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Quaranta P, Basso-Ricci L, Jofra Hernandez R, Pacini G, Naldini MM, Barcella M, Seffin L, Pais G, Spinozzi G, Benedicenti F, Pietrasanta C, Cheong JG, Ronchi A, Pugni L, Dionisio F, Monti I, Giannelli S, Darin S, Fraschetta F, Barera G, Ferrua F, Calbi V, Ometti M, Di Micco R, Mosca F, Josefowicz SZ, Montini E, Calabria A, Bernardo ME, Cicalese MP, Gentner B, Merelli I, Aiuti A, Scala S. Circulating hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell subsets contribute to human hematopoietic homeostasis. Blood 2024; 143:1937-1952. [PMID: 38446574 PMCID: PMC11106755 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In physiological conditions, few circulating hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (cHSPCs) are present in the peripheral blood, but their contribution to human hematopoiesis remain unsolved. By integrating advanced immunophenotyping, single-cell transcriptional and functional profiling, and integration site (IS) clonal tracking, we unveiled the biological properties and the transcriptional features of human cHSPC subpopulations in relationship to their bone marrow (BM) counterpart. We found that cHSPCs reduced in cell count over aging and are enriched for primitive, lymphoid, and erythroid subpopulations, showing preactivated transcriptional and functional state. Moreover, cHSPCs have low expression of multiple BM-retention molecules but maintain their homing potential after xenotransplantation. By generating a comprehensive human organ-resident HSPC data set based on single-cell RNA sequencing data, we detected organ-specific seeding properties of the distinct trafficking HSPC subpopulations. Notably, circulating multi-lymphoid progenitors are primed for seeding the thymus and actively contribute to T-cell production. Human clonal tracking data from patients receiving gene therapy (GT) also showed that cHSPCs connect distant BM niches and participate in steady-state hematopoietic production, with primitive cHSPCs having the highest recirculation capability to travel in and out of the BM. Finally, in case of hematopoietic impairment, cHSPCs composition reflects the BM-HSPC content and might represent a biomarker of the BM state for clinical and research purposes. Overall, our comprehensive work unveiled fundamental insights into the in vivo dynamics of human HSPC trafficking and its role in sustaining hematopoietic homeostasis. GT patients' clinical trials were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01515462 and NCT03837483) and EudraCT (2009-017346-32 and 2018-003842-18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Quaranta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Basso-Ricci
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raisa Jofra Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Pacini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Maria Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Barcella
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Seffin
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Pais
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Spinozzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jin Gyu Cheong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Dionisio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Monti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Giannelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Darin
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Fraschetta
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Barera
- Pediatric Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calbi
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ometti
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Steven Zvi Josefowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Funck-Brentano T, Zillikens MC, Clunie G, Siggelkow H, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Cohen-Solal M. Osteopetrosis and related osteoclast disorders in adults: A review and knowledge gapsOn behalf of the European calcified tissue society and ERN BOND. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 69:104936. [PMID: 38593953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis refers to a group of related rare bone diseases characterized by a high bone mass due to impaired bone resorption by osteoclasts. Despite the high bone mass, skeletal strength is compromised and the risk of fracture is high, particularly in the long bones. Osteopetrosis was classically categorized by inheritance pattern into autosomal recessive forms (ARO), which are severe and diagnosed within the first years of life, an intermediate form and an autosomal dominant (ADO) form; the latter with variable clinical severity and typically diagnosed during adolescence or in young adulthood. Subsequently, the AD form was shown to be a result of mutations in the gene CLCN7 encoding for the ClC-7 chloride channel). Traditionally, the diagnosis of osteopetrosis was made on radiograph appearance alone, but recent molecular and genetic advances have enabled a greater fidelity in classification of osteopetrosis subtypes. In the more severe ARO forms (e.g., malignant infantile osteopetrosis MIOP) typical clinical features have severe consequences and often result in death in early childhood. Major complications of ADO are atypical fractures with delay or failure of repair and challenge in orthopedic management. Bone marrow failure, dental abscess, deafness and visual loss are often underestimated and neglected in relation with lack of awareness and expertise. Accordingly, the care of adult patients with osteopetrosis requires a multidisciplinary approach ideally in specialized centers. Apart from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in certain infantile forms, the treatment of patients with osteopetrosis, has not been standardized and remains supportive. Further clinical studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the natural history, optimum management and impact of osteopetrosis on the lives of patients living with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Funck-Brentano
- Reference Center for Rare Bone Diseases and Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1132 BIOSCAR, Paris, France.
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Bone Center, Department of Internal Medicine. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gavin Clunie
- Metabolic Bone Physician, Cambridge University Hospitals, Box 204, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Heide Siggelkow
- MVZ Endokrinologikum, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Reference Center for Rare Bone Diseases and Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1132 BIOSCAR, Paris, France.
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Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Sharma V, Nepovimova E, Adam V, Kuca K, Chopra C. Advances in Genetic Reprogramming: Prospects from Developmental Biology to Regenerative Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1646-1690. [PMID: 37138422 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230503144619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The foundations of cell reprogramming were laid by Yamanaka and co-workers, who showed that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells (induced pluripotency). Since this discovery, the field of regenerative medicine has seen advancements. For example, because they can differentiate into multiple cell types, pluripotent stem cells are considered vital components in regenerative medicine aimed at the functional restoration of damaged tissue. Despite years of research, both replacement and restoration of failed organs/ tissues have remained elusive scientific feats. However, with the inception of cell engineering and nuclear reprogramming, useful solutions have been identified to counter the need for compatible and sustainable organs. By combining the science underlying genetic engineering and nuclear reprogramming with regenerative medicine, scientists have engineered cells to make gene and stem cell therapies applicable and effective. These approaches have enabled the targeting of various pathways to reprogramme cells, i.e., make them behave in beneficial ways in a patient-specific manner. Technological advancements have clearly supported the concept and realization of regenerative medicine. Genetic engineering is used for tissue engineering and nuclear reprogramming and has led to advances in regenerative medicine. Targeted therapies and replacement of traumatized , damaged, or aged organs can be realized through genetic engineering. Furthermore, the success of these therapies has been validated through thousands of clinical trials. Scientists are currently evaluating induced tissue-specific stem cells (iTSCs), which may lead to tumour-free applications of pluripotency induction. In this review, we present state-of-the-art genetic engineering that has been used in regenerative medicine. We also focus on ways that genetic engineering and nuclear reprogramming have transformed regenerative medicine and have become unique therapeutic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Varun Sharma
- Head of Bioinformatic Division, NMC Genetics India Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ 613 00, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Blümke A, Ijeoma E, Simon J, Wellington R, Purwaningrum M, Doulatov S, Leber E, Scatena M, Giachelli CM. Comparison of osteoclast differentiation protocols from human induced pluripotent stem cells of different tissue origins. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:319. [PMID: 37936199 PMCID: PMC10631132 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since their discovery, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been extensively differentiated into a large variety of cell types. However, a limited amount of work has been dedicated to differentiating iPSCs into osteoclasts. While several differentiation protocols have been published, it remains unclear which protocols or differentiation methods are preferable regarding the differentiation of osteoclasts. METHODS In this study, we compared the osteoclastogenesis capacity of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived iPSC line to a fibroblast-derived iPSC line in conjunction with either embryoid body-based or monolayer-based differentiation strategies. Both cell lines and differentiation protocols were investigated regarding their ability to generate osteoclasts and their inherent robustness and ease of use. The ability of both cell lines to remain undifferentiated while propagating using a feeder-free system was assessed using alkaline phosphatase staining. This was followed by evaluating mesodermal differentiation and the characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells using flow cytometry. Finally, osteoclast yield and functionality based on resorptive activity, Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression were assessed. The results were validated using qRT-PCR throughout the differentiation stages. RESULTS Embryoid body-based differentiation yielded CD45+, CD14+, CD11b+ subpopulations which in turn differentiated into osteoclasts which demonstrated TRAP positivity, Cathepsin K expression and mineral resorptive capabilities. This was regardless of which iPSC line was used. Monolayer-based differentiation yielded lower quantities of hematopoietic cells that were mostly CD34+ and did not subsequently differentiate into osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this study demonstrates the successful differentiation of osteoclasts from iPSCs in conjunction with the embryoid-based differentiation method, while the monolayer-based method did not yield osteoclasts. No differences were observed regarding osteoclast differentiation between the PBMC and fibroblast-derived iPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blümke
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Erica Ijeoma
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jessica Simon
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Wellington
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Medania Purwaningrum
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sergei Doulatov
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Leber
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Foege Hall University of Washington, 3720 15th, Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Blümke A, Ijeoma E, Simon J, Wellington R, Purwaningrum M, Doulatov S, Leber E, Scatena M, Giachelli CM. Comparison of osteoclast differentiation protocols from human induced pluripotent stem cells of different tissue origins. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3089289. [PMID: 37461708 PMCID: PMC10350192 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3089289/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Ever since their discovery, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been extensively differentiated into a large variety of cell types. However, a limited amount of work has been dedicated to differentiating iPSCs into osteoclasts. While several differentiation protocols have been published, it remains unclear which protocols or differentiation methods are preferrable regarding the differentiation of osteoclasts. Methods In this study we compare the osteoclastogenesis capacity of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived iPSC line to a fibroblast-derived iPSC line in conjunction with either embryoid body-based or monolayer-based differentiation strategies. Both cell lines and differentiation protocols were investigated regarding their ability to generate osteoclasts and their inherent robustness and ease of use. The ability of both cell lines to remain undifferentiated while propagating using a feeder-free system was assessed using alkaline phosphatase staining. This was followed by evaluating mesodermal differentiation and the characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells using flow cytometry. Finally, osteoclast yield and functionality based on resorptive activity, Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression were assessed. Results were validated using qRT-PCR throughout the differentiation stages. Results Embryoid-body based differentiation yielded CD45+, CD14+, CD11b+ subpopulations which in turn differentiated into osteoclasts which demonstrated TRAP positivity, Cathepsin K expression and mineral resorptive capabilities. This was regardless of which iPSC line was used. Monolayer-based differentiation yielded lower quantities of hematopoietic cells that were mostly CD34+ and did not subsequently differentiate into osteoclasts. Conclusions The outcome of this study demonstrates the successful differentiation of osteoclasts from iPSCs in conjunction with the embryoid-based differentiation method, while the monolayer-based method did not yield osteoclasts. No differences were observed regarding osteoclast differentiation between the PBMC and fibroblast-derived iPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Ijeoma
- University of Washington Department of Bioengineering
| | - Jessica Simon
- University of Washington Department of Bioengineering
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Scatena
- University of Washington Department of Bioengineering
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Ma Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Duan X. Molecular Mechanisms of Craniofacial and Dental Abnormalities in Osteopetrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10412. [PMID: 37373559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a group of genetic bone disorders characterized by increased bone density and defective bone resorption. Osteopetrosis presents a series of clinical manifestations, including craniofacial deformities and dental problems. However, few previous reports have focused on the features of craniofacial and dental problems in osteopetrosis. In this review, we go through the clinical features, types, and related pathogenic genes of osteopetrosis. Then we summarize and describe the characteristics of craniofacial and dental abnormalities in osteopetrosis that have been published in PubMed from 1965 to the present. We found that all 13 types of osteopetrosis have craniomaxillofacial and dental phenotypes. The main pathogenic genes, such as chloride channel 7 gene (CLCN7), T cell immune regulator 1 (TCIRG1), osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1 (OSTM1), pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein family member 1 (PLEKHM1), and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), and their molecular mechanisms involved in craniofacial and dental phenotypes, are discussed. We conclude that the telltale craniofacial and dental abnormalities are important for dentists and other clinicians in the diagnosis of osteopetrosis and other genetic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology & Clinic of Oral Rare Diseases and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yali Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology & Clinic of Oral Rare Diseases and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology & Clinic of Oral Rare Diseases and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology & Clinic of Oral Rare Diseases and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Ferrari S, Valeri E, Conti A, Scala S, Aprile A, Di Micco R, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Montini E, Ferrari G, Aiuti A, Naldini L. Genetic engineering meets hematopoietic stem cell biology for next-generation gene therapy. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:549-570. [PMID: 37146580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing clinical success of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT) relies on the development of viral vectors as portable "Trojan horses" for safe and efficient gene transfer. The recent advent of novel technologies enabling site-specific gene editing is broadening the scope and means of GT, paving the way to more precise genetic engineering and expanding the spectrum of diseases amenable to HSPC-GT. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art and prospective developments of the HSPC-GT field, highlighting how advances in biological characterization and manipulation of HSPCs will enable the design of the next generation of these transforming therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Erika Valeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anastasia Conti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aprile
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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El-Kamah GY, Mehrez MI, Taher MB, El-Bassyouni HT, Gaber KR, Amr KS. Outlining the Clinical Profile of TCIRG1 14 Variants including 5 Novels with Overview of ARO Phenotype and Ethnic Impact in 20 Egyptian Families. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040900. [PMID: 37107657 PMCID: PMC10137576 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TCIRG1 gene mutations underlie osteopetrosis, a rare genetic disorder impacting osteoclast function with consequent brittle bones prone to fracture, in spite of being characterized by increased bone density. The disorder is known to exhibit marked genetic heterogeneity, has no treatment, and is lethal in most instances. There are reports of ethnic variations affecting bone mineral density and variants' expression as diverse phenotypes even within individuals descending from the same pedigree. We herein focus on one of osteopetrosis's three types: the autosomal recessive malignant form (MIM 259700) (ARO) that is almost always associated with severe clinical symptoms. We reviewed the results of about 1800 Egyptian exomes and we did not detect similar variants within our Egyptian dataset and secondary neurological deficit. We studied twenty Egyptian families: sixteen ARO patients, ten carrier parents with at least one ARO affected sib, and two fetuses. They were all subjected to thorough evaluation and TCIRG1 gene sequencing. Our results of twenty-eight individuals descending from twenty Egyptian pedigrees with at least one ARO patient, expand the phenotype as well as genotype spectrum of recessive mutations in the TCIRG1 gene by five novel pathogenic variants. Identifying TCIRG1 gene mutations in Egyptian patients with ARO allowed the provision of proper genetic counseling, carrier detection, and prenatal diagnosis starting with two families included herein. It also could pave the way to modern genomic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Y El-Kamah
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mennat I Mehrez
- Oro-Dental Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed B Taher
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hala T El-Bassyouni
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Khaled R Gaber
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Khalda S Amr
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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9
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Kojabad AA, Ghaleh HEG, Shahriary A, Farzanehpour M. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Co-cultured in 3D with Stromal Support to Optimize Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Transduction. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:173-182. [PMID: 37006970 PMCID: PMC10064360 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-022-01576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
HSC transplantation (HSCT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for hematological and immunological disorders. Unfortunately, many viral vectors are inefficient at transduction, limiting the number of cells available for gene therapy in cord blood HSC transplantation. Combining ex vivo expansion and genetic manipulation of cord blood cells is a potential gene therapy approach. We present a 3D co-culture method using a demineralized bone matrix scaffold to optimize lentiviral vector-mediated gene transduction. pLenti-III-miR-GFP-has-miR-124 was transduced into cord blood HSCs. Transduced CD34 + cells co-cultured on the stromal layer for 72 h under cytokine-free conditions. We performed flow cytometry, colony assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and SEM morphological analysis. Seventy-two hours after transduction, when pLentiIII-miR-GFP-has-miR-124 and control vector-transduced expanded cord blood HSCs were compared to non-transduced expanded cord blood HSCs, the findings revealed 15 ± 3.04 and 55 ± 3.05-fold increases in miR-124 mRNA expression, respectively. Compared to a control culture on the same day, the expansion of CD34+, CD38-HSCs in 3D culture increased 544 ± 31.09 fold. This result demonstrated that the 3D-culture system could emerge as a novel approach to overcoming the current limitations of cord blood HSC transduction. In the future, this research could be applied in a therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Asri Kojabad
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Gao X, Michel K, Griese M. Interstitial Lung Disease in Immunocompromised Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010064. [PMID: 36611354 PMCID: PMC9818431 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The range of pulmonary complications beyond infections in pediatric immunocompromised patients is broad but not well characterized. Our goal was to assess the spectrum of disorders with a focus on interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in immunodeficient patients. METHODS We reviewed 217 immunocompromised children attending a specialized pneumology service during a period of 23 years. We assigned molecular diagnoses where possible and categorized the underlying immunological conditions into inborn errors of immunity or secondary immunodeficiencies according to the IUIS and the pulmonary conditions according to the chILD-EU classification system. RESULTS Among a wide array of conditions, opportunistic and chronic infections were the most frequent. ILD had a 40% prevalence. Of these children, 89% had a CT available, and 66% had a lung biopsy, which supported the diagnosis of ILD in 95% of cases. Histology was often lymphocyte predominant with the histo-pattern of granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), follicular bronchiolitis or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Of interest, DIP, PAP and NSIP were also diagnosed. ILD was detected in several immunological disorders not yet associated with ILD. CONCLUSIONS Specialized pneumological expertise is necessary to manage the full spectrum of respiratory complications in pediatric immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Griese
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-57870; Fax: +49-89-4400-57872
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11
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Maurizi A. Experimental therapies for osteopetrosis. Bone 2022; 165:116567. [PMID: 36152941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The medical treatment of osteopetrosis is an ongoing clinical problem. There are no effective and safer therapeutic approaches for all its forms. However, recent discoveries concerning the etiology and the pathogenesis of osteopetrosis, the development of dedicated cellular and animal models, and the advent of new technologies are paving the way for the development of targeted and safer therapies for both lethal and milder osteopetrosis. This review summarizes the huge effort and successes made by researchers to identify and develop new experimental approaches with this objective, such as the use of non-genotoxic myeloablation, gene correction of inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), lentiviral-based gene therapy, protein replacement, prenatal treatment, osteoclast precursors transplantation and RNA Interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maurizi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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12
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Identification of a novel TNFRSF11A gene variant in a rare case of familial osteopetrosis autosomal recessive type 7. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Capo V, Abinun M, Villa A. Osteoclast rich osteopetrosis due to defects in the TCIRG1 gene. Bone 2022; 165:116519. [PMID: 35981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery that mutations in TCIRG1 (also known as Atp6i) gene are responsible for most instances of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) heralded a new era for comprehension and treatment of this phenotypically heterogeneous rare bone disease. TCIRG1 encodes the a3 subunit, an essential isoform of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump involved in acidification of the osteoclast resorption lacuna and in secretory lysosome trafficking. TCIRG1 defects lead to inefficient bone resorption by nonfunctional osteoclasts seen in abundance on bone marrow biopsy, delineating this ARO as 'osteoclast-rich'. Presentation is usually in early childhood and features of extramedullary haematopoiesis (hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia) due to bone marrow fibrosis, and cranial nerve impingement (blindness in particular). Impaired dietary calcium uptake due to high pH causes the co-occurrence of rickets, described as "osteopetrorickets". Osteoclast dysfunction leads to early death if untreated, and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the treatment of choice. Studies of patients as well as of mouse models carrying spontaneous (the oc/oc mouse) or targeted disruption of Atp6i (TCIRG1) gene have been instrumental providing insight into disease pathogenesis and development of novel cellular therapies that exploit gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Abinun
- Children's Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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14
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García-García RD, Garay-Pacheco E, Marín-Llera JC, Chimal-Monroy J. Recombinant Limb Assay as in Vivo Organoid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863140. [PMID: 35557939 PMCID: PMC9086426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ formation initiates once cells become committed to one of the three embryonic germ layers. In the early stages of embryogenesis, different gene transcription networks regulate cell fate after each germ layer is established, thereby directing the formation of complex tissues and functional organs. These events can be modeled in vitro by creating organoids from induced pluripotent, embryonic, or adult stem cells to study organ formation. Under these conditions, the induced cells are guided down the developmental pathways as in embryonic development, resulting in an organ of a smaller size that possesses the essential functions of the organ of interest. Although organoids are widely studied, the formation of skeletal elements in an organoid model has not yet been possible. Therefore, we suggest that the formation of skeletal elements using the recombinant limb (RL) assay system can serve as an in vivo organoid model. RLs are formed from undissociated or dissociated-reaggregated undifferentiated mesodermal cells introduced into an ectodermal cover obtained from an early limb bud. Next, this filled ectoderm is grafted into the back of a donor chick embryo. Under these conditions, the cells can receive the nascent embryonic signals and develop complex skeletal elements. We propose that the formation of skeletal elements induced through the RL system may occur from stem cells or other types of progenitors, thus enabling the study of morphogenetic properties in vivo from these cells for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Damián García-García
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Estefanía Garay-Pacheco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Xuan J, Liu Y, Liu J, Zeng X, Wang H. New Insights into Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion to Stimulate Repopulation of the Adult Blood System for Transplantation. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050716. [PMID: 35629383 PMCID: PMC9146250 DOI: 10.3390/life12050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may be considered as a basis for the repopulation of the blood cells after transplantation in adults. Therefore, in vivo and ex vivo expansion of HSCs holds great promise for clinical applications. In this review, the mechanisms of HSC expansion will be discussed, considering the previous studies and works of literature. This is aimed to identify the signaling pathways that regulate HSC expansion and improve the application of engraftment in disease management. The following aspects will be included: (i) Stimulation of HSCs growth in vivo through gene regulation and cytokines activation; (ii) direct or indirect induction of HSC expansion by regulating signaling pathways; (iii) addition to assisting cells to help in the proliferation of HSCs; (iv) changing of living environment in the HSCs cultures via adjusting components and forms of cultures; (v) enhancement of HSC expansion by incorporating substances, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), UM171, among others. In this review, recent new findings that provide us with new insights into HSC expansion methods have been summarized. Furthermore, these findings will also provide more possibilities for the development of some novel strategies for expanding and engrafting HSCs applied for treatments of some hematopoietic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Xuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jinhui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-137-6700-4966
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16
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Rao I, Crisafulli L, Paulis M, Ficara F. Hematopoietic Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Hope and Promise for the Treatment of Inherited Blood Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030557. [PMID: 35159366 PMCID: PMC8834203 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited blood disorders comprise a large spectrum of diseases due to germline mutations in genes with key function in the hematopoietic system; they include immunodeficiencies, anemia or metabolic diseases. For most of them the only curative treatment is bone marrow transplantation, a procedure associated to severe complications; other therapies include red blood cell and platelet transfusions, which are dependent on donor availability. An alternative option is gene therapy, in which the wild-type form of the mutated gene is delivered into autologous hematopoietic stem cells using viral vectors. A more recent therapeutic perspective is gene correction through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, that overcomes safety concerns due to insertional mutagenesis and allows correction of base substitutions in large size genes difficult to incorporate into vectors. However, applying this technique to genomic disorders caused by large gene deletions is challenging. Chromosomal transplantation has been proposed as a solution, using a universal source of wild-type chromosomes as donor, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as acceptor. One of the obstacles to be addressed for translating PSC research into clinical practice is the still unsatisfactory differentiation into transplantable hematopoietic stem or mature cells. We provide an overview of the recent progresses in this field and discuss challenges and potential of iPSC-based therapies for the treatment of inherited blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rao
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Laura Crisafulli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Paulis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ficara
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Liang H, Li N, Yao RE, Yu T, Ding L, Chen J, Wang J. Clinical and molecular characterization of five Chinese patients with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1815. [PMID: 34545712 PMCID: PMC8606217 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteopetrosis is characterized by increased bone density and bone marrow cavity stenosis due to a decrease in the number of osteoclasts or the dysfunction of their differentiation and absorption properties usually caused by biallelic variants of the TCIRG1 and CLCN7 genes. Methods In this study, we describe five Chinese children who presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, repeated infections, and increased bone density. Whole‐exome sequencing identified five compound heterozygous variants of the CLCN7 and TCIRG1 genes in these patients. Results Patient 1 had a novel variant c.1555C>T (p.L519F) and a previously reported pathogenic variant c.2299C>T (p.R767W) in CLCN7. Patient 2 harbored a novel missense variant (c.1025T>C; p.L342P) and a novel splicing variant (c.286‐9G>A) in CLCN7. Patients 3A and 3B from one family displayed the same compound heterozygous TCIRG1 variant, including a novel frameshift variant (c.1370del; p.T457Tfs*71) and a novel splicing variant (c.1554+2T>C). In Patient 4, two novel variants were identified in the TCIRG1 gene: c.676G>T; p.E226* and c.1191del; p.P398Sfs*5. Patient 5 harbored two known pathogenic variants, c.909C>A (p.Y303*) and c.2008C>T (p.R670*), in TCIRG1. Analysis of the products obtained from the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that the c.286‐9G>A variant in CLCN7 of patient 2 leads to intron 3 retention, resulting in the formation of a premature termination codon (p.E95Vfs*8). These five patients were eventually diagnosed with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and the three children with TCIRG1 variants received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Conclusions Our results expand the spectrum of variation of genes related to osteopetrosis and deepen the understanding of the relationship between the genotype and clinical characteristics of osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-En Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
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18
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Chu A, Zirngibl RA, Manolson MF. The V-ATPase a3 Subunit: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Potential of an Essential Biomolecule in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136934. [PMID: 34203247 PMCID: PMC8269383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one of the 16 proteins composing the V-ATPase complex responsible for resorbing bone: the a3 subunit. The rationale for focusing on this biomolecule is that mutations in this one protein account for over 50% of osteopetrosis cases, highlighting its critical role in bone physiology. Despite its essential role in bone remodeling and its involvement in bone diseases, little is known about the way in which this subunit is targeted and regulated within osteoclasts. To this end, this review is broadened to include the three other mammalian paralogues (a1, a2 and a4) and the two yeast orthologs (Vph1p and Stv1p). By examining the literature on all of the paralogues/orthologs of the V-ATPase a subunit, we hope to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and future research directions specific to a3. This review starts with an overview on bone, highlighting the role of V-ATPases in osteoclastic bone resorption. We then cover V-ATPases in other location/functions, highlighting the roles which the four mammalian a subunit paralogues might play in differential targeting and/or regulation. We review the ways in which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is converted into proton translocation, and go in depth into the diverse role of the a subunit, not only in proton translocation but also in lipid binding, cell signaling and human diseases. Finally, the therapeutic implication of targeting a3 specifically for bone diseases and cancer is discussed, with concluding remarks on future directions.
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19
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Penna S, Villa A, Capo V. Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis: mechanisms and treatments. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:261835. [PMID: 33970241 PMCID: PMC8188884 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a severe inherited bone disease characterized by defective osteoclast resorption or differentiation. Clinical manifestations include dense and brittle bones, anemia and progressive nerve compression, which hamper the quality of patients' lives and cause death in the first 10 years of age. This Review describes the pathogenesis of ARO and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the current standard of care, namely hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Despite an improvement in the overall survival and outcomes of HSCT, transplant-related morbidity and the pre-existence of neurological symptoms significantly limit the success of HSCT, while the availability of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors still remains an open issue. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed for ARO patients, especially for those that cannot benefit from HSCT. Here, we review preclinical and proof-of-concept studies, such as gene therapy, systematic administration of deficient protein, in utero HSCT and gene editing. Summary: Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis is a heterogeneous and rare bone disease for which effective treatments are still lacking for many patients. Here, we review the literature on clinical, preclinical and proof-of-concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Penna
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Translational and Molecular Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan 20090, Italy
| | - Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan 20090, Italy
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20
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Moscatelli I, Almarza E, Schambach A, Ricks D, Schulz A, Herzog CD, Henriksen K, Askmyr M, Schwartz JD, Richter J. Gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis: review of pre-clinical research and proof-of-concept for phenotypic reversal. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:389-397. [PMID: 33575431 PMCID: PMC7848732 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile malignant osteopetrosis is a devastating disorder of early childhood that is frequently fatal and for which there are only limited therapeutic options. Gene therapy utilizing autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells represents a potentially advantageous therapeutic alternative for this multisystemic disease. Gene therapy can be performed relatively rapidly following diagnosis, will not result in graft versus host disease, and may also have potential for reduced incidences of other transplant-related complications. In this review, we have summarized the past sixteen years of research aimed at developing a gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis; these efforts have culminated in the first clinical trial employing lentiviral-mediated delivery of TCIRG1 in autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Moscatelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Ricks
- Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria Askmyr
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Hua X, Liu Z, Wang X. Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture in a Patient with Osteopetrosis: Treated with Internal Fixation and Complicated by Intraoperative Femoral Neck Fracture. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:1551-1557. [PMID: 33364816 PMCID: PMC7751704 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s289265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteopetrosis (OP) is a rare, heritable skeletal disorder that is caused by osteoclast dysfunction, leading to failure of bone resorption and increased bone density. The fragility of such dense bone may result in an increased incidence of fractures. Furthermore, surgery in patients with OP is associated with increased technical difficulty and a higher risk of complications. Case Report We report a case of a 20-year-old woman with autosomal dominant OP who developed a subtrochanteric femoral fracture. The fracture was treated by open reduction and internal fixation using a dynamic hip screw. Although technical difficulties were experienced and an intraoperative femoral neck fracture occurred, the surgical outcome was satisfactory. Union of the fractures was visible on radiographs obtained 12 months postoperatively. At 2 years postoperatively, the patient was completely free of any complications resulting from her injury and treatment. Conclusion Open reduction and internal fixation may be an effective option for fractures in patients with OP. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware that the increased density and stiffness of osteopetrotic bone increases the risks of intraoperative technical difficulties, iatrogenic fractures, and postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hua
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Villa A, Capo V, Castiello MC. Innovative Cell-Based Therapies and Conditioning to Cure RAG Deficiency. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607926. [PMID: 33329604 PMCID: PMC7711106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in recombination activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2 cause a broad spectrum of severe immune defects ranging from early severe and repeated infections to inflammation and autoimmune manifestations. A correlation between in vitro recombination activity and immune phenotype has been described. Hematopoietic cell transplantation is the treatment of care; however, the availability of next generation sequencing and whole genome sequencing has allowed the identification of novel genetic RAG variants in immunodeficient patients at various ages, raising therapeutic questions. This review addresses the recent advances of novel therapeutic approaches for RAG deficiency. As conventional myeloablative conditioning regimens are associated with acute toxicities and transplanted-related mortality, innovative minimal conditioning regimens based on the use of monoclonal antibodies are now emerging and show promising results. To overcome shortage of compatible donors, gene therapy has been developed in various RAG preclinical models. Overall, the transplantation of autologous gene corrected hematopoietic precursors and the use of non-genotoxic conditioning will open a new era, offering a cure to an increasing number of RAG patients regardless of donor availability and severity of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IRGB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IRGB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IRGB-CNR), Milan, Italy
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