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Fok L, Erko B, Brett-Major D, Animut A, Broadhurst MJ, Dai D, Linville J, Levecke B, Negash Y, Degarege A. Evaluating the Performance of FlukeCatcher at Detecting Urogenital Schistosomiasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1037. [PMID: 38786335 PMCID: PMC11119622 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Urine filtration microscopy (UFM) lacks sensitivity in detecting low-intensity Schistosoma haematobium infections. In pursuit of a superior alternative, this study evaluated the performance of FlukeCatcher microscopy (FCM) at detecting S. haematobium eggs in human urine samples. Urine samples were collected from 572 school-age children in Afar, Ethiopia in July 2023 and examined using UFM and FCM approaches. Using the combined UFM and FCM results as a reference, the sensitivity, negative predictive value, and agreement levels for the two testing methods in detecting S. haematobium eggs in urine samples were calculated. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of detecting S. haematobium eggs in urine samples for FCM was 84% and 97%, respectively, compared to 65% and 93% for UFM. The FCM test results had an agreement of 61% with the UFM results, compared to 90% with the combined results of FCM and UFM. However, the average egg count estimates were lower when using FCM (6.6 eggs per 10 mL) compared to UFM (14.7 eggs per 10 mL) (p < 0.0001). Incorporating FCM into specimen processing could improve the diagnosis of S. haematobium infection but may underperform in characterizing the intensity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Fok
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.F.); (D.B.-M.)
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (B.E.); (A.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - David Brett-Major
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.F.); (D.B.-M.)
| | - Abebe Animut
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (B.E.); (A.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - M. Jana Broadhurst
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Daisy Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - John Linville
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Yohannes Negash
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (B.E.); (A.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.F.); (D.B.-M.)
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Vaillant MT, Philippy F, Neven A, Barré J, Bulaev D, Olliaro PL, Utzinger J, Keiser J, Garba AT. Diagnostic tests for human Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e366-e378. [PMID: 38467130 PMCID: PMC10990967 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis is pivotal for implementing strategies for surveillance, control, and elimination of schistosomiasis. Despite their low sensitivity in low-endemicity areas, microscopy-based urine filtration and the Kato-Katz technique are considered as reference diagnostic tests for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections, respectively. We aimed to collate all available evidence on the accuracy of other proposed diagnostic techniques. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and LILACS for studies published from database inception to Dec 31, 2022, investigating the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for S haematobium and S mansoni infections against Kato-Katz thick smears or urine microscopy (reference tests) involving adults (aged ≥18 years), school-aged children (aged 7 to 18 years), or preschool-aged children (aged 1 month to 7 years). We extracted raw data on true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives for the diagnostic tests and data on the number of participants, study authors, publication year, journal, study design, participants' age and sex, prevalence of Schistosoma infection, and treatment status. To account for imperfect reference tests, we used a hierarchical Bayesian latent class meta-analysis to model test accuracy. FINDINGS Overall, we included 121 studies, assessing 28 different diagnostic techniques. Most studies (103 [85%] of 121) were done in Africa, 14 (12%) in South America, one (1%) in Asia, and one (1%) in an unknown country. Compared with the reference test, Kato-Katz thick smears, circulating cathodic antigen urine cassette assay version 1 (CCA1, 36 test comparisons) had excellent sensitivity (95% [95% credible interval 88-99]) and reasonable specificity (74% [63-83]) for S mansoni. ELISA-based tests had a performance comparable to circulating cathodic antigen, but there were few available test comparisons. For S haematobium, proteinuria (42 test comparisons, sensitivity 73% [62-82]; specificity 94% [89-98]) and haematuria (75 test comparisons, sensitivity 85% [80-90]; specificity 96% [92-99]) reagent strips showed high specificity, with haematuria reagent strips having better sensitivity. Despite limited data, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs; eg, PCR or loop-mediated isothermal amplification [LAMP]) showed promising results with sensitivity estimates above 90%. We found an unclear risk of bias of about 70% in the use of the reference or index tests and of 50% in patient selection. All analyses showed substantial heterogeneity (I2>80%). INTERPRETATION Although NAATs and immunological diagnostics show promise, the limited information available precludes drawing definitive conclusions. Additional research on diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness is needed before the replacement of conventional tests can be considered. FUNDING WHO and Luxembourg Institute of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel T Vaillant
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Fred Philippy
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; Zortify, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anouk Neven
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica Barré
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg; Luxembourg National Office of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Dmitry Bulaev
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Piero L Olliaro
- International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou T Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hu S, Jiang X, Yang L, Tang X, Yang G, Hu Y, Wang J, Lu N. A Miniature Biomedical Sensor for Rapid Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Antibodies. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:831. [PMID: 37622917 PMCID: PMC10452731 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, typically characterized by chronic infection in endemic regions, has the potential to affect liver tissue and pose a serious threat to human health. Detecting and screening for this disease early on is crucial for its prevention and control. However, existing methods encounter challenges such as low sensitivity, time-consuming processes, and complex sample handling. To address these challenges, we report a soluble egg antigen (SEA)-based functionalized gridless and meander-type AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) sensor for the highly sensitive detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum. Immobilization of the self-assembled membrane on the gate surface was verified using a semiconductor parameter analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The developed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance in detecting anti-SEA, exhibiting a linear concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL and a sensitivity of 0.058 mA/log (ng/mL). It also exhibits similar excellent performance in serum systems. With advantages such as rapid detection, high sensitivity, miniaturization, and label-free operation, this biosensor can fulfill the requirements for blood defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xuecheng Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xue Tang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guofeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Jie Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Naiyan Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (S.H.); (X.J.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (G.Y.)
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Hong ST. Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1670. [PMID: 37629527 PMCID: PMC10456001 DOI: 10.3390/life13081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is one of neglected tropical diseases that remain highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Human schistosomiasis is mainly caused by two species, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, leading to urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, respectively. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel as the primary method of global intervention. Currently, MDA with praziquantel covers over half of the target population in endemic SSA countries. However, an accurate diagnosis is crucial for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of MDA. The standard diagnosis of both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis relies on the microscopic identification of eggs. However, the diagnostic sensitivity of this approach is low, especially for light or ultra-light infections. This is because Schistosoma eggs are laid inside of the venous plexus of the urinary bladder or mesenteric vein, where the adult flukes live. Approximately half of the eggs circulate in the blood vessels or are packed in neighboring tissues, while the remaining half are expelled into the lumen of the urinary bladder or intestine intermittently when the blood vessels are ruptured. In the field setting, the accuracy of any diagnostic method is critical for proper management of the intervention. The present article reviews the recent prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in SSA and highlights the practical limitations of diagnostic methods such as urine microscopy, urine reagent strips, molecular diagnosis, and ultrasound scanning in the field setting. Despite continuous global efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis over the past 20 years, many areas still remain endemic in SSA. No single diagnostic approach achieves acceptable sensitivity and specificity in the field setting. Therefore, any field survey should employ a combination of these methods based on the purpose of the study to accurately monitor and evaluate urogenital schistosomiasis. Based on diagnostic values and a cost-benefit analysis, a urine reagent strip test can replace urine microscopy in the field setting. The WHO criteria by ultrasound diagnosis should be updated including the echogenic snow sign and contour distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tae Hong
- Graduate School of International Development, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Accuracy of Three Serological Techniques for the Diagnosis of Imported Schistosomiasis in Real Clinical Practice: Not All in the Same Boat. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020073. [PMID: 36828489 PMCID: PMC9959247 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease despite of being a major public health problem affecting nearly 240 million people in the world. Due to the migratory flow from endemic countries to Western countries, an increasing number of cases is being diagnosed in non-endemic areas, generally in migrants or people visiting these areas. Serology is the recommended method for screening and diagnosis of schistosomiasis in migrants from endemic regions. However, serological techniques have a highly variable sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the sensitivity of three different serological tests used in real clinical practice for the screening and diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan migrant patients, using the detection of schistosome eggs in urine, faeces or tissues as the gold standard. We evaluated three different serological techniques in 405 sub-Saharan patients with confirmed schistosomiasis treated between 2004 and 2022: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) and an immunochromatographic test (ICT). The overall sensitivity values obtained with the different techniques were: 44.4% for IHA, 71.2% for ELISA and 94.7% for ICT, respectively. According to species, ICT showed the highest sensitivity (S. haematobium: 94%, S. mansoni: 93.3%; and S. intercalatum/guineensis: 100%). In conclusion, our study shows that Schistosoma ICT has the best performance in real clinical practice, when compared to ELISA and IHA, in both S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections.
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Ndolo SM, Zachariah M, Molefi L, Phaladze N, Sichilongo KF. Mass spectrometry based metabolomics for small molecule metabolites mining and confirmation as potential biomarkers for schistosomiasis - case of the Okavango Delta communities in Botswana. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 19:61-71. [PMID: 34846232 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2012454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics for identifying schistosomiasis biomarkers in noninvasive samples at various infection stages is being actively explored. The literature on the traditional detection of schistosomiasis in human specimens is well documented. However, state-of-the-art technologies based on mass spectrometry have simplified the use of biomarkers for diagnostics. This review examines methods currently in use for the metabolomics of small molecules using separation science and mass spectrometry. AREA COVERED This article highlights the evolution of traditional diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis based on inter alia microscopy, immunology, and polymerase chain reaction. An exhaustive literature search of metabolite mining, focusing on separation science and mass spectrometry, is presented. A comparative analysis of mass spectrometry methods was undertaken, including a projection for the future. EXPERT COMMENTARY Mass spectrometry metabolomics for schistosomiasis will lead to biomarker discovery for noninvasive human samples. These biomarkers, together with those from other neglected tropical diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness, could be incorporated as arrays on a single biosensor chip and inserted into smartphones, in order to improve surveillance, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedireng M Ndolo
- College of Open Schooling, Botswana Open University, Gaborone Regional Campus, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Matshediso Zachariah
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lebotse Molefi
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nthabiseng Phaladze
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kwenga F Sichilongo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
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Adhesion-Regulating Molecule from Haemonchus contortus: Potential Antigen for Diagnosis of Early Infection in Goats. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010034. [PMID: 31905914 PMCID: PMC7168579 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-sucking nematode of ruminants, causes large economic losses worldwide. Diagnosis of infection mainly depends on the evaluation of clinical signs and fecal examination. However, this has limitations for the diagnosis of early or light infections, where serological diagnosis seems to be more accurate and reliable. In this study, the recombinant H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule protein (rHCADRM) was expressed and purified, and its diagnostic potential was evaluated. Serum samples from goats experimentally infected with H. contortus (n = 5) were collected at 0 (before infection, negative control), 7, 14, 21, 35, 49, 63, 85, and 103 days post-infection (DPI). The reactions between rHcADRM and goat serum were tested using Western blot (WB) analysis. The results show that rHcADRM can be recognized in the serum as early as 14 DPI, and the antibody against rHcADRM in infected goat could be maintained for over 89 days. No reaction was found between rHcADRM and antibodies against Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica, or Toxoplasma gondii. An indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on rHcADRM. The optimal coating antigen (279 ng of rHcADRM/well) and serum dilutions (1:50) were determined by checkerboard titration. A total of 64 serum samples, including 32 from H. contortus infection goats and 32 from helminth-free goats, were used to determine the positive (0.362) and negative (0.306) cut-off values for the ELISA. The results show this serological diagnosis method is highly sensitive (90.6%) and specific (93.75%). The coefficient of variation within run and between runs was less than 11%. To apply this indirect ELISA during field examination, 51 serum samples were randomly collected from goat farms and tested using this method. The result showed that 19.6% (10/51) of goats were infected with H. contortus, which was 100% consistent with the necropsy result, higher than that of fecal examination (15.7%, 8/51). These results indicate that rHcADRM could be a potential antigen for diagnosis of H. contortus infection in goats.
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An update on non-invasive urine diagnostics for human-infecting parasitic helminths: what more could be done and how? Parasitology 2019; 147:873-888. [PMID: 31831084 PMCID: PMC7284843 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reliable diagnosis of human helminth infection(s) is essential for ongoing disease surveillance and disease elimination. Current WHO-recommended diagnostic assays are unreliable in low-endemic near-elimination settings and typically involve the invasive, onerous and potentially hazardous sampling of bodily fluids such as stool and blood, as well as tissue via biopsy. In contrast, diagnosis by use of non-invasive urine sampling is generally painless, more convenient and low risk. It negates the need for specialist staff, can usually be obtained immediately upon request and is better accepted by patients. In some instances, urine-based diagnostic assays have also been shown to provide a more reliable diagnosis of infection when compared to traditional methods that require alternative and more invasive bodily samples, particularly in low-endemicity settings. Given these relative benefits, we identify and review current research literature to evaluate whether non-invasive urine sampling is currently exploited to its full potential in the development of diagnostic tools for human helminthiases. Though further development, assessment and validation are needed before their routine use in control programmes, low-cost, rapid and reliable assays capable of detecting transrenal helminth-derived antigens and cell-free DNA show excellent promise for future use at the point-of-care in high-, medium- and even low-endemicity elimination settings.
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Naqvi MAUH, Jamil T, Naqvi SZ, Memon MA, Aimulajiang K, Aleem MT, Ehsan M, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Immunodiagnostic potential of recombinant tropomyosin during prepatent Haemonchus contortus infection in goat. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:197-204. [PMID: 31816502 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excretory and secretory products (ESPs) are released by the parasites during Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) infection. In this study, Tropomyosin (TpMy), one of these ESPs was used to develop western blotting and optimized Enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of H. contortus during early infection in goat. Microscopic examination was performed parallel for comparison. Recombinant tropomyosin protein was purified successfully. Western blotting results revealed that anti-recombinant H. contortus Tropomyosin (rHc-TpMy) antibodies could recognize the natural proteinand rHc-TpMy antigen did not show any cross-reaction with goat anti-sera of Fasciola hepatica, Trichinella spiralis, and Toxoplasma gondii. Moreover, initial antibodies were detected by both western blotting and indirect ELISA at 14 days post infection (DPI) and persisted till 30 DPI but fecal eggs count couldn't detect the eggs in feces at early stage (7 and 14 DPI). The optimized antigen coating concentration was calculated as 10 μg/ml (P/N Optimum Density450 = 4.165) with optimized dilution of serum (1:50) and secondary antibody (1:2500). Positive and negative cutoff value of the indirect-ELISA assay was calculated as 0.392 and 0.344, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis validated the cutoff value (0.392) based on a high specificity and sensitivity. Indirect ELISA showed 90% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% diagnostic specificity. In comparison of serological and conventional method, rHc-TpMy based indirect ELISA showed more positive results (30%; 9/30) than microscopic examination (20%; 6/30). These results demonstrated that rHc-TpMy is a potential immunodiagnostic antigen to detect specific antibodies at early stage of infection in goat and serological methods are more reliable as compared to microscopic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Tahseen Jamil
- Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Zahra Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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Sotillo J, Pearson MS, Becker L, Mekonnen GG, Amoah AS, van Dam G, Corstjens PLAM, Murray J, Mduluza T, Mutapi F, Loukas A. In-depth proteomic characterization of Schistosoma haematobium: Towards the development of new tools for elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007362. [PMID: 31091291 PMCID: PMC6538189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease affecting hundreds of millions worldwide. Of the three main species affecting humans, Schistosoma haematobium is the most common, and is the leading cause of urogenital schistosomiasis. S. haematobium infection can cause different urogenital clinical complications, particularly in the bladder, and furthermore, this parasite has been strongly linked with squamous cell carcinoma. A comprehensive analysis of the molecular composition of its different proteomes will contribute to developing new tools against this devastating disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS By combining a comprehensive protein fractionation approach consisting of OFFGEL electrophoresis with high-throughput mass spectrometry, we have performed the first in-depth characterisation of the different discrete proteomes of S. haematobium that are predicted to interact with human host tissues, including the secreted and tegumental proteomes of adult flukes and secreted and soluble egg proteomes. A total of 662, 239, 210 and 138 proteins were found in the adult tegument, adult secreted, soluble egg and secreted egg proteomes, respectively. In addition, we probed these distinct proteomes with urine to assess urinary antibody responses from naturally infected human subjects with different infection intensities, and identified adult fluke secreted and tegument extracts as being the best predictors of infection. CONCLUSION We provide a comprehensive dataset of proteins from the adult and egg stages of S. haematobium and highlight their utility as diagnostic markers of infection intensity. Protein composition was markedly different between the different extracts, highlighting the distinct subsets of proteins that different development stages present in their different niches. Furthermore, we have identified adult fluke ES and tegument extracts as best predictors of infection using urine antibodies of naturally infected people. This study provides the first steps towards the development of novel tools to control this important neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Laboratorio de Referencia en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark S. Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gebeyaw G. Mekonnen
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abena S. Amoah
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
- TIBA Partnership, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- TIBA Partnership, NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Zimbabwe
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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Forson PO, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Ahenkorah J, Aryee R, Okine EN, Afutu E, Djameh GI, Agyapong J, Anang AK, Ayeh-Kumi PF. Ability of Vital and Fluorescent Staining in the Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium Live and Dead Eggs. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7040064. [PMID: 31018598 PMCID: PMC6524036 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports (for the first time) the staining ability of vital (0.4% trypan blue and 1% neutral red) and fluorescent (Hoechst 33258) dyes to differentiate between live and dead Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs in human urine samples. Since S. haematobium egg is important in disease pathology, diagnosis, transmission, and drug development research, it is essential to be able to easily distinguish live eggs from dead ones. Staining is considered a way of enhancing the identification of live and dead eggs. Urine samples from school children were examined for the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Vital and fluorescent dyes were used to stain the samples that contained S. haematobium eggs, after which they were observed using light and fluorescent microscopes, respectively. The Hoechst 33258 provided a good staining outcome for differentiation between live and dead eggs, followed by 0.4% Trypan blue. Regarding the 1% neutral red stain, even though it provided some evidence of which egg was alive or dead, the distinction was not very clear; therefore, it could be useful when used in combination with other stains for egg viability determination. The benefits of this study will include assessing the effect of drugs on S. haematobium eggs in Schistosomiasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Forson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Patience B Tetteh-Quarcoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - John Ahenkorah
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Robert Aryee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Esther N Okine
- Central Laboratory Services, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-Bu, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Emmanuel Afutu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Georgina I Djameh
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Jeffrey Agyapong
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Abraham K Anang
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
| | - Patrick F Ayeh-Kumi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra 233, Ghana.
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