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Ahmad F, Singh G, Soni H, Tandon S. Identification of potential neuroprotective compound from
Ganoderma lucidum
extract targeting microtubule affinity regulation kinase 4 involved in Alzheimer's disease through molecular dynamics simulation and
MMGBSA. Aging Med (Milton) 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Jamia Hamdard University Delhi India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Section of Microbiology, Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi India
| | - Hemant Soni
- Section of Microbiology, Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Smriti Tandon
- Section of Microbiology, Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
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2
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Ahmad F, Sachdeva P. A consolidated review on stem cell therapy for treatment and management of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:182-190. [PMID: 36247342 PMCID: PMC9549310 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and affects around 50 million people around the globe. AD is diagnosed mainly through imaging techniques and to date only five drugs are approved for management of AD but no promising treatment is available for AD. So in this review, we are focusing on stem cell therapy for AD. This review will cover all stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and neural stem cells. Clinical trials of AD have also been discussed. Finally, limitations of stem cells are discussed with ongoing clinical trials, and in the future stem cell therapy can be used for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Jamia Hamdard University Delhi India
| | - Punya Sachdeva
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences Amity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
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3
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Jung ES, Suh K, Han J, Kim H, Kang H, Choi W, Mook‐Jung I. Amyloid-β activates NLRP3 inflammasomes by affecting microglial immunometabolism through the Syk-AMPK pathway. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13623. [PMID: 35474599 PMCID: PMC9124305 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered one of major factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, inflammasome activation, including NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia, is regarded as fundamental for the pro-inflammatory response of immune cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism through which the NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with AD pathologies remains unclear. Here, we show that amyloid-β activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia by activating Syk and inhibiting AMPK. Deactivated AMPK induces metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species formation, leading to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, flufenamic acid (FA), a member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, was found to effectively inhibit activation of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome by regulating Syk and AMPK. Importantly, FA has marked therapeutic effects on major AD pathologies and memory function in vivo in microglia-dependent way. All together, these findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation by amyloid-β, which acts as an important mediator of neuroinflammation. Also, we suggest that repurposing of FA for inhibiting microglial activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Kyujin Suh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Jihui Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Heyyoung Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology College of Natural Sciences Chonnam National University Gwangju Korea
| | - Hyung‐Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology College of Natural Sciences Chonnam National University Gwangju Korea
| | - Won‐Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology College of Natural Sciences Chonnam National University Gwangju Korea
| | - Inhee Mook‐Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- SNU Dementia Research Center College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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4
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Uddin MS, Rahman MM, Jakaria M, Rahman MS, Hossain MS, Islam A, Ahmed M, Mathew B, Omar UM, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Estrogen Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2654-2670. [PMID: 32297302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial physiological function in the brain; however, debates exist concerning the role of estrogens in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Women during pre-, peri-, or menopause periods are more susceptible for developing AD, suggesting the connection of sex factors and a decreased estrogen signaling in AD pathogenesis. Yet, the underlying mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection is unclarified and is complicated by the existence of estrogen-related factors. Consequently, a deeper analysis of estrogen receptor (ER) expression and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes could interpret the importance of estrogen in age-linked cognitive alterations. Previous studies propose that hormone replacement therapy may attenuate AD onset in postmenopausal women, demonstrating that estrogen signaling is important for the development and progression of AD. For example, ERα exerts neuroprotection against AD by maintaining intracellular signaling cascades and study reported reduced expression of ERα in hippocampal neurons of AD patients. Similarly, reduced expression of ERβ in female AD patients has been associated with abnormal function in mitochondria and improved markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the critical interaction between estrogen signaling and AD. Moreover, we highlight the potential of targeting estrogen-related signaling for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Motiar Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Sohanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Md Sarwar Hossain
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Ulfat Mohammed Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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5
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJB, Cheng YC, Yen C, Lin CH, Chen SJ, Huang RN. Nanogold Neuroprotection in Human Neural Stem Cells Against Amyloid-beta-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Neuroscience 2020; 435:44-57. [PMID: 32229231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neuronal dementia with progressive memory loss. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides has major effect in the neurodegenerative disorder, which are thought to promote mitochondrial dysfunction in AD brains. Anti-AD drugs acting upon the brain are generally difficult to develop, often cause serious side effects or lack therapeutic efficacy. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial therapeutic applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including for neuroprotective events and AD. The aim of this study is to understand how AuNPs could exert their neuroprotective role in AD, for which cell model have chosen human neural stem cells (hNSCs) as the experimental tool. We hypothesize AuNPs protect against Aβ-induced cellular impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction in hNSCs. Here, we show AuNPs increase the survival of hNSCs treated with Aβ via downregulation of caspase 3 and 9 activities. Moreover, AuNPs abrogated the Aβ-mediated decrease neuroprotective (CREB and Bcl-2) and mitochondrial (PGC1α, NRF-1 and Tfam) gene expressions in treated hNSCs. Importantly, co-treatment with AuNPs significantly rescued hNSCs from Aβ-mediated mitochondrial function and morphology. AuNPs also significantly normalizes the immunostaining of mitochondrial marker and mass in differentiated hNSCs with Aβ. The effects may be exerted by the AuNPs, as supported by its protective reversal of Aβ-induced cellular impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction in hNSCs. In fact, the results presented extend our understanding of the mechanisms through which AuNPs could exert their neuroprotective role in hNSCs treated with Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiahui Yen
- Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Tu Y, Wu C, Kang Y, Li Q, Zhu C, Li Y. Bioactivity-guided identification of flavonoids with cholinesterase and β-amyloid peptide aggregation inhibitory effects from the seeds of Millettia pachycarpa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1194-1198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shin SJ, Jeong YO, Jeon SG, Kim S, Lee SK, Nam Y, Park YH, Kim D, Lee YS, Choi HS, Kim JI, Kim JJ, Moon M. Jowiseungchungtang Inhibits Amyloid-β Aggregation and Amyloid-β-Mediated Pathology in 5XFAD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4026. [PMID: 30551564 PMCID: PMC6321192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is accompanied by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. Although a number of trials to treat AD are in progress, there are no drugs available that inhibit the progression of AD. As the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is considered to be the major pathology of AD, inhibition of Aβ aggregation could be an effective strategy for AD treatment. Jowiseungchungtang (JWS) is a traditional oriental herbal formulation that has been shown to improve cognitive function in patients or animal models with dementia. However, there are no reports examining the effects of JWS on Aβ aggregation. Thus, we investigated whether JWS could protect against both Aβ aggregates and Aβ-mediated pathology such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and impaired adult neurogenesis in 5 five familial Alzheimer's disease mutations (5XFAD) mice, an animal model for AD. In an in vitro thioflavin T assay, JWS showed a remarkable anti-Aβ aggregation effect. Histochemical analysis indicated that JWS had inhibitory effects on Aβ aggregation, Aβ-induced pathologies, and improved adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest the therapeutic possibility of JWS for AD targeting Aβ aggregation, Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yu-On Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Dabi Kim
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Youn Seok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Geosan, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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8
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Masoumi J, Abbasloui M, Parvan R, Mohammadnejad D, Pavon-Djavid G, Barzegari A, Abdolalizadeh J. Apelin, a promising target for Alzheimer disease prevention and treatment. Neuropeptides 2018; 70:76-86. [PMID: 29807653 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with high outbreak rates. It is estimated that about 35 million individuals around the world suffered from dementia in 2010. AD is expected to increase twofold every 20 years and, by 2030, approximately 65 million people could suffer from this illness. AD is determined clinically by a cognitive impairment and pathologically by the production of amyloid beta (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, toxic free radicals and inflammatory mediators in the brain. There is still no treatment to cure or even alter the progressive course of this disease; however, many new therapies are being investigated and are at various stages of clinical trials. Neuropeptides are signaling molecules used by neurons to communicate with each other. One of the important neuropeptides is apelin, which can be isolated from bovine stomach. Apelin and its receptor APJ have been shown to broadly disseminate in the neurons and oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system. Apelin-13 is known to be the predominant neuropeptide in neuroprotection. It is involved in the processes of memory and learning as well as the prevention of neuronal damage. Studies have shown that apelin can directly or indirectly prevent the production of Aβ and reduce its amounts by increasing its degradation. Phosphorylation and accumulation of tau protein may also be inhibited by apelin. Apelin is considered as an anti-inflammatory agent by preventing the production of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha. It has been shown that in vivo and in vitro anti-apoptotic effects of apelin have prevented the death of neurons. In this review, we describe the various functions of apelin associated with AD and present an integrated overview of recent findings that, in general, recommend apelin as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of this ailment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Masoumi
- Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Abbasloui
- Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Parvan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Centre for Pharmaceotical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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9
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Hassan M, Abbas Q, Seo SY, Shahzadi S, Ashwal HA, Zaki N, Iqbal Z, Moustafa AA. Computational modeling and biomarker studies of pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:639-655. [PMID: 29845262 PMCID: PMC6059694 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. In order to understand the genetic influence in the progression of AD, and to identify novel pharmaceutical agents and their associated targets, the present study discusses computational modeling and biomarker evaluation approaches. Based on mechanistic signaling pathway approaches, various computational models, including biochemical and morphological models, are discussed to explore the strategies that may be used to target AD treatment. Different biomarkers are interpreted on the basis of morphological and functional features of amyloid β plaques and unstable microtubule‑associated tau protein, which is involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, imaging and cerebrospinal fluids are also considered to be key methods in the identification of novel markers for AD. In conclusion, the present study reviews various biochemical and morphological computational models and biomarkers to interpret novel targets and agonists for the treatment of AD. This review also highlights several therapeutic targets and their associated signaling pathways in AD, which may have potential to be used in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with AD. Computational modeling approaches may aid the quest for the development of AD treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Virtual University Davis Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zeeshan Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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10
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Kim H, Wang X, Jin P. Developing DNA methylation-based diagnostic biomarkers. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:87-97. [PMID: 29496486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An emerging paradigm shift for disease diagnosis is to rely on molecular characterization beyond traditional clinical and symptom-based examinations. Although genetic alterations and transcription signature were first introduced as potential biomarkers, clinical implementations of these markers are limited due to low reproducibility and accuracy. Instead, epigenetic changes are considered as an alternative approach to disease diagnosis. Complex epigenetic regulation is required for normal biological functions and it has been shown that distinctive epigenetic disruptions could contribute to disease pathogenesis. Disease-specific epigenetic changes, especially DNA methylation, have been observed, suggesting its potential as disease biomarkers for diagnosis. In addition to specificity, the feasibility of detecting disease-associated methylation marks in the biological specimens collected noninvasively, such as blood samples, has driven the clinical studies to validate disease-specific DNA methylation changes as a diagnostic biomarker. Here, we highlight the advantages of DNA methylation signature for diagnosis in different diseases and discuss the statistical and technical challenges to be overcome before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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11
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Tu Y, Huang J, Li Y. Anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and beta-amyloid aggregation inhibitory constituents from Cremastra appendiculata. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Jan AT, Azam M, Rahman S, Almigeiti AMS, Choi DH, Lee EJ, Haq QMR, Choi I. Perspective Insights into Disease Progression, Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Judicious Update. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:356. [PMID: 29163138 PMCID: PMC5671974 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid fibrils and abnormal tau proteins in and outside of neurons. Representing a common form of dementia, aggravation of AD with age increases the morbidity rate among the elderly. Although, mutations in the ApoE4 act as potent risk factors for sporadic AD, familial AD arises through malfunctioning of APP, PSEN-1, and−2 genes. AD progresses through accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in brain, which interfere with neuronal communication. Cellular stress that arises through mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum malfunction, and autophagy contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of AD. With high accuracy in disease diagnostics, Aβ deposition and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are useful core biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients. Although five drugs are approved for treatment in AD, their failures in achieving complete disease cure has shifted studies toward a series of molecules capable of acting against Aβ and p-tau. Failure of biologics or compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in most cases advocates development of an efficient drug delivery system. Though liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are widely adopted for drug delivery modules, their use in delivering drugs across the BBB has been overtaken by exosomes, owing to their promising results in reducing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Angham M S Almigeiti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Duk Hwan Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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13
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Bokare AM, Praveenkumar AK, Bhonde M, Nayak Y, Pal R, Goel R. 5-HT6 Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Against β-Amyloid-Peptide-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC-12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1571-1579. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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1H-benzimidazole derivatives as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: synthesis and molecular modeling studies. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Declercq LD, Vandenberghe R, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Drug Development in Alzheimer's Disease: The Contribution of PET and SPECT. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:88. [PMID: 27065872 PMCID: PMC4814730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials aiming to develop disease-altering drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder with devastating consequences, are failing at an alarming rate. Poorly defined inclusion-and outcome criteria, due to a limited amount of objective biomarkers, is one of the major concerns. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, positron emission tomography and single photon emission (computed) tomography (PET and SPE(C)T), allow visualization and quantification of a wide variety of (patho)physiological processes and allow early (differential) diagnosis in many disorders. PET and SPECT have the ability to provide biomarkers that permit spatial assessment of pathophysiological molecular changes and therefore objectively evaluate and follow up therapeutic response, especially in the brain. A number of specific PET/SPECT biomarkers used in support of emerging clinical therapies in AD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven D Declercq
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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17
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Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease in clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:127-38. [PMID: 26721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be the most common cause of dementia and is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Current treatment of the disease, essentially symptomatic, is based on three cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, affecting the glutamatergic system. Since 2003, no new drugs have been approved for treatment of AD. This article presents current directions in the search for novel, potentially effective agents for the treatment of AD, as well as selected promising treatment strategies. These include agents acting upon the beta-amyloid, such as vaccines, antibodies and inhibitors or modulators of γ- and β-secretase; agents directed against the tau protein as well as compounds acting as antagonists of neurotransmitter systems (serotoninergic 5-HT6 and histaminergic H3). Ongoing clinical trials with Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, gantenerumab, crenezumab) seem to be promising, while vaccines against the tau protein (AADvac1 and ACI-35) are now in early-stage trials. Interesting results have also been achieved in trials involving small molecules such as inhibitors of β-secretase (MK-8931, E2609), a combination of 5-HT6 antagonist (idalopirdine) with donepezil, inhibition of advanced glycation end product receptors by azeliragon or modulation of the acetylcholine response of α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by encenicline. Development of new effective drugs acting upon the central nervous system is usually a difficult and time-consuming process, and in the case of AD to-date clinical trials have had a very high failure rate. Most phase II clinical trials ending with a positive outcome do not succeed in phase III, often due to serious adverse effects or lack of therapeutic efficacy.
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Immunotherapy Applied to Neuropsychiatric Disorders: a New Perspective of Treatment. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:139-41. [PMID: 26026601 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the immunological system has lead to groundbreaking discoveries that have had deep impact in demographic and health worldwide. Newer research has made it clear that immunological treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases may present itself as a viable solution to many ailments. In this mini-review, results of immunotherapeutic studies are presented, indicating that this field may be important in elucidating the etiology of many neurological conditions, and presenting a therapeutic alternative to current treatments.
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Drug Access to the Central Nervous System in Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Insights. Pharm Res 2014; 32:819-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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