Treatment outcomes of clevudine versus lamivudine at week 48 in naïve patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B

Targeting hepatitis B virus-associated nephropathy: efficacy and challenges of current antiviral treatments

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health challenge, affecting approximately 296 million people and causing significant mortality annually. Despite vaccination efforts, HBV prevalence persists, particularly in low- and middle-income regions and endemic areas like China. HBV is closely associated with various kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and glomerulonephritis, through mechanisms such as immune complex deposition, direct viral invasion, and chronic inflammation. Patients undergoing hemodialysis or kidney transplantation are at increased risk of HBV infection and reactivation, highlighting the need for effective preventive and therapeutic measures. This review examines the classification and clinical features of HBV-associated nephropathy, focusing on membranous nephropathy and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. It explores the pathogenesis, emphasizing immune complex deposition and podocyte apoptosis. Antiviral therapy, particularly with nucleos(t)ide analogs like entecavir and tenofovir (including TAF and TMF), demonstrates superior efficacy and safety compared to older agents such as lamivudine and adefovir. While interferon therapy offers benefits, its use is limited by adverse effects. Additionally, individualized treatment strategies for specific populations, including pregnant women and HIV co-infected patients, are crucial. Addressing HBV-associated nephropathy requires enhanced surveillance, timely antiviral intervention, and tailored therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Association between clinical features and YMDD mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B following lamivudine therapy

The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between feature and genotype with regard to the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) mutation in chronic hepatitis B patients after lamivudine (LAM) therapy. A total of 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B were recruited, who underwent one year of LAM therapy. The patients' alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion were evaluated, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was genotyped using a new genotyping method and YMDD mutations were analyzed prior to treatment and at 6 and 12 months after LAM treatment. Furthermore, the secondary protein structure of the HBV DNA polymerase gene (P gene) was analyzed. Following treatment, the results suggested that LAM therapy improved ALT normalization. There was no correlation between clinical effects and ALT level before treatment. After 12 months treatment, the rate of HBeAg loss increased and the rate of HBeAg seroconversion decreased linearly with the rise of baseline ALT level. While ALT normalization and HBeAg seroconversion were highest in patients with HBV genotype B, HBeAg loss and HBVDNA loss were highest in those with genotype C. The effect was predominant in genotype D. No YMDD mutations were identified prior to 6 months of LAM therapy. The rate of YMDD mutations after 12 months LAM therapy was 12.12%. Two patients with rtM204V + rtL180M belonged to genotype C and another patient with rtL180M alone belonged to genotype D. The turn of secondary protein structure of P gene changed to β sheet when a rtM204V mutation occurred, and no change of secondary protein structure was associated with the rtL180M mutation. Thus, the present results indicate that one year of LAM therapy is able to improve ALT normalization. Long-term LAM therapy may induce YMDD mutation and drug resistance.

Aging and HIV/AIDS: pathogenetic role of therapeutic side effects

The intersection of aging and HIV/AIDS is a looming 'epidemic within an epidemic.' This paper reviews how HIV/AIDS and its therapy cause premature aging or contribute mechanistically to HIV-associated non-AIDS illnesses (HANA). Survival with HIV/AIDS has markedly improved by therapy combinations containing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors (PIs) called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). Because NRTIs and PIs together prevent or attenuate HIV-1 replication, and prolong life, the population of aging patients with HIV/AIDS increases accordingly. However, illnesses frequently associated with aging in the absence of HIV/AIDS appear to occur prematurely in HIV/AIDS patients. Theories that help to explain biological aging include oxidative stress (where mitochondrial oxidative injury exceeds antioxidant defense), chromosome telomere shortening with associated cellular senescence, and accumulation of lamin A precursors (a nuclear envelop protein). Each of these has the potential to be enhanced or caused by HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy, or both. Antiretroviral therapy has been shown to enhance events seen in biological aging. Specifically, antiretroviral NRTIs cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial DNA defects that resemble features of both HANA and aging. More recent clinical evidence points to telomere shortening caused by NRTI triphosphate-induced inhibition of telomerase, suggesting telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) inhibition as being a pathogenetic contributor to premature aging in HIV/AIDS. PIs may also have a role in premature aging in HIV/AIDS as they cause prelamin A accumulation. Overall, toxic side effects of HAART may both resemble and promote events of aging and are worthy of mechanistic studies.

Long-term treatment outcomes of clevudine in antiviral-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To evaluate the treatment outcomes of clevudine compared with entecavir in antiviral-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of CHB patients treated with clevudine 30 mg/d and compared their clinical outcomes with patients treated with entecavir 0.5 mg/d. The biochemical response, as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, virologic response, as assessed by serum hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) titer, serologic response, as assessed by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, and virologic breakthrough with genotypic mutations were assessed.

RESULTS: Two-hundred and fifty-four patients [clevudine (n = 118) vs entecavir (n = 136)] were enrolled. In clevudine-treated patients, the cumulative rates of serum ALT normalization were 83.9% at week 48 and 91.5% at week 96 (80.9% and 91.2% in the entecavir group, respectively), the mean titer changes in serum HBV DNA were -6.03 and -6.55 log₁₀ copies/mL (-6.35 and -6.86 log₁₀ copies/mL, respectively, in the entecavir group), and the cumulative non-detection rates of serum HBV DNA were 72.6% and 83.1% (74.4% and 83.8%, respectively, in the entecavir group). These results were similar to those of entecavir-treated patients. The cumulative rates of HBeAg seroconversion were 21.8% at week 48 and 25.0% at week 96 in patients treated with clevudine, which was similar to patients treated with entecavir (22.8% and 27.7%, respectively). The virologic breakthrough in the clevudine group occurred in 9 (7.6%) patients at weeks 48 and 15 (12.7%) patients at week 96, which primarily corresponded to genotypic mutations of rtM204I and/or rtL180M. There was no virologic breakthrough in the entecavir group.

CONCLUSION: In antiviral-naive CHB patients, long-term treatment outcomes of clevudine were not inferior to those of entecavir, except for virologic breakthrough.

Long-term treatment efficacy and safety of clevudine therapy in naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Clevudine (CLV) has potent antiviral activity against chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection. The long-term efficacy and safety of CLV therapy in naïve patients with CHB were investigated.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, 152 naïve Korean patients with CHB who received 30 mg of CLV once daily for at least 12 months were investigated.

RESULTS

The cumulative rates at months 12, 24, and 36, respectively, were 65.8%, 74.7%, and 74.7% for undetectable serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (<12 IU/mL); 77.6%, 86.2%, and 86.2% for normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase (<40 IU/L); 17.6%, 23.5%, and 23.5% for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss or seroconversion; and 6.6%, 22.5%, and 30.0% for viral breakthrough. HBeAg positivity (p=0.010), baseline serum HBV DNA level ≥6 log(10) IU/mL (p=0.032) and detectable serum HBV DNA (≥12 IU/mL) at week 24 (p=0.023) were independently associated with the development of viral breakthrough. During follow-up, CLV-induced myopathy developed in 5.9% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of long-term CLV therapy for the treatment of naïve patients with CHB showed a high frequency of antiviral resistance and substantial associated myopathy. Therefore, we advise that CLV should not be used as a first-line treatment for naïve patients given the availability of other more potent, safer antiviral agents.

Current Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B

Although the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B has decreased considerably in recent years due to widespread use of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, its prevalence still remains high in adults, and this can place a significant burden on health care in areas with endemic HBV. Since the introduction of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), there has been marked improvement in the care of patients with chronic hepatitis B, resulting in increased survival. However, the emergence of drug resistance in patients treated with NUCs is a major concern. The number of multi-drug resistant patients is increasing, and many patients may not respond to the currently available drugs. In this review, we describe the current status of NUC therapy for antiviral-naïve and -resistant patients.

A comparison of 48-week treatment efficacy between clevudine and entecavir in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B

PURPOSE

Clevudine and entecavir are currently available in Korea as antiviral drugs against chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to compare the efficacy of clevudine and entecavir therapy.

METHODS

Treatment-naïve CHB patients who received 30 mg of clevudine or 0.5 mg of entecavir a day were analyzed. Mean reduction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, complete virological response (cVR, undetectable HBV DNA by real-time PCR), biochemical response (recovery to normal ALT level), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion rate at the 48th week of treatment were assessed.

RESULTS

A number of 59 patients in clevudine group and 61 patients in entecavir group were included. Mean HBV DNA reductions from baseline were similar in the clevudine and entecavir groups, -6.4 versus -6.8 log(10) copies/mL in HBeAg-positive (p = 0.417) and -6.9 versus -7.0 log(10) copies/mL in HBeAg-negative patients (p = 0.640). The proportion of patients who achieved cVR was not different between the two groups, 53 versus 55% in HBeAg-positive (p = 1.000) and 100 versus 95% in HBeAg-negative patients (p = 0.452). Biochemical response rates and HBeAg seroconversion rates were also similar in both the groups. Two (3.4%) patients in clevudine group showed virologic breakthrough with rtM204I mutation using direct sequencing analysis. Clinical myopathy occurred in two (3.4%) patients in clevudine group.

CONCLUSION

Mean reduction of viral loads was similar between clevudine and entecavir groups during 48 weeks. However, virologic breakthrough and significant myopathy were noted only in clevudine-treated patients. Therefore, more attention should be paid to patients receiving clevudine.