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Van Zyl A, Kruger M, Ndlovu S, Rogers PC. Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescent and Young Adult-Aged Childhood Cancer Survivors in a South African Cohort: A Pilot Study Using the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2024; 13:652-664. [PMID: 38613471 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2023.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of an adolescent and young adult (AYA)-aged South African childhood cancer survivor (CCS) cohort. Methods: Participants completed the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life adolescent and adult forms. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.81 (adolescent form) and 0.92 (adult form). The scale-level content validity indexes were acceptable (0.88 and 0.89 for the adolescent and adult forms, respectively). The total domain and overall HRQoL scores were calculated. Results: Sixty-two survivors completed the adolescent form and 30 completed the adult form. The median age was 17.5 years (range 13-34 years), and the median time from diagnosis was 12 years (male:female ratio 1:1.2). Risk factors for poor physical functioning included age at study visit (p = 0.015), solid tumor diagnosis (p = 0.012), radiotherapy (p = 0.021), and surgery (p = 0.006). Six or more late effects impacted most domains negatively; severe late effects (p = 0.020) decreased physical functioning. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with poorer physical (p = 0.006) and cognitive (p = 0.047) functioning. The adult form cohort had poorer psychological (p = 0.014) and social functioning (p = 0.005) and body image (p = 0.016) than the adolescent form cohort. Conclusion: Older age, radiotherapy, surgery, solid tumor diagnosis, and the number and severity of late effects negatively influenced HRQoL in AYA-aged CCSs. A long-term follow-up (LTFU) risk stratification system should include HRQoL status to assist with holistic LTFU care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anel Van Zyl
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Psychology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandile Ndlovu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul C Rogers
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Oh S, Lee H, Kim S, Kim S, Lyu CJ, Park CG, Kang HJ. Development and psychometric properties of the social adjustment scale for youth cancer survivors in South Korea. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2023; 10:100241. [PMID: 37435599 PMCID: PMC10331412 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjon.2023.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We developed a new scale-the Social Adjustment Scale for Youth Cancer Survivors-and examined its psychometric properties. Methods In the scale's development stage, preliminary items were constructed based on the results of a concept analysis of the hybrid model, literature review, and interviews. These items were then reviewed through content validity and cognitive interviews. In the validation stage, 136 survivors were recruited from two children's cancer centers in Seoul, South Korea. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify a set of constructs, and validity and reliability were tested. Results Starting with 70 items constructed through literature review and interviews with youth survivors, the final scale comprised 32 items. The exploratory factor analysis identified four domains-namely, role achievement in one's present position, harmony in relationships, disclosure and acceptance of cancer history, and preparation and expectation for future roles. Correlations with quality of life indicated good convergent validity (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). The Cronbach's α of the overall scale was 0.95, indicating excellent internal consistency; and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94 (P < 0.001), suggesting high test-retest reliability. Conclusions The Social Adjustment Scale for Youth Cancer Survivors exhibited acceptable psychometric properties in measuring the social adjustment of youth cancer survivors. It can be used to identify youths facing difficulty in adjusting to society after treatment and to investigate the effect of interventions implemented to promote social adjustment among youth cancer survivors. Future research is needed to examine the applicability of the scale in patients across diverse cultural backgrounds and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Oh
- College of Nursing, Health and Nursing Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, South Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Kim
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chuhl Joo Lyu
- Division of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Yonsei University Health System, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Gi Park
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - Hyoung Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Assessing Self-concept as a Mediator Between Anger and Resilience in Adolescents With Cancer in Taiwan. Cancer Nurs 2019; 41:210-217. [PMID: 28537955 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anger is considered a common method used by patients to relieve emotional frustrations. However, this emotional response is not a common research focus for adolescents with cancer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether self-concept mediated the relationship between anger and resilience for adolescent patients currently being treated for cancer. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 40 adolescents with cancer was conducted. The instruments included the Chinese Beck Self-Concept Inventory, the Chinese Beck Anger Inventory, and the Chinese Resilience Scale. Mediation analysis was also conducted. RESULTS The results indicate that (1) variations in anger significantly account for 6.86% of observed variations in self-concept, (2) variations in self-concept significantly account for 52.83% of observed variations in resilience, (3) variations in anger significantly account for 10.96% of observed variations in resilience, and (4) when paths in conditions 1 and 2 were controlled, variations in anger through self-concept significantly account for 54.04% of observed variations in resilience, and variations in anger did not significantly account for observed variations in resilience. CONCLUSIONS Gender and age might affect anger control. Despite worse physical functioning and an impacted appearance, participants had normative-to-positive self-concept levels, suggesting that their self-concept might not be affected by cancer. Self-concept might play a mediating role between anger and resilience, thus helping to bridge this knowledge gap. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The current gap in knowledge regarding the mediating relationship necessitates the implementation of a large-scale study designed to verify the mediating role of self-concept between anger and resilience.
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Bell CJ, Bell RA, Zebrack B, Kato I, Morse A, Borinstein SC. Measuring Development of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients: An Integrative Review of Available Instruments. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2018; 7:270-282. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Bell
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Brad Zebrack
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alyssa Morse
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Scott C. Borinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Bosworth A, Goodman EL, Wu E, Francisco L, Robison LL, Bhatia S. The Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument: reliability and validity of the Adult Form in cancer survivors. Qual Life Res 2017; 27:321-332. [PMID: 28770428 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-017-1671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood cancer survivors are at risk for deficits in health-related quality of life (HRQL) as they age. Youth (8-12 years) and adolescent (13-20 years) versions of the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument (MMQL) have been developed to address survivor-specific issues and are currently in use; the MMQL-Adult Form has now been developed to assess HRQL in childhood cancer survivors aged 21-55 years. METHODS The MMQL-Adult Form was administered to 499 adults: 65 cancer patients on-therapy, 107 off-therapy, and 327 healthy controls. Forty-four percent of patients were under 30 years old at cancer diagnosis. Principal components analysis was performed. We evaluated internal consistency reliability, stability (re-administration of the MMQL-Adult Form 2 weeks later), construct validity (concurrent administration of the SF-36), and known-groups validity (score comparisons across the three groups). RESULTS Principal components analysis resulted in retention of 44 items across six scales: social functioning, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, outlook on life, body image, and psychological functioning. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was 0.80-0.90 for individual scales and 0.95 overall. Strong intraclass correlations (0.98 overall) indicated high stability. The MMQL-Adult Form distinguished between known groups; healthy controls scored better than patients on four of six scales. The MMQL-Adult Form scales correlated highly with similar SF-36 scales, demonstrating construct validity. CONCLUSIONS The MMQL-Adult Form is a reliable and valid self-report instrument for measuring multidimensional HRQL in cancer survivors. Development of this instrument ensures availability of a tool enabling cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment of HRQL in childhood cancer survivors as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Bosworth
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Wu
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Liton Francisco
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder 500, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder 500, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Choung JT, Lee YS, Jo HS, Shim M, Lee HJ, Jung SM. What Factors Impact Consumer Perception of the Effectiveness of Health Information Sites? An Investigation of the Korean National Health Information Portal. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1077-1082. [PMID: 28581262 PMCID: PMC5461309 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lay public's concerns around health and health information are increasing. In response, governments and government agencies are establishing websites to address such concerns and improve health literacy by providing better access to validated health information. Since 2011, the Korean government has constructed the National Health Information Portal (NHIP) website run in collaboration with the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences (KAMS). This study therefore aimed to 1) examine consumer use of NHIP, with respect to the usage patterns, evaluation on health information provided, and perceived effectiveness of the site; and 2) identify factors that may impact perceived effectiveness of the site. An online survey was conducted with 164 NHIP users, recruited through a popup window on the main screen of the portal website from October to November 2015. The significant predicting factors supported by the data include the relevance of health information on the site, the usefulness of information in making health decisions, and the effective visualization of information. These factors can inform future efforts to design more effective health information websites, possibly based on metadata systems, to further advance the lay public's information seeking and health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Choung
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Seong Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heui Sug Jo
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
| | - Minsun Shim
- Department of Communication and Information, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hun Jae Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Su Mi Jung
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Kim CW, Joo JD, Kim YH, Han JH, Kim CY. Health-Related Quality of Life in Brain Tumor Patients Treated with Surgery: Preliminary Result of a Single Institution. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2016; 4:87-93. [PMID: 27867917 PMCID: PMC5114197 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2016.4.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alongside the extent of removal and patients’ survival in the management of brain tumors, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has become an important consideration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change of HRQOL in brain tumor patients before and after surgery and to assess the associated factors that contribute to the change of HRQOL. Methods A total of 258 patients who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled in this study. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the 20-item EORTC QLQ-Brain Neoplasm (QLQ-BN20) were used to assess HRQOL. Patients were asked to fill out the questionnaires before and 3-6 months after surgery. Results Global QOL (p<0.001) and emotional function (p<0.018) were significantly improved after surgery. Physical function (p=0.015) was significantly aggravated. Among the symptoms, headache, pain and nausea and vomiting were significantly decreased (p<0.01, p=0.041, p<0.001, respectively), while dyspnea, communication deficit and weakness of the legs were increased (p=0.005, p=0.040, and p=0.014, respectively). Preoperative neurologic deficit (p=0.019) and tumor diameter (p=0.016) were significantly related to the patients who showed aggravation of global QOL after brain tumor surgery. In the aggravated global QOL group, common complaints and concerns included role function, appetite loss, financial difficulty and future uncertainty. Conclusion In brain tumor patients, HRQOL has improved after surgery. Role function, appetite loss, financial difficulty and future uncertainty were important factors for HRQOL in brain tumor patients treated with surgery. Although there is National Health Insurance and Medical Aid program in Korea, financial difficulty and future uncertainty are much more important in influencing QOL than previously thought. The results of this short-term follow up preliminary study suggest that several factors were related to HRQOL, Further research is needed to evaluate the long term change of HRQOL and enhance the global QOL by analyze related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wook Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Deok Joo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Guo C, Tomson G, Guo J, Li X, Keller C, Söderqvist F. Psychometric evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) in Chinese adolescents - a methodological study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2015; 13:198. [PMID: 26651829 PMCID: PMC4676120 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In epidemiological surveillance of mental health there is good reason to also include scales that measure the presence of well-being rather than merely symptoms of ill health. The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is a self-reported scale to measure emotional, psychological and social well-being and conduct categorical diagnosis of positive mental health. This particular instrument includes the three core components of the World Health Organization's definition of mental health and had previously not been psychometrically evaluated on adolescents in China. METHODS In total 5,399 students (51.1% female) from schools in the urban areas of Weifang in China were included in the study (mean age = 15.13, SD = 1.56). Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire with several scales, among them the MHC-SF. Statistical analyses to evaluate reliability, structural validity, measurement invariance, presence of floor and ceiling effects and to some extent external validity of the MHC-SF were carried out. RESULTS The Cronbach's α coefficients for sub-scales as well as the total scale were all above 0.80 indicating good reliability. Confirmative factor analysis confirmed the three-dimensional structure of the Chinese version of MHC-SF and supported the configural and metric invariance across gender and age. Noteworthy ceiling effects were observed for single items and sub-scales although not for the total scale. More importantly, observed floor effects were negligible. The stronger correlation found between MHC-SF and Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument (as measure of positive mental health) than between MHC-SF and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (as measure of mental illness and distress) yielded support for external validity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the main findings of this study are in line with studies from other countries that evaluated the psychometric properties of the MHC-SF and show that this instrument, that includes the three core components of the WHO definition of mental health, is useful in assessing positive adolescent mental health also in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Tomson
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jizhi Guo
- School of Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Xiangyun Li
- School of Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Christina Keller
- Jönköping University, International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Söderqvist
- Center for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County hospital, Västerås, Sweden. .,Competence Center for Health, County Council of Västmanland, Västerås Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.
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Wu WW, Tsai SY, Liang SY, Liu CY, Jou ST, Berry DL. The Mediating Role of Resilience on Quality of Life and Cancer Symptom Distress in Adolescent Patients With Cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2015; 32:304-13. [PMID: 25612835 DOI: 10.1177/1043454214563758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cancer symptom distress and resilience contribute to quality of life (QoL) in adolescent cancer and may potentially help these patients achieve better health-related outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe cancer symptom distress, QoL, and resilience in adolescents with cancer and to determine whether resilience is a mediating variable. Forty adolescent cancer patients were recruited, and data were collected via a demographic questionnaire, the Cancer Symptom Distress Scale, the Resilience Scale, and the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Scale. Pearson's correlation, multiple regressions, and the Sobel test were conducted. Both resilience and cancer symptom distress were regressed against QoL, accounting for 62.1% of observed variation in QoL scores. The bootstrap result estimated the true indirect effect between -.0189 and -.0024, with a 95% confidence interval. Resilience mediates the relationship between cancer symptom distress and QoL. Clinical use of a resilience measure, for example to use in developing and evaluating interventions focused on enhancing resilience, may be practical for nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Wu
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Yuan Liang
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee Y, Lim MC, Son Y, Joo J, Park K, Kim JS, Lee DO, Park SY. Development and evaluation of Korean version of Quality of Sexual Function (QSF-K) in healthy Korean women. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:758-63. [PMID: 24932074 PMCID: PMC4055806 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.6.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was done to develop a Korean version of the Quality of Sexual Function (QSF-K) and evaluate the validity and reliability of the QSF-K. The participants were 220 women who visited the Center for Uterine Cancer at the National Cancer Center in Korea. Participants completed the scale once and then again at a two to four week interval. The QSF-K, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30) were used in this study. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Cronbach's alpha were analyzed. In the analysis of the reliability, Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 and the ICC was 0.70. The validity measured with the AUC of the QSF-K comparing the FSFI and Global Health/QOL of the EORTC-QLQ-C30 was 0.717 and 0.728, respectively. Specifically, the AUC of the sexual activity level of the QSF-K was 0.838 in the FSFI comparison. The AUC of the psycho-somatic QOL of the QSF-K was 0.758 in the Global Health/QOL of the EORTC-QLQ-C30 comparison. Approximately half of the women (51.8%) had mild complaints/problems. The Korean version of the QSF was developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Lee
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Myong Cheol Lim
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Gynecologic Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yedong Son
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jungnam Joo
- Biometric Research Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - KiByung Park
- Biometric Research Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Sup Kim
- Korean Language and Literature, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ock Lee
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Gynecologic Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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