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Aparici-Herraiz I, Gualdrón-López M, Castro-Cavadía CJ, Carmona-Fonseca J, Yasnot MF, Fernandez-Becerra C, del Portillo HA. Antigen Discovery in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles From Plasmodium vivax Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:811390. [PMID: 35141172 PMCID: PMC8819181 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.811390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite with 7 million annual clinical cases and 2.5 billion people living under risk of infection. There is an urgent need to discover new antigens for vaccination as only two vaccine candidates are currently in clinical trials. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles involved in intercellular communication and initially described in reticulocytes, the host cell of P. vivax, as a selective disposal mechanism of the transferrin receptor (CD71) in the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes. We have recently reported the proteomics identification of P. vivax proteins associated to circulating EVs in P. vivax patients using size exclusion chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (MS). Parasite proteins were detected in only two out of ten patients. To increase the MS signal, we have implemented the direct immuno-affinity capture (DIC) technique to enrich in EVs derived from CD71-expressing cells. Remarkably, we identified parasite proteins in all patients totaling 48 proteins and including several previously identified P. vivax vaccine candidate antigens (MSP1, MSP3, MSP7, MSP9, Serine-repeat antigen 1, and HSP70) as well as membrane, cytosolic and exported proteins. Notably, a member of the Plasmodium helical interspersed sub-telomeric (PHIST-c) family and a member of the Plasmodium exported proteins, were detected in five out of six analyzed patients. Humoral immune response analysis using sera from vivax patients confirmed the antigenicity of the PHIST-c protein. Collectively, we showed that enrichment of EVs by CD71-DIC from plasma of patients, allows a robust identification of P. vivax immunogenic proteins. This study represents a significant advance in identifying new antigens for vaccination against this human malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaime Carmona-Fonseca
- Grupo de Salud y Comunidad Cesar Uribe Piedrahíta, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, ; Hernando A. del Portillo,
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, ; Hernando A. del Portillo,
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Yerlikaya S, Owusu EDA, Frimpong A, DeLisle RK, Ding XC. A Dual, Systematic Approach to Malaria Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:40-51. [PMID: 34718455 PMCID: PMC8752250 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that lack HRP2/3 proteins and the resulting decreased utility of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) prompted the World Health Organization and other global health stakeholders to prioritize the discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers for malaria. Methods To address this pressing need, we adopted a dual, systematic approach by conducting a systematic review of the literature for publications on diagnostic biomarkers for uncomplicated malaria and a systematic in silico analysis of P. falciparum proteomics data for Plasmodium proteins with favorable diagnostic features. Results Our complementary analyses led us to 2 novel malaria diagnostic biomarkers compatible for use in an RDT format: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. Conclusions Overall, our results pave the way for the development of next-generation malaria RDTs based on new antigens by identifying 2 lead candidates with favorable diagnostic features and partially de-risked product development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yerlikaya
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ewurama D A Owusu
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Xavier C Ding
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hemben A, Ashley J, Tothill IE. Development of an Immunosensor for PfHRP 2 as a Biomarker for Malaria Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2017; 7:E28. [PMID: 28718841 DOI: 10.3390/bios7030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP 2) was selected in this work as the biomarker for the detection and diagnosis of malaria. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was first developed to evaluate the immunoreagent’s suitability for the sensor’s development. A gold-based sensor with an integrated counter and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode was first selected and characterised and then used to develop the immunosensor for PfHRP 2, which enables a low cost, easy to use, and sensitive biosensor for malaria diagnosis. The sensor was applied to immobilise the anti-PfHRP 2 monoclonal antibody as the capture receptor. A sandwich ELISA assay format was constructed using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the enzyme label, and the electrochemical signal was generated using a 3, 3′, 5, 5′tetramethyl-benzidine dihydrochloride (TMB)/H2O2 system. The performance of the assay and the sensor were optimised and characterised, achieving a PfHRP 2 limit of detection (LOD) of 2.14 ng·mL−1 in buffer samples and 2.95 ng∙mL−1 in 100% spiked serum samples. The assay signal was then amplified using gold nanoparticles conjugated detection antibody-enzyme and a detection limit of 36 pg∙mL−1 was achieved in buffer samples and 40 pg∙mL−1 in serum samples. This sensor format is ideal for malaria detection and on-site analysis as a point-of-care device (POC) in resource-limited settings where the implementation of malaria diagnostics is essential in control and elimination efforts.
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De Silva JR, Lau YL, Fong MY. Expression and Evaluation of Recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein-3 (MSP-3) for Detection of Human Malaria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158998. [PMID: 27391270 PMCID: PMC4938616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health threat in many parts of the globe and causes high mortality and morbidity with 214 million cases of malaria occurring globally in 2015. Recent studies have outlined potential diagnostic markers and vaccine candidates one of which is the merozoite surface protein (MSP)-3. In this study, novel recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi MSP-3 was cloned, expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli system. Subsequently, the recombinant protein was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity. The recombinant pkMSP-3 protein reacted with sera from patients with P. knowlesi infection in both Western blot (61%) and ELISA (100%). Specificity-wise, pkMSP-3 did not react with healthy donor sera in either assay and only reacted with a few non-malarial parasitic patient sera in the ELISA assay (3 of 49). In conclusion, sensitivity and specificity of pkMSP-3 was found to be high in the ELISA and Western Blot assay and thus utilising both assays in tandem would provide the best sero-diagnostic result for P. knowlesi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ryan De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mun-Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Disease Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Salavatifar M, Zakeri S, Hayati Roodbari N, Djadid ND. High-Level Expression, Purification and Characterization of A Recombinant Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen 1: Implication for vivax Malaria Vaccine Development. Cell J 2015; 17:520-31. [PMID: 26464824 PMCID: PMC4601873 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective The apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is considered as a promising candidate for development of a malaria vaccine against Plasmodium parasites. The correct
conformation of this protein appears to be necessary for the stimulation of parasite-inhibitory responses, and these responses, in turn, seem to be antibody-mediated. Therefore, in
the present investigation, we expressed the Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1) ectodomain in Escherichia coli (E. coli), purified it using standard procedures and characterized
it to determine its biological activities for it to be used as a potential target for developing
a protective and safe vivax malaria vaccine.
Materials and Methods In this experimental investigation, the ectodomain of PvAMA-1 antigen (GenBank accession no. JX624741) was expressed in the E. coli M15pQE30 expression system and purified with immobilized-metal affinity chromatography. The correct conformation of the recombinant protein was evaluated by Western
blotting and indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. In addition, the immunogenic properties of PvAMA-1 were evaluated in BALB/c mice with the purified protein
emulsified in Freund’s adjuvant.
Results In the present study, the PvAMA-1 ectodomain was expressed at a high-level
(65 mg/L) using a bacterial system. Reduced and non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as well as Western blot analysis
confirmed the appropriate conformation and folding of PvAMA-1. The evaluation of
immunogenic properties of PvAMA-1 showed that both T helper-1 and 2 cells (Th1
and Th2) responses were present in mice after three immunizations and persisted up
to one year after the first immunization. Moreover, the antibodies raised against the
recombinant PvAMA-1 in injected mice could recognize the native protein localized on
P. vivax parasites.
Conclusion We demonstrate that our recombinant protein had proper conformation
and folding. Also, there were common epitopes in the recombinant forms corresponding to native proteins. These results; therefore, indicate that the expressed PvAMA-1
has the potential to be used as a vivax malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salavatifar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BCR), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Hayati Roodbari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BCR), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Cheong FW, Lau YL, Fong MY, Mahmud R. Evaluation of recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi merozoite surface protein-1(33) for detection of human malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:835-40. [PMID: 23509118 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is now known as the fifth Plasmodium species that can cause human malaria. The Plasmodium merozoite surface protein (MSP) has been reported to be potential target for vaccination and diagnosis of malaria. MSP-1(33) has been shown to be immunogenic and its T cell epitopes could mediate cellular immune protection. However, limited studies have focused on P. knowlesi MSP-133. In this study, an approximately 28-kDa recombinant P. knowlesi MSP-1(33) (pkMSP-1(33)) was expressed by using an Escherichia coli system. The purified pkMSP-1(33) reacted with serum samples of patients infected with P. knowlesi (31 of 31, 100%) and non-P. knowlesi malaria (27 of 28, 96.43%) by Western blotting. The pkMSP-1(33) also reacted with P. knowlesi (25 of 31, 80.65%) and non-P. knowlesi malaria sera (20 of 28, 71.43%) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most of the non-malarial infection (49 of 52 in by Western blotting and 46 of 52 in the ELISA) and healthy donor serum samples (65 of 65 by Western blotting and ELISA) did not react with recombinant pkMSP-1(33).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wen Cheong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Restrepo-Montoya D, Becerra D, Carvajal-Patiño JG, Mongui A, Niño LF, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Identification of Plasmodium vivax proteins with potential role in invasion using sequence redundancy reduction and profile hidden Markov models. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25189. [PMID: 21984903 PMCID: PMC3184965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes a bioinformatics approach designed to identify Plasmodium vivax proteins potentially involved in reticulocyte invasion. Specifically, different protein training sets were built and tuned based on different biological parameters, such as experimental evidence of secretion and/or involvement in invasion-related processes. A profile-based sequence method supported by hidden Markov models (HMMs) was then used to build classifiers to search for biologically-related proteins. The transcriptional profile of the P. vivax intra-erythrocyte developmental cycle was then screened using these classifiers. Results A bioinformatics methodology for identifying potentially secreted P. vivax proteins was designed using sequence redundancy reduction and probabilistic profiles. This methodology led to identifying a set of 45 proteins that are potentially secreted during the P. vivax intra-erythrocyte development cycle and could be involved in cell invasion. Thirteen of the 45 proteins have already been described as vaccine candidates; there is experimental evidence of protein expression for 7 of the 32 remaining ones, while no previous studies of expression, function or immunology have been carried out for the additional 25. Conclusions The results support the idea that probabilistic techniques like profile HMMs improve similarity searches. Also, different adjustments such as sequence redundancy reduction using Pisces or Cd-Hit allowed data clustering based on rational reproducible measurements. This kind of approach for selecting proteins with specific functions is highly important for supporting large-scale analyses that could aid in the identification of genes encoding potential new target antigens for vaccine development and drug design. The present study has led to targeting 32 proteins for further testing regarding their ability to induce protective immune responses against P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Restrepo-Montoya
- Bioinformatics and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory - BIOLISI, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Research Group on Combinatorial Algorithms - ALGOS-UN, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia - FIDIC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - David Becerra
- Bioinformatics and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory - BIOLISI, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Research Group on Combinatorial Algorithms - ALGOS-UN, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan G. Carvajal-Patiño
- Bioinformatics and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory - BIOLISI, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia - FIDIC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Alvaro Mongui
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia - FIDIC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis F. Niño
- Bioinformatics and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory - BIOLISI, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Research Group on Combinatorial Algorithms - ALGOS-UN, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Manuel E. Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia - FIDIC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia - FIDIC, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Kim S, Ahn HJ, Kim TS, Nam HW. ELISA detection of vivax malaria with recombinant multiple stage-specific antigens and its application to survey of residents in endemic areas. Korean J Parasitol 2004; 41:203-7. [PMID: 14699261 PMCID: PMC2717512 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An ELISA was developed for the diagnosis of vivax malaria using multiple stage-specific recombinant antigens of Plasmodium vivax. The DNA from the whole blood of a malaria patient was used as template to amplify the coding regions for the antigenic domains of circumsporozoite protein (CSP-1), merozoite surface protein (MSP-1), apical merozoite antigen (AMA-1), serine repeat antigen (SERA), and exported antigen (EXP-1). Each amplified DNA fragment was inserted into pQE30 plasmid to induce the expression of His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli (M15 strain) by IPTG. His-tagged proteins were purified by Ni-NTA metal-affinity chromatography and used as antigens for ELISA with patient sera that were confirmed previously by blood smear examinations. When applied to patient sera, 122 (80.3%) out of 152 vivax malaria cases reacted to at least one antigen, while no reactions were observed with 128 uninfected serum samples. We applied this ELISA to the screening of 3,262 civilian residents in endemic regions near the DMZ, which resulted in 236 positively detected (7.2%) cases. This method can be applied to serological diagnosis and mass screening in endemic regions, or can be used as a safety test for transfusion blood in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Catholic Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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