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Dabkowska A, Domka K, Firczuk M. Advancements in cancer immunotherapies targeting CD20: from pioneering monoclonal antibodies to chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363102. [PMID: 38638442 PMCID: PMC11024268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
CD20 located predominantly on the B cells plays a crucial role in their development, differentiation, and activation, and serves as a key therapeutic target for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The breakthrough of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD20, notably exemplified by rituximab, revolutionized the prognosis of B-cell malignancies. Rituximab, approved across various hematological malignancies, marked a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. In the current landscape, immunotherapies targeting CD20 continue to evolve rapidly. Beyond traditional mAbs, advancements include antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells. ADCs combine the precision of antibodies with the cytotoxic potential of drugs, presenting a promising avenue for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. BsAbs, particularly CD20xCD3 constructs, redirect cytotoxic T cells to eliminate cancer cells, thereby enhancing both precision and potency in their therapeutic action. CAR-T cells stand as a promising strategy for combatting hematological malignancies, representing one of the truly personalized therapeutic interventions. Many new therapies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of CD20-targeted therapies, highlighting the progress and challenges that persist. Despite significant advancements, adverse events associated with these therapies and the development of resistance remain critical issues. Understanding and mitigating these challenges is paramount for the continued success of CD20-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dabkowska
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Chitluri KK, Emerson IA. The importance of protein domain mutations in cancer therapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27655. [PMID: 38509890 PMCID: PMC10950675 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that is caused by multiple genetic factors. Researchers have been studying protein domain mutations to understand how they affect the progression and treatment of cancer. These mutations can significantly impact the development and spread of cancer by changing the protein structure, function, and signalling pathways. As a result, there is a growing interest in how these mutations can be used as prognostic indicators for cancer prognosis. Recent studies have shown that protein domain mutations can provide valuable information about the severity of the disease and the patient's response to treatment. They may also be used to predict the response and resistance to targeted therapy in cancer treatment. The clinical implications of protein domain mutations in cancer are significant, and they are regarded as essential biomarkers in oncology. However, additional techniques and approaches are required to characterize changes in protein domains and predict their functional effects. Machine learning and other computational tools offer promising solutions to this challenge, enabling the prediction of the impact of mutations on protein structure and function. Such predictions can aid in the clinical interpretation of genetic information. Furthermore, the development of genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 has made it possible to validate the functional significance of mutants more efficiently and accurately. In conclusion, protein domain mutations hold great promise as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in cancer. Overall, considerable research is still needed to better define genetic and molecular heterogeneity and to resolve the challenges that remain, so that their full potential can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Chitluri
- Bioinformatics Programming Lab, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, 632014, India
| | - Isaac Arnold Emerson
- Bioinformatics Programming Lab, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, 632014, India
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3
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Mraz M. 5'-UTR mRNA splicing determines CD20 levels. Blood 2023; 142:1676-1678. [PMID: 37971763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mraz
- CEITEC Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno
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4
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Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres Diz M, Xu F, Zankharia U, Zhang Y, Soldan S, Zheng S, Falkenstein CD, Loftus JP, Yang SY, Asnani M, King Sainos P, Pillai V, Chong E, Li MM, Tasian SK, Barash Y, Lieberman PM, Ruella M, Schuster SJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Blood 2023; 142:1724-1739. [PMID: 37683180 PMCID: PMC10667349 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises the response to immunotherapy in B-cell malignancies. Here, we showed that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions. Four variants (V1-4) were detected using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform contained upstream open reading frames and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, whereas V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T-cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on 4 postmosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in 2 of them, the downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by a V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Manuel Torres Diz
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Urvi Zankharia
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samantha Soldan
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Joseph P. Loftus
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scarlett Y. Yang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mukta Asnani
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Vinodh Pillai
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emeline Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marilyn M. Li
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres Diz M, Xu F, Zankharia U, Zhang Y, Soldan S, Zheng S, Falkenstein CD, Loftus JP, Yang SY, Asnani M, King Sainos P, Pillai V, Chong E, Li MM, Tasian SK, Barash Y, Lieberman PM, Ruella M, Schuster SJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.19.529123. [PMID: 37645778 PMCID: PMC10461923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.19.529123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises responses to immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies. Here, we show that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several mRNA isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTR). Four variants (V1-4) were detectable by RNA-seq in distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant by far. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform was found to contain upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching Morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, while V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed CAR T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on four post-mosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in two of them downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by the V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Key Points In normal & malignant human B cells, CD20 mRNA is alternatively spliced into four 5'-UTR isoforms, some of which are translation-deficient.The balance between translation-deficient and -competent isoforms modulates CD20 protein levels & responses to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Explanation of Novelty We discovered that in normal and malignant B-cells, CD20 mRNA is alternatively spliced to generate four distinct 5'-UTRs, including the longer translation-deficient V1 variant. Cells predominantly expressing V1 were still sensitive to CD20-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T-cells. However, they were resistant to the bispecific anti-CD3/CD20 antibody mosunetuzumab, and the shift to V1 were observed in CD20-negative post-mosunetuzumab relapses of follicular lymphoma.
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6
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O’Donnell A, Pepper C, Mitchell S, Pepper A. NF-kB and the CLL microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1169397. [PMID: 37064123 PMCID: PMC10098180 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1169397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent type of leukemia in the western world. Despite the positive clinical effects of new targeted therapies, CLL still remains an incurable and refractory disease and resistance to treatments are commonly encountered. The Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor has been implicated in the pathology of CLL, with high levels of NF-κB associated with disease progression and drug resistance. This aberrant NF-κB activation can be caused by genetic mutations in the tumor cells and microenvironmental factors, which promote NF-κB signaling. Activation can be induced via two distinct pathways, the canonical and non-canonical pathway, which result in tumor cell proliferation, survival and drug resistance. Therefore, understanding how the CLL microenvironment drives NF-κB activation is important for deciphering how CLL cells evade treatment and may aid the development of novel targeting therapeutics. The CLL microenvironment is comprised of various cells, including nurse like cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, follicular dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. By activating different receptors, including the B cell receptor and CD40, these cells cause overactivity of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. Within this review, we will explore the different components of the CLL microenvironment that drive the NF-κB pathway, investigating how this knowledge is being translated in the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice O’Donnell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Ranjbariyan A, Haghighat S, Yazdi MH, Arbabi Bidgoli S. Synthetic selenium nanoparticles as co-adjuvant improved immune responses against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:16. [PMID: 36401129 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide, which is resistant to many antibiotics, resulting in significant mortality in societies. Vaccination is a well-known approach to preventing disease. Autolysin, a surface-associated protein in S. aureus with multiple functions, is a suitable candidate for vaccine development. As a co-adjuvant, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can increase the immune system, presumably resulting in increased vaccine efficacy. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity and defense of recombinant autolysin formulated in SeNPs and Alum adjuvants against MRSA. r-Autolysin was expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. SeNPs were synthetically obtained from sodium dioxide, followed by an assessment of shape and size using SEM and DLS. Balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously with 20 mg of r-autolysin formulated in Alum and SeNps adjuvants three times with the proper control group in 2 weeks intervals. Cytokine profile and isotyping ELISA were conducted to determine the type of induced immunity. Opsonophagocytosis tests assessed the functional activity of the vaccine, and the bacterial burden from the infected tissues was determined. Results showed that mice receiving SeNps and r-Autolysin had higher levels of total IgG and isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and increased cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-4) as compared with those only receiving autolysin and PBS as a control. More importantly, mice immunized with SeNps and r-Autolysin exhibited a decrease in mortality and bacterial burden compared to the control group. We concluded that SeNps could stimulate immune responses and can be used as an adjuvant element in vaccine formulation.
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Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
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Yang Y, Yuan L, Cao H, Guo J, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Application and Molecular Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6346-6367. [PMID: 36547094 PMCID: PMC9776574 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass, destroyed bone microstructure, and increased bone fragility. Accumulative evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes (Exos), exhibit great potential in the treatment of OP. However, the research on MSC-EVs in the treatment of OP is still in the initial stage. The potential mechanism has not been fully clarified. Therefore, by reviewing the relevant literature of MSC-EVs and OP in recent years, we summarized the latest application of bone targeted MSC-EVs in the treatment of OP and further elaborated the potential mechanism of MSC-EVs in regulating bone formation, bone resorption, bone angiogenesis, and immune regulation through internal bioactive molecules to alleviate OP, providing a theoretical basis for the related research of MSC-EVs in the treatment of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Yang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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Kyriakidis I, Mantadakis E, Stiakaki E, Groll AH, Tragiannidis A. Infectious Complications of Targeted Therapies in Children with Leukemias and Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205022. [PMID: 36291806 PMCID: PMC9599435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeted therapies in children with hematological malignancies moderate the effects of cytotoxic therapy, thus improving survival rates. They have emerged over the last decade and are used in combination with or after the failure of conventional chemotherapy and as bridging therapy prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Nowadays, there is a growing interest in their efficacy and safety in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed disease. The compromised immune system, even prior to therapy, requires prompt monitoring and treatment. In children with hematological malignancies, targeted therapies are associated with a comparable incidence of infectious complications to adults. The exact impact of these agents that have different mechanisms of action and are used after conventional chemotherapy or HSCT is difficult to ascertain. Clinicians should be cautious of severe infections after the use of targeted therapies, especially when used in combination with chemotherapy. Abstract The aim of this review is to highlight mechanisms of immunosuppression for each agent, along with pooled analyses of infectious complications from the available medical literature. Rituximab confers no increase in grade ≥3 infectious risks, except in the case of patients with advanced-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin links with high rates of grade ≥3 infections which, however, are comparable with historical cohorts. Pembrolizumab exhibits a favorable safety profile in terms of severe infections. Despite high rates of hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) with blinatumomab, low-grade ≥3 infection rates were observed, especially in the post-reinduction therapy of relapsed B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Imatinib and nilotinib are generally devoid of severe infectious complications, but dasatinib may slightly increase the risk of opportunistic infections. Data on crizotinib and pan-Trk inhibitors entrectinib and larotrectinib are limited. CAR T-cell therapy with tisagenlecleucel is associated with grade ≥3 infections in children and is linked with HGG and the emergence of immune-related adverse events. Off-label therapies inotuzumab ozogamicin, brentuximab vedotin, and venetoclax demonstrate low rates of treatment-related grade ≥3 infections, while the addition of bortezomib to standard chemotherapy in T-cell malignancies seems to decrease the infection risk during induction. Prophylaxis, immune reconstitution, and vaccinations for each targeted agent are discussed, along with comparisons to adult studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kyriakidis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology & Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion & Laboratory of Blood Diseases and Childhood Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elpis Mantadakis
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eftichia Stiakaki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology & Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion & Laboratory of Blood Diseases and Childhood Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andreas H. Groll
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Athanasios Tragiannidis
- Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +30-2310-994803
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Wang D, Cao H, Hua W, Gao L, Yuan Y, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Defect Repair. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12070716. [PMID: 35877919 PMCID: PMC9315966 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of critical bone defects is a hotspot of orthopedic research. With the development of bone tissue engineering (BTE), there is increasing evidence showing that the combined application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes, with hydrogels, scaffolds, and other bioactive materials has made great progress, exhibiting a good potential for bone regeneration. Recent studies have found that miRNAs, proteins, and other cargo loaded in EVs are key factors in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In BTE, the expression profile of the intrinsic cargo of EVs can be changed by modifying the gene expression of MSCs to obtain EVs with enhanced osteogenic activity and ultimately enhance the osteoinductive ability of bone graft materials. However, the current research on MSC-EVs for repairing bone defects is still in its infancy, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, the effect of bioactive materials such as hydrogels and scaffolds combined with MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects is summarized, and the mechanism of MSC-EVs promoting bone defect repair by delivering active molecules such as internal miRNAs is further elucidated, which provides a theoretical basis and reference for the clinical application of MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Weizhong Hua
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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Hoferkova E, Kadakova S, Mraz M. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of CLL–T Cell Interactions: Implications for Drug Testing. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3087. [PMID: 35804862 PMCID: PMC9264798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid microenvironment display substantially different gene expression profiles and proliferative capaci-ty. It has been suggested that CLL–T-cell interactions are key pro-proliferative stimuli in immune niches. We review in vitro and in vivo model systems that mimic CLL-T-cell interactions to trigger CLL proliferation and study therapy resistance. We focus on studies describing the co-culture of leukemic cells with T cells, or supportive cell lines expressing T-cell factors, and simplified models of CLL cells’ stimulation with recombinant factors. In the second part, we summarize mouse models revealing the role of T cells in CLL biology and implications for generating patient-derived xenografts by co-transplanting leukemic cells with T cells. Abstract T cells are key components in environments that support chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), activating CLL-cell proliferation and survival. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo model systems that mimic CLL–T-cell interactions, since these are critical for CLL-cell division and resistance to some types of therapy (such as DNA-damaging drugs or BH3-mimetic venetoclax). We discuss approaches for direct CLL-cell co-culture with autologous T cells, models utilizing supportive cell lines engineered to express T-cell factors (such as CD40L) or stimulating CLL cells with combinations of recombinant factors (CD40L, interleukins IL4 or IL21, INFγ) and additional B-cell receptor (BCR) activation with anti-IgM antibody. We also summarize strategies for CLL co-transplantation with autologous T cells into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID, NSG, NOG) to generate patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and the role of T cells in transgenic CLL mouse models based on TCL1 overexpression (Eµ-TCL1). We further discuss how these in vitro and in vivo models could be used to test drugs to uncover the effects of targeted therapies (such as inhibitors of BTK, PI3K, SYK, AKT, MEK, CDKs, BCL2, and proteasome) or chemotherapy (fludarabine and bendamustine) on CLL–T-cell interactions and CLL proliferation.
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