the complexity of biological functions of native human BM-MSCs.

Early Growth Response Factor 1 in Aging Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Leukemia

Aging is associated with various hematological disorders and a higher risk of myeloproliferative disorders. An aged hematopoietic system can be characterized by decreased immune function and increased myeloid cell production. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regulate the production of blood cells throughout life. The self-renewal and regenerative potential of HSCs determine the quality and quantity of the peripheral blood cells. External signals from the microenvironment under different conditions determine the fate of the HSCs to proliferate, self-renew, differentiate, or remain quiescent. HSCs respond impromptu to a vast array of extracellular signaling cascades such as cytokines, growth factors, or nutrients, which are crucial in the regulation of HSCs. Early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) is one of the key transcription factors controlling HSC proliferation and their localization in the bone marrow (BM) niche. Downregulation of Egr1 activates and recruits HSCs for their proliferation and differentiation to produce mature blood cells. Increased expression of Egr1 is implicated in immuno-aging of HSCs. However, dysregulation of Egr1 is associated with hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Here, we summarize the current understanding of the role of EGR1 in the regulation of HSC functionality and the manifestation of leukemia. We also discuss the alternative strategies to rejuvenate the aged HSCs by targeting EGR1 in different settings.

Impaired bone marrow microenvironment and stem cells in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia (BT) is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis with consequent ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with thalassemia major are dependent on long-term blood transfusions with associated long-term complications such as iron overload (IO). This excess iron can result in tissue damage, impaired organ function, and increased morbidity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that IO contributes to impairment of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that largely impacts the function of BM mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endothelial cells. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of iron metabolism and the perniciousness induced by IO. We highlight the importance of understanding the cross-talk between BM stem cells and the BM microenvironment, particularly the pathological effect of IO on BM stem cells and BT-associated complications. We also provide an update on recent novel therapies to cure transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and iron overload-induced complications for their future clinical application.

Role of ex vivo Expanded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Determining Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcome

Overall, the human organism requires the production of ∼1 trillion new blood cells per day. Such goal is achieved via hematopoiesis occurring within the bone marrow (BM) under the tight regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homeostasis made by the BM microenvironment. The BM niche is defined by the close interactions of HSPCs and non-hematopoietic cells of different origin, which control the maintenance of HSPCs and orchestrate hematopoiesis in response to the body’s requirements. The activity of the BM niche is regulated by specific signaling pathways in physiological conditions and in case of stress, including the one induced by the HSPC transplantation (HSCT) procedures. HSCT is the curative option for several hematological and non-hematological diseases, despite being associated with early and late complications, mainly due to a low level of HSPC engraftment, impaired hematopoietic recovery, immune-mediated graft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in case of allogenic transplant. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are key elements of the BM niche, regulating HSPC homeostasis by direct contact and secreting several paracrine factors. In this review, we will explore the several mechanisms through which MSCs impact on the supportive activity of the BM niche and regulate HSPC homeostasis. We will further discuss how the growing understanding of such mechanisms have impacted, under a clinical point of view, on the transplantation field. In more recent years, these results have instructed the design of clinical trials to ameliorate the outcome of HSCT, especially in the allogenic setting, and when low doses of HSPCs were available for transplantation.