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Esperante D, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. The many faces of parasite calreticulin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101390. [PMID: 36993959 PMCID: PMC10040973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin from parasites and its vertebrate hosts share ~50% identity and many of its functions are equally conserved. However, the existing amino acid differences can affect its biological performance. Calreticulin plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and as a chaperone involved in the correct folding of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Outside the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin is involved in several immunological functions such as complement inhibition, enhancement of efferocytosis, and immune upregulation or inhibition. Several parasite calreticulins have been shown to limit immune responses and promote infectivity, while others are strong immunogens and have been used for the development of potential vaccines that limit parasite growth. Furthermore, calreticulin is essential in the dialogue between parasites and hosts, inducing Th1, Th2 or regulatory responses in a species-specific manner. In addition, calreticulin participates as initiator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells and promotion of immunogenic cell death and removal by macrophages. Direct anti-tumoral activity has also been reported. The highly immunogenic and pleiotropic nature of parasite calreticulins, either as positive or negative regulators of the immune response, render these proteins as valuable tools to modulate immunopathologies and autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential treatment of neoplasms. Moreover, the disparities in the amino acid composition of parasite calreticulins might provide subtle variations in the mechanisms of action that could provide advantages as therapeutic tools. Here, we review the immunological roles of parasite calreticulins and discuss possible beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Esperante
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fela Mendlovic,
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2
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Zhang J, Yang Z, Ma H, Tian X, Li J, Zhang Z, Yang L, Feng M, Mei X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii Calreticulin protein provides partial protection against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106883. [PMID: 36870430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a highly prevalent apicomplexan pathogen, can cause serious or even fatal toxoplasmosis in both animals and humans. Immunoprophylaxis is considered a promising strategy for controlling this disease. Calreticulin (CRT) is known as a pleiotropic protein, which is critical for calcium storage and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Our study examined the protective effects of recombinant T. gondii Calreticulin (rTgCRT) as a recombinant subunit vaccine against the T. gondii challenge in mice. Here, rTgCRT was successfully expressed in vitro using prokaryptic expression system. Polyclonal antibody (pAb) has been prepared by immunizing Sprague Dawley rats with rTgCRT. Western blotting showed that rTgCRT and natural TgCRT protein were recognized by serum of T. gondii infected mice and rTgCRT pAb, respectively. T lymphocyte subsets and antibody response were monitored using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that ISA 201 rTgCRT could stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and induce high levels of total and subclasses of IgG. After the RH strain challenge, a longer survival period was given by the ISA 201 rTgCRT vaccine compared to the control groups; after infection with the PRU strain, we observed a 100% survival rate and a significant reduction in cysts load and size. In the neutralization test, high concentrations of rat-rTgCRT pAb provided 100% protection, while in the passive immunization trial, only weak protection was observed after RH challenge, indicating that rTgCRT pAb needs further modification to improve its activity in vivo. Taken together, these data confirmed that rTgCRT can trigger strong cellular and humoral immune responses against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Zhenke Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Hangbin Ma
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Jiani Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Zihang Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Longxin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Mengchuang Feng
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xingrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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Doğan C, Hänniger S, Heckel DG, Coutu C, Hegedus DD, Crubaugh L, Groves RL, Bayram Ş, Toprak U. Two calcium-binding chaperones from the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) involved in diapause. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21755. [PMID: 33118236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are crucial for the correct folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, in particular, under stress conditions. Various studies have revealed the involvement of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, in diapause maintenance and starvation; however, the role of other chaperones in diapause and starvation relatively is unknown. In the current study, we identified two lectin-type chaperones with calcium affinity, a calreticulin (LdCrT) and a calnexin (LdCnX), that were present in the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) during diapause. Both proteins possessed an N-globular domain, a P-arm domain, and a highly charged C-terminal domain, while an additional transmembrane domain was present in LdCnX. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinction at the order level. Both genes were expressed in multiple tissues in larval and adult stages, and constitutively throughout development, though a starvation response was detected only for LdCrT. In females, diapause-related expression analysis in the whole body revealed an upregulation of both genes by post-diapause, but a downregulation by diapause only for LdCrT. By contrast, males revealed no alteration in their diapause-related expression pattern in the entire body for both genes. Fat body-specific expression analysis of both genes in relation to diapause revealed the same expression pattern with no alteration in females and downregulation in males by post-diapause. This study suggests that calcium-binding chaperones play similar and possibly gender-specific roles during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Doğan
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sabine Hänniger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Linda Crubaugh
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Russell L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Şerife Bayram
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ramírez-Toloza G, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Ferreira VP, Ferreira A. The Interactions of Parasite Calreticulin With Initial Complement Components: Consequences in Immunity and Virulence. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1561. [PMID: 32793217 PMCID: PMC7391170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its capacity to increase a physiologic inflammatory response, to stimulate phagocytosis, to promote cell lysis and to enhance pathogen immunogenicity, the complement system is a crucial component of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, many infectious agents resist the activation of this system by expressing or secreting proteins with a role as complement regulatory, mainly inhibitory, proteins. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, a reemerging microbial ailment, possesses several virulence factors with capacity to inhibit complement at different stages of activation. T. cruzi calreticulin (TcCalr) is a highly-conserved, endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone that the parasite translocates to the extracellular environment, where it exerts a variety of functions. Among these functions, TcCalr binds C1, MBL and ficolins, thus inhibiting the classical and lectin pathways of complement at their earliest stages of activation. Moreover, the TcCalr/C1 interaction also mediates infectivity by mimicking a strategy used by apoptotic cells for their removal. More recently, it has been determined that these Calr strategies are also used by a variety of other parasites. In addition, as reviewed elsewhere, TcCalr inhibits angiogenesis, promotes wound healing and reduces tumor growth. Complement C1 is also involved in some of these properties. Knowledge on the role of virulence factors, such as TcCalr, and their interactions with complement components in host-parasite interactions, may lead toward the description of new anti-parasite therapies and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Department of Immunology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ramírez-Toloza G, Sosoniuk-Roche E, Valck C, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Ferreira VP, Ferreira A. Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin: Immune Evasion, Infectivity, and Tumorigenesis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:368-381. [PMID: 32191851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To successfully infect, Trypanosoma cruzi evades and modulates the host immune response. T. cruzi calreticulin (TcCalr) is a multifunctional, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone that, translocated to the external microenvironment, mediates crucial host-parasite interactions. TcCalr binds and inactivates C1 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL)/ficolins, important pattern- recognition receptors (PRRs) of the complement system. Using an apoptotic mimicry strategy, the C1-TcCalr association facilitates the infection of target cells. T. cruzi infection also seems to confer protection against tumorigenesis. Thus, recombinant TcCalr has important antiangiogenic properties, detected in vitro, ex vivo, and in ovum, most likely contributing at least in part, to its antitumor properties. Consequently, TcCalr is useful for investigating key issues of host-parasite interactions and possible new immunological/pharmacological interventions in the areas of Chagas' disease and experimental cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Carolina Valck
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH, USA
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Sun J, Mu H, Yu J, Li L, Yan H, Li G, Tan H, Yang N, Yang X, Yi L. Diallyl disulfide down-regulates calreticulin and promotes C/EBPα expression in differentiation of human leukaemia cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:194-204. [PMID: 30394654 PMCID: PMC6307788 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the main active component of the cancer fighting allyl sulfides found in garlic, has shown potential as a therapeutic agent in various cancers. Previous studies showed DADS induction of HL-60 cell differentiation involves down-regulation of calreticulin (CRT). Here, we investigated the mechanism of DADS-induced differentiation of human leukaemia cells and the potential involvement of CRT and CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα). We explored the expression of CRT and C/EBPα in clinical samples (20 healthy people and 19 acute myeloid leukaemia patients) and found that CRT and C/EBPα expressions were inversely correlated. DADS induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells resulted in down-regulated CRT expression and elevated C/EBPα expression. In severe combined immunodeficiency mice injected with HL-60 cells, DADS inhibited the growth of tumour tissue and decreased CRT levels and increased C/EBPα in vivo. We also found that DADS-mediated down-regulation of CRT and up-regulation of C/EBPα involved enhancement of reactive oxidative species. RNA immunoprecipitation revealed that CRT bound C/EBPα mRNA, indicating its regulation of C/EBPα mRNA degradation by binding the UG-rich element in the 3' untranslated region of C/EBPα. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the C/EBPα expression was correlated with CRT expression in vitro and in vivo and the molecular mechanism of DADS-induced leukaemic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxiang Mu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Nanyang Yang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Yi
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Biology Research Institute, College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Chaibangyang W, Geadkaew-Krenc A, Smooker PM, Tesana S, Grams R. Evaluation of Opisthorchis viverrini calreticulin for potential host modulation. Acta Trop 2018; 187:175-181. [PMID: 30098943 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional calreticulin (CALR) was identified as a major calcium-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum before being recognized as a chaperone in the same place. Only later were activities of calreticulin outside the endoplasmic reticulum described that for example affect cell proliferation and the innate immune system. In the present work we have investigated those extracellular activities of CALR from the cancerogenic human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (OvCALR), as they might be important in host/parasite interaction. We first demonstrate that OvCALR is released from the parasite and stimulates a specific humoral immune response. Recombinant OvCALR is then shown to suppress proliferation of primary endothelial cells, their motility and sprouting activities. The potential of OvCALR to interfere with the complement system is established, firstly by demonstrating its direct binding to C1q and, secondly by suppression of hemolysis of sensitized red blood cells. These findings suggest that OvCALR is an important parasite antigen that could modulate diverse host functions and support parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlapa Chaibangyang
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Geadkaew-Krenc
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Rudi Grams
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.
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